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THE ORIGIN OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS AND THE BASICS OF MODERN
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
Yusupov Ziyodulla
Lutfullin Said
Raxmatillayev Rabbonjon
Samarkand State Medical University Clinical Resident 1st year.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14766536
The urgency of the problem:
At least three-quarters of deaths from cardiovascular disease
worldwide occur in low- and middle-income countries. People in these countries often lack access
to primary care programs for early detection and treatment of those with cardiovascular risk
factors. Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases in
low- and middle-income countries have less access to effective and equitable health services that
meet their needs. As a result, the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage in these countries,
and many people die from CVD and other noncommunicable diseases at a younger age, often in
the most productive years of life. The poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are
hardest hit. At the individual household level, there is growing evidence that cardiovascular disease
and other noncommunicable diseases contribute to household poverty through devastating health
care costs and high out-of-pocket costs. At the macroeconomic level, CVDs impose a significant
burden on the economies of low- and middle-income countries.
A key measure to reduce CVD rates is to integrate cardiovascular disease interventions into
health care packages as part of universal health coverage, although in many countries health
systems require significant investment and focus to effectively address CVD.
Data from 18 countries show that hypertension control programs can be implemented
effectively and cost-effectively at the primary care level, resulting in reduced cardiovascular
disease and stroke. Patients with cardiovascular disease need access to appropriate technologies
and medications. Essential medications that should be available include:
Research methods and objects:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of diseases
of the heart and blood vessels. They include:
coronary heart disease - a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle;
cerebrovascular disease - a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain;
peripheral artery disease - a disease of the blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and
legs;
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rheumatic heart disease - damage to the heart muscle and heart valves as a result of
rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal bacteria;
Congenital heart disease - structural deformities of the heart present from birth that affect
its normal development and function; and
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism - blood clots that form in the veins of the
legs and can travel to the heart and lungs.
Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute illnesses that are primarily caused by a blockage
in a blood vessel that blocks the flow of blood to the heart or brain. The most common cause is the
formation of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart or
brain. A stroke can occur as a result of bleeding from a blood vessel or the formation of a blood
clot.
The most important behavioral risk factors for heart disease and stroke are poor diet, low
physical activity, and harmful use of tobacco and alcohol. One important environmental factor is
air pollution. Behavioral risk factors can include high blood pressure, high blood glucose or lipids,
and being overweight or obese. These “intermediate risk factors” can be identified in primary care
and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and other complications.
Results:
An estimated 17.9 million people died from cardiovascular disease in 2019,
accounting for 32% of all deaths worldwide. 85% of these deaths were due to myocardial infarction
and stroke.
More than three-quarters of deaths from CVD occur in low- or middle-income countries.
Of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) from non-communicable diseases
in 2019, 38% were attributed to cardiovascular disease.
Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioral and environmental
risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful alcohol
consumption, and air pollution.
It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that help can begin
with counseling and medication.
Quitting tobacco use, reducing salt intake, eating fruits and vegetables, being physically
active, and avoiding harmful alcohol consumption have been shown to reduce the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease. Public health strategies that promote healthy lifestyles and
create affordable environments, as well as improving air quality and reducing pollution, are
essential for promoting health-promoting behaviors. In addition, there are a number of underlying
causes of CVD.
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These reflect the main driving forces behind social, economic, and cultural change—
globalization, urbanization, and population aging. Other determinants of CVD include poverty,
stress, and genetic factors.
Conclusion
: In 2013, WHO Member States agreed on a global framework for reducing the
burden of preventable NCDs, including the Global Action Plan for NCD Prevention and Control
2013–2020. The plan aims to reduce premature deaths from NCDs by 25% by 2025 through nine
voluntary global targets. Two of these targets are directly aimed at preventing and controlling
cardiovascular diseases. The study allows us to identify genetic risks for cardiovascular disease,
heart attack, stroke, hypertension, thrombophilia, metabolic syndrome, obesity and folic acid cycle
disorders, as well as assess individual sensitivity to drugs for the treatment and prevention of
cardiovascular diseases. Based on the results of the study, a genetic specialist’s conclusion is
issued with recommendations for minimizing existing risks. Coronary artery disease, Folate
metabolism, heart attack, hereditary thrombophilia, Hypertension, Hypertensive heart disease,
Individual efficacy of warfarin, Ischemic stroke, Metabolic syndrome, Myocardial infarction,
Obesity, hypertension, hypertension, heart disease, myocardial disease, individual efficacy of
warfarin, ischemic stroke, folic acid metabolism, metabolic syndrome, hereditary thrombophilia,
obesity.
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