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OBESITY PANDEMIC OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Narzilloyeva Malika Shuhrat qizi
Department of Fundamental Medical Sciences of the Asian International University.
Bukhara, Uzbekistan.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15093803
Abstract.
Obesity is one of the so-called "diseases of civilization", which also include
cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, neuropsychiatric disorders, injuries, metabolic
diseases (diabetes, gout). Thus, obesity is currently the scourge of developed and developing
countries.
Keywords:
obesity, epidemiology, div mass index, steroids, insulin
ПАНДЕМИЯ ОЖИРЕНИЯ XXI ВЕКА
Аннотация.
Ожирение — одна из так называемых «болезней цивилизации», к
которым также относятся сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, злокачественные опухоли,
нервно-психические расстройства, травмы, болезни обмена веществ (сахарный диабет,
подагра). Таким образом, ожирение в настоящее время является бичом развитых и
развивающихся стран.
Ключевые слова:
ожирение, эпидемиология, индекс массы тела, стероиды,
инсулин.
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess accumulation of div fat, which
poses a health risk and is also a major risk factor for a number of other chronic conditions that
make up metabolic syndrome. Obesity increases the risk of developing atherosclerotic changes in
blood vessels, hypertension, heart attacks and strokes, diabetes, cancer, as well as disability in
general and even death.
Excess weight has long ceased to be just an aesthetic problem. Today, obesity is
recognized by the World Health Organization as a non-communicable epidemic of the 21st
century. According to statistics, 2.2 billion people on the planet suffer from obesity - this is
almost ⅓ of the entire population.
Causes of Obesity
Whatever the prerequisites for the occurrence of excess div weight,
almost always the basis is an imbalance between the amount of food entering the div and its
expenditure on energy and anabolic processes. The div always tries to put extra calories "in
reserve" so that, if necessary, they can be used to maintain vital functions.
The fat cell depot is located in the subcutaneous fat tissue and internal organs of the
abdominal cavity. Only 5% of obesity cases are caused by metabolic disorders, all other cases
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occur due to overeating with low physical activity. Obesity can develop for a number of reasons
or a combination of them:
Overeating, especially fatty and carbohydrate foods. Irregular eating habits: rare and large
meals, snacks before bed. Hereditary disorders of the activity of lipolysis and lipogenesis
enzymes.
Diseases of the endocrine glands (hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary disease, pancreatic
tumors, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, etc.).
Low physical activity. Excessive food consumption against the background of
psychoemotional disorders. Taking hormonal drugs (steroids, estrogens, progesterone, insulin).
Degrees of obesity
Currently, there are many classifications of obesity that doctors
around the world use in their practice. The most common way to find out about the presence of
obesity is to calculate the div mass index (BMI). It is applicable to people from 18 to 65 years
old:
BMI <18.5 (low) - indicates underweight;
BMI from 18.5 to 24.9 (normal) - is considered optimal.
BMI from 25.0 to 29.9 (high) - indicates excess div weight and the presence of
predisposition to obesity.
BMI from 30.0 to 34.9 (high) - grade I obesity.
BMI from 35.0 to 39.9 (very high) - grade II obesity.
BMI from 40 and above (excessively high) - grade III obesity (super obesity).
Types of obesity
According to the location of fat deposits in the div, one can talk about the type of
obesity:
Abdominal (upper or android) - typical for the male part of the population and is called
"apple-shaped". It is considered the most dangerous type, because with it, excess fat deposits
occur mainly in the visceral, vital organs, which can lead to damage to the cardiovascular,
respiratory and digestive tracts.
Femorogluteal (lower) - typical for the female part of the population and is called "pear-
shaped". With this type, excess fat is deposited in the gluteal and femoral parts. Not as dangerous
as abdominal, but can lead to the development of arthrosis of the lower extremities, dysfunction
of the spine and lead to venous insufficiency.
Intermediate (mixed) - fat deposits are evenly distributed throughout the div.
Diagnostics for excess weight includes:
Anthropometry — measuring height, chest circumference, waist, hips, and other div
parameters. Helps calculate the div obesity index.
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Bioimpedancemetry — assessing the electrical resistance of div tissues. This is a more
accurate method for calculating the proportion of fat in the div.
Blood tests - general, sugar, biochemistry, hormones. Allows you to evaluate the work of
internal organs, the functions of the endocrine system.
ECG (electrocardiography), blood pressure measurement - to assess the state of the
cardiovascular system.
Treatment
: The following methods are used to correct weight: Diet therapy is the first
stage of treatment. A diet for obesity is created by a nutritionist taking into account the energy
expenditure of the patient's div. It is important to create a diet so that there is a calorie deficit,
but the div receives enough proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as vitamins and minerals.
Drug therapy for obesity treatment Treatment of obesity with drugs is an extreme
measure and is aimed at suppressing the feeling of hunger, accelerating the appearance of a
feeling of satiety. In the presence of psychoemotional disorders, appropriate medications that
affect eating behavior may be prescribed. Often, drugs that prevent the div from absorbing fats
and carbohydrates are used. Drug therapy is administered to patients whose div mass index is
greater than 30, and diet and exercise do not produce visible results within 3-4 months.
Surgical treatment of obesity Bariatric (metabolic) surgery has been recognized by
doctors and patients in the fight against excess weight for many decades. The methods of
surgical treatment of obesity are varied and allow the doctor to choose an individual approach to
treatment for each person.
The following are surgical procedures for the treatment of obesity: Intragastric balloon
placement,
gastric bypass,
longitudinal gastrectomy,
gastric bypass,
biliopancreatic bypass.
All these methods of treating obesity have proven themselves to be safe and effective.
Each of them has its own indications and contraindications.
Indications for surgery are a BMI of more than 40 kg/m2 in the absence of an effect from
conservative treatment, as well as the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in combination
with obesity (as directed by an endocrinologist), even if the BMI is 35 kg/m2 or slightly lower.
Preventive measures
Prevention of excess weight is aimed at eliminating the factors that
provoke fat deposition. It is important to change your lifestyle so that the div receives as much
energy as it spends. General recommendations are as follows: Lead an active lifestyle - at least
once a day walk in the fresh air, do light sports. If the patient has a sedentary job, take a break
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every hour for 5 minutes to stretch, do light gymnastics - this will prevent not only obesity, but
also diseases of the joints and spine.
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