THE TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF MODERN MEDICINE IN LATIN

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THE TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF MODERN MEDICINE IN LATIN

Khafizova Mukharram Nematilloevna

Asian International University

Department of Fundamental Medicine.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15292391

Abstract. This article is about the terminology of modern medicine, which is one of the

most complex terminological systems. Every language has its own terminology, the language of

science, where the meaning of words should not change, because in a term, a word denoting an

exact scientific concept, the main thing is immutability. The preservation of scientific Latin

terminology attaches special importance to the study of the Latin language, as necessary in

practical work. In Latin, as in any other language, one cannot do without systematics and rules

of word formation of terms from certain elements. If you master these rules, you can even learn

to understand new terms. Most clinical terms are complex words formed from word-forming

elements.

Keywords: Latin, Greek, term elements, prefixes, suffixes, word formation.

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ НА

ЛАТЫНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Аннотация. В статье речь идет о терминологии современной медицины, которая

является одной из самых сложных терминологических систем. Каждый язык имеет свою

терминологию, язык науки, где значение слов не должно меняться, поскольку в термине,

слове, обозначающем точное научное понятие, главное — неизменность. Сохранение

научной латинской терминологии придает особое значение изучению латинского языка,

как необходимому в практической работе. В латинском языке, как и в любом другом

языке, не обойтись без систематики и правил словообразования терминов из

определенных элементов. Освоив эти правила, можно даже научиться понимать новые

термины. Большинство клинических терминов — это сложные слова, образованные из

словообразовательных элементов.

Ключевые слова: латынь, греческий, терминоэлементы, префиксы, суффиксы,

словообразование.

Introduction

The object of study in the course of medical Latin are words and phrases that denote

special concepts of medical science. Such words and phrases are called terms, and their totality

forms medical terminology – the professional language of medical professionals.

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A medical specialist must competently use a constantly updated professional language

and understand the laws governing the origin of terms.

Doctors of any country use a lot of international, generally accepted terms that originated

on the basis of ancient Greek and Latin. These terms are universal and understandable to

professionals regardless of their nationality. Such internationalism terms form the main

foundation of medical science. Terms such as epidemia, bronchus, herpes, carcinoma, and

emphysema belong to the most ancient period.

Materials and methods

The terminology of individual sciences consists of tens and hundreds of thousands of

terms. The initial position in terminology is that the purpose of a term is to briefly, accurately

and unambiguously express a scientific concept. To do this, the term must have the following

criteria: adequacy, unambiguity.

In actual terminology, not all terms meet these requirements. Therefore, specialists in

various sciences, including medicine, pay great attention to the streamlining and standardization

of their professional language.

The terminological system of modern medicine consists of many subsystems, among

which there are three leading ones: anatomical and histological terminology, pharmaceutical

terminology and clinical terminology.

Functional disorders are usually named using a combination of prefixed and root term

elements. The prefix

dys

is most often used in combination with the final root:

dys

kinesia, ae f –

dyskinesia, disorder of coordinated motor acts. A combination of the noun

dys

functio, onis f –

dysfunction and the name of a specific organ is also used:

dys

functio renum – kidneys

dysfunction. The complete cessation or absence of any function or physiological process is

expressed using the prefix

a – (an

– before a vowel):

a

phagia, ae f – aphagia, complete inability

to swallow; anuria, ae f –

a

nuria, failure of urine to enter the bladder.

The names of pathological processes and conditions are composed using prefixes,

suffixes, and root term elements, and are also expressed in Latin noun terms. At the same time, a

definition is often added to the noun terms, characterizing the peculiarity of this pathological

process (acute, chronic, complete, partial, etc.). Almost all prefixes are used as term prefixes, but

Greek prefixes are much more common than Latin ones. Their meaning in clinical terms usually

coincides with the meaning in anatomical terms.

However, it is often difficult to determine the meaning of the Greek prefix in many terms,

since, firstly, the root morphemes of such terms are not used in medical terminology without

prefixes, and secondly, the Greek prefixes themselves have a lot of meanings. Therefore, in such

cases, it is necessary to assimilate the term without allocating prefixes in it and without

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conducting a morphological analysis of the word, for example: diabetes, ae m – diabetes, the

name of a group of endocrine diseases characterized by excessive urine excretion from the div.

The results of the study and their discussion

The terms ‘pharmacy’ and ‘pharmaceuticals’ are of ancient Greek origin and go back to

the word ‘

pharmakon

’- medicine. Subsequently, through Latin, these terms entered all the

languages of Europe. Medicine traditionally uses Latin and Latinized Greek words in the names

of raw materials for the production of medicines, in the names of medicines and in the recipe.

The list of Latin names of dosage forms and preparations is compiled by the International

Pharmaceutical Nomenclature. From time to time, as some drugs or dosage forms become

obsolete and other drugs or dosage forms become available, the list of pharmaceutical terms is

reviewed and updated.

Uppercase and lowercase letters in the vocabulary and in the pharmaceutical term are

very important. Capitalized letters are written both in the dictionary form and as part of the term:

1. Medicinal plants Names: Chamomilla, ae f – chamomile; Flores Chamomillae –

сhamomile flowers; Frangula, ae f – buckthorn; decoctum corticis Frangulae – decoction of

buchthorn bark.

2. Names of chemical elements and cations: Ferrum, i n – iron; Sirupus Aloes cum Ferro

– Aloe syrup with iron; Strychninum, i n-strychnine; Solutio Strychnini nitratis - strychnine

nitrate solution.

3. Names of medicines: Prednisolonum, i n – prednisolone; Tabulettae Prednisoloni –

prednisolone tablets; Leonurus, i m – motherwort; tinctura Leonuri – motherwort tincture.

4. Words equivalent to medicines: Amylum, i n – starch; Gelatina, ae f – gelatin(a);

Gelatosa, ae f – gelatose; Propolisum, i n – propolis; Saccharum, i n – sugar.

Clinical terminology (from Greek. klinike (techne) – bedridden care) is the most

extensive section of medical terminology. The names of various diseases and abnormalities,

research and treatment methods, clinical specialties and specialists are presented here. All these

names are mostly nouns. Such nouns can be single–root words (asthma, atis n – asthma; hernia,

ae f - hernia). However, in most cases they are complex in composition and consist mainly of

Greek word–forming elements, or term elements: hyperaesthesia - hypersensitivity.

There are affixal and root terminological elements. For example, the prefix

hypo

forms

terms with the meaning "below normal": hypothermia –

hypo

thermia, temperature drop;

hypo

thyreosis – hypothyroidism, decreased thyroid function;

hypo

xia – hypoxia, decreased

oxygen levels in tissues. The suffix –

oma

usually means "tumor": lip

oma

, a tumor from adipose

tissue; odontoma – odont

oma

, a tumor from dental tissue. Root terminological elements are

bases of Greek and sometimes Latin nouns, adjectives, or pronouns.

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It is customary to divide the root terminological elements into initial and final ones.

Initial terminological elements are combined with suffixes or final terminological elements. For

example, terminological elements

angi

– meaning "vessel" can be combined with the suffixes –

itis

or –

oma

in terms of angi

oma

(angioma, a tumor from vascular tissue) and angi

itis

(angiitis,

inflammation of the walls of blood vessels). At the same time, this terminological elements can

also be combined with root terminal term elements:

angiosclerosis

(angiosclerosis, thickening of

the walls of blood vessels),

angiospasmus

(angiospasm, spasm of blood vessels).

The initial term element is usually joined to another, including the final terminological

element with the help of a connecting vowel

– o -:

bronchospasmus – bronchospasm, narrowing

of the bronchi. If the terminological element, to which the initial term element is attached, begins

with a vowel, then the connective –

o-

is usually skipped: nephrectomia – nephrectomy, kidney

removal surgery. However, sometimes this rule is not followed and the connective –

o

is

preserved:

acroaesthesia

is an increased sensitivity of the distal parts of the div.

Root term element can often act as both initial and final term elements, for example:

nos

-

and –

nosis

(disease, illness),

nosologia, ae f

– nosology, the study of forms of diseases and their

classification;

zoonosis, is f

– zoonosis, infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans.

In such cases, students are required to know both of these options and provide them in an

oral or written response: illness, disease

- nos-, –nosis.

Root term element can connect to each other, forming multicomponent structures:

chole

(bile)+cyst (bladder)–cholecyst – (gallbladder): cholecystography – cholecystography –

radiography of the gallbladder.

Root term elements can sometimes have multiple meanings. So, the initial term

kerat

can

have 2 values: 1) the cornea of the eye; 2) the stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin,

keratitis

– keratitis, inflammation of the cornea of the eye; kerotosis – keratosis, a common name

for skin diseases characterized by thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis.

The names of sciences, specialties, and branches of medicine are most often formed using

the final term -

logia

: ophthalmo

logia

, ae f – ophthalmology. On the basis of term element

–

logia

, adjectives are formed with the final element -

logicus, a, um

-logical), which indicates

belonging to a group of sciences, sections of clinical medicine, research or treatment methods:

bacteriologicus, a, um – bacteriological, related to bacteriology.

Some names of clinical medicine sections are formed using the final term element –

iatria

: geriatria, ae f – geriatrics, a section of clinical medicine devoted to diseases of senile age

and methods of their treatment.

The names of some sections of clinical medicine are descriptive:

morbi interni

– internal

diseases;

morbi infectiosi

– infectious diseases.

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The names of some clinicians are formed using term element -

pathologus

and –

iater

,

and such terms always correspond to the names of the relevant sections of clinical medicine:

neuropathologia, ae f

–

neuropathologus, i m

– neurologist, specialist in diseases of the

peripheral nervous system. Latin names of specialists, which in Uzbek equivalents have the final

element –

ist

, are masculine nouns of the first declension with the final element –

ista

:

infectionista, ae m –infectiologist, infectious disease specialist.

Conclusion

Today, Latin is not only a memory of the philosophers, orators, and poets of Ancient

Rome, but also an indispensable attribute of the modern world. Latin is firmly rooted in scientific

terminology in many fields of knowledge, especially in medicine, biology, and law. Therefore,

they even distinguish medical, biological and legal Latin separately. In medicine, almost all

medical terms are of Latin-Greek origin.

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