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304-307 56 32 12-06-2025METHODS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF COMMON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN
This article explores the most common respiratory infections affecting children, focusing on their causes, symptoms, and modern approaches to prevention and treatment. Due to the immature immune systems of children, especially those under five, they are more vulnerable to respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, influenza, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. The paper outlines both viral and bacterial origins, highlights significant risk factors including poor nutrition, lack of vaccination, and exposure to environmental pollutants, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis. Various medical and home-based treatment options are discussed alongside key public health measures. -
206-209 53 16 09-05-2025PULMONARY TREATMENT AND COMPLICATIONS IN PEDIATRIC CASES
This paper explores the course and complications of pneumonia in pediatric cases, focusing on children under the age of five. Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among young children worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The study outlines the various etiological factors, including bacterial, viral, and environmental causes, that contribute to the development of pneumonia in children. Special attention is given to the unique clinical presentation in pediatric patients, where symptoms may often be nonspecific, delaying diagnosis and treatment. The paper also discusses risk factors such as malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of immunization, and exposure to pollutants. -
1092-1101 64 22 21-04-2025PEDIATRIC PNEUMONIA: CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND GLOBAL HEALTH IMPACT
Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite advances in immunization and healthcare access, the disease continues to pose a serious burden due to delayed diagnosis, inappropriate antibiotic use, and rising antimicrobial resistance. This article provides a comprehensive review of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies, complications, and global initiatives aimed at reducing the impact of pediatric pneumonia. -
296-303 123 40 13-04-2025SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF THE HEPATITIS VIRUS B
Hepatitis B remains a worldwide problem despite the availability of effective vaccines. The hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) induces a natural or postvaccine humoral immune response directed primarily against the “a” determinant of HBsAg. This determinant is part of the large hydrophilic region of HBsAg, located between the 124th and 147th amino acid residues (a. o.) forming 3 loops that are held together by disulfide bridges formed by C124 and C137 a. o. and C139 and C147 a. o. [1]. This determinant has a highly conformational nature and is universal, providing protection against all variants of hepatitis B virus (HBV), so commercial hepatitis B vaccines include recombinant “a”-determinant HBsAg as an immunogen [1].
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