Architecture of the Kokand khanate

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First, more attention should be paid to improving teaching methods by

introducing more and more interactive teaching methods. This technique
will help to increase interest in the subject itself.

Secondly, to the extent possible, retrain the staff at the university itself,

so that it is easier for teachers to find a common language with their
students. Since the teacher should not only share his knowledge, but also
inspire students to achieve new heights.

Thirdly, pay more attention to practice, since the theoretical knowledge

gained must be applied in practice at the same time, which will effectively
influence the improvement of students' professional skills. We believe that
having got rid of the above problems, having analyzed the weaknesses of
legal education in our country, applying the experience of leading
universities in the world, we will be able to achieve the desired results in the
future.

References:
1.http: //www.iam.or.jp
2. https://www.norma.uz
3. https://www.unipage.net/en/harvard_university.
4. https://www.educationindex.ru
5. http://smapse.ru
6. https://www.iqconsultancy.ru
7. https://medium.com
8. https://mel.fm/mirovoy_opyt/9812467-cambridge_university
9. https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk
10. https://www.ox.ac.uk

Tojiboyev Umidjon Usmonjon o’g’li, Fergana Polytechnic Institute,Teacher

of the department "History of Uzbekistan

ARCHITECTURE OF THE KOKAND KHANATE

U. Tojiboyev

Abstract: This article analyzes the architectural monuments of the

Kokand Khanate, one of the most prominent states in the history of Central
Asia, and their construction methods based on archival documents and
diaries of ambassadors to the khanate.

Keywords: architectural monuments, city wall, hallway, alabaster, wood

stove, tile, column

It has not been preserved to this day, it has been destroyed and

destroyed. In the 1950s, it had some ruins. In general, the wall of Kokand

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was an important historical monument. In the middle of the 19th century,
the city wall had four gates. For example, in the late first half of the 19th
century, when the Kalmyks tried to invade the Kokand Khanate, they could
not enter the city due to the strength of the city wall. Later the city expands
and the wall is demolished. In 1842, a new wall was built around the city of
Kokand.

Kokand is also famous for its architectural monuments. In this regard,

Kokand is the fourth largest city in the world after Samarkand, Khiva and
Bukhara with its historical and architectural monuments. However, if we
compare the buildings built in the XIX century, the city of Kokand can be
among the first. In Kokand, several luxury madrassas, mosques and other
buildings were demolished during the colonial and Soviet eras, some of
which were left unrepaired.

The Russian ambassador to Kokand, Philip Nazarov, who visited Kokand

in 1813-1814, wrote that Umarkhan had received him: “We were ordered to
dismount before the palace at least 150 sajens, and we walked with our
Cossacks to the threshold of the magnificent palace. We stayed here for half
an hour until we were told about it. The audience was so large to see us that
they even climbed trees, walls and roofs. In front of the palace we saw a large
pile of mortars and unarmed cannons.

The two officials who came out of the gate asked us, "To whom was the

order given?" After receiving the answer, they took me into the courtyard
and showed us to the khan, who was looking through the gate, and told me
to respect him as I would respect my governor. According to their custom,
the hat is not taken off, and I took off my hat and greeted him and put it on
my head again. Above the carpeted porch in front of the tent sat a line of
ministers and high-ranking officials, the governor's highest div.

The emperor took me into the khan’s lobby, holding my two wrists as I

held the translations of our Highness and the translation letter of our state
chancellors in my head with both hands. He was sitting on a staircase. It
looks like he was 25 years old (he was 28 years old), he was wearing a
Chinese shtofi (thick fabric woven from silk), a shiny coat of gold, and a
turban decorated with gold on his head. Two ministers led me into his
presence holding my wrist, and a third opened the door. I knelt before the
khan, and the amir valiami (Umarkhan) took the title and the translation
letter from my head and gave it to the minister standing next to him. Then
he got up from the throne and held out his hand to me. I had to squeeze his
lake with both hands, as usual. After this speechless ceremony, two more
ministers took me by the wrist and brought me to the door without turning
my back on the khan. The governor asked if the emperor's health and verbal
orders had been given. I said that there were no verbal orders, that

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everything was stated on the label and in the two letters next to me written
by the corps commander, Lieutenant General Glazenap.

I was then taken to the courtyard and placed in front of the khan's

window, where an expensive rug hung at least 8 sajen away. A similar
Cossack officer, Bezyazykov, was brought in and taken to me. Behind us sat
the ambassadors of China, Khiva, Bukhara and Iran. They ordered our
detachment and the presents in the box we had brought. According to the
tradition of the Cossacks, the Cossacks were also brought to us on the carpet.
Eight officials from Kokand lifted the boxes and showed them to the Asian
ambassadors and took them to the governor. Because the chest was in the
key, the governor sent a man for it.

Some time later, Prime Minister Mirza Mullah held the mentioned label

at the beginning with a translation letter and showed it to the members of
the Supreme Council. They became acquainted with curiosity and envy, and
then the Prime Minister was again taken before the khan. The governor is
depressed. gave us, the Asian ambassadors, and his officials a banquet. In
this case, it consisted of "sarachinskoe psheno" (ie, the color of rice and pilaf
depends not on the dye, but on the method and technology of preparation of
the soup. F. Nazarov wrote that it was unknowingly dyed) and cooked with
horse meat, but our religion is such a dish. We did not deny that he forbade
eating. ”

It is known that in 1830 in Kokand there was a representative of Russia

Potanin. According to him, “the khan's two-story palace is located in the
center of the city and is surrounded by a high wall, and the building is made
of brick and clay. Both sides of the wall are plastered with alabaster

AP Khoroshkin, who was in Kokand in 1867, must have written about

this palace. Because in that year the Khudoyorkhan horde was not finished
yet and the construction was going on. That is why the memoirs of AP
Khoroshkin are important for us, because that old palace has not been
preserved. Until then, no one had left so much detailed information. This
information dates back to December 27, 1867: “The ark, with its high walls,
resembles a large madrasa in the distance, for it is built of baked brick. In
fact, it is a large courtyard with a high dome. For this, too, the arch usually
rises from a wide stone staircase. Under the porch on the chan side of the
stairs stood artillery guns with blue-clad servants. In the area to the right of
the arch, about 3-4 thousand soldiers were training. There was one (officer)
on each side of each staircase. The officers wore special military uniforms
with gold and silver ornaments on their chests, and some had spear rifles
made in Kokand. After leaving the stairs, we entered the closed gate. There,
too, on both sides stood bearded soldiers, some in red and others in blue.
They had guns in their hands as before. From the gate we entered the
courtyard, and then into the long corridor next to the mosque, and a new

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view opened before us: on both sides of the corridor, on the platforms, the
turbans were sitting facing the ground, with their swords hanging beside
them, as if someone had straightened them. We turned right at a right angle
from the corridor, where the sallads were still sitting, and at the end we went
out into a large courtyard with tall buildings with windows. They led us to a
small hallway, where there were many chases. We first simply entered the
room (hallway) and then entered another red cloth room. On the left wall
were white Russian clocks with three flowers. In front of the left wall sat the
khan's ministers. He (Khudoyorkhan) was sitting on a rug, on which was a
blue semi-silk bekasam cloak with white ribbons sewn on the edges. The
khan had a large white turban on his head and a rosary in his hand. The
appearance of the khan is not bad, it is majestic and lively. He was smiling
politely, with a smile, and he and his hand were on his chest as a token of
gratitude. ”

23

According to some sources, in 1865, Mullah Isa ordered the construction

of an arch in the drying garden of the late Muhammad Alikhan, where the
saint Muhammad was destroying. Probably, AI Khoroshkin wrote about this
arch in 1867. But there is other information. For example, according to
archival documents from 1864, “the old palace of the khan, located in the
center of the shop, was demolished by the order of Olimqul, and in return he
was instructed to build a new one on the outskirts of the city. This was done
so that the townspeople, who did not like the khan, would suddenly attack
the palace. ” Here we are talking about the current Khudoyorkhan Orda.
According to reports, the old khan's palace was not demolished. Perhaps
Mulla Alimqul ordered the construction of a new palace, but the old one was
used until the new one was finished. In 1865, Mulla Olimqul died in the
defense of Tashkent. Khudoyorkhan will finish the construction.

Khudoyorkhan Ordasy is a historical monument of Central Asia in the

XIX century. It is one of the largest architectural monuments. It is the
Khudoyorkhan horde in Kokand. Several thousand people took part in its
construction. Most from Kokand Khanate and Bukhara to lead the
construction experienced masters are invited. For example, Mir Ubaydullo
was

the

master

architect,

Usta

Soli

Haji,

Mullo

Suyarqul,

Fozilkhodjadevorvagumbazlar. Master Sufi Yuldoshoyymakor is a master,
and Master Fozilkhoja is a master painter. The first domed roof (portal) is
decorated with gold tiles (now it is not preserved).

23

Khoroshkin A. P. Sbornik statey, kasayushchixsya do Turkestanskogo kraya, pages 59—60.

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The facade of the Horde is decorated with ten calligraphy. Some of them

are religious, others represent the history of the building. The content of the
inscriptions on the walls of Khudoyorkhan Orda (from right to left):

24

Oh, my goodness! Return the balloon from me,

Save me from disasters.

Respect for Muhammad's two cousins,
Destroy the enemy with his high hand.

Now to whom belongs the kingdom of the world, to Allah, the

Almighty.

In addition to the blue color used in classical architecture in Samarkand,

Bukhara and Khiva, yellow, red and blue colors were also used in the Kokand
horde. That is why the east-facing Khudoyorkhan Orda looks especially
beautiful in the sun, and the colors play brightly on the shiny tiles. Many
tourists and scientists were amazed to see the place in Kokand. For example,
the world-famous Russian tourist AP Fedchenko came to Kokand in 1871.
He writes: “After crossing the Great River, we entered a large square in front
of the castle. From here, an even more beautiful palace splendor opens up.
The palace building is also visible from behind the castle wall due to its
height. In fact, only the front (facade) with the arch in the middle is visible.

25

The ancient monuments preserved in Samarkand seem to mimic the

facade of the Horde in Kokand with tiles and patterns of different colors. The
palace is brand new and built in a whole new place. The former was in
another part of the city. When I arrived, construction was not yet complete.
Tiles for the roof were made in Kokand, but it must be admitted that they
were more elegant and inferior to the colors of the paint than in ancient
Samarkand. In front of the main gate there is a small, inconspicuous mosque,
and on the left side, under the verandah, stood 40 different cannons covered
with cannons. ”

A workshop was built on the site of the palace, and a special

construction clay (soil) for pottery was brought from Rishtan, mixed, and
baked. They had the characteristics of Rishtan with their delicate ornaments
and colors. In addition to the blues typical of the classical architecture of
Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva, yellow, red and blue were used in Kokand.
To the east, the tile floor of the palace seems to be dancing with the vibration
of rich colors shining in the sunlight. ”

According to A. Kun, who was in Kokand in 1875, the interior of the

khan's rooms was in the east, and some rooms were also equipped with
European equipment. They were brought from St. Petersburg or Moscow.

24

Translation from Persian into Uzbek by G.Meliboev. Fedchenko A. P. Tetrad pervaya, page

45.
3. Translation from Persian into Uzbek by G.Meliboev. Fedchenko A. P. Tetrad pervaya, pp.
46-47.

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The walls of the rooms are plastered with plaster, and between the barred
windows, local artists have quietly painted like a golden apple and a
bouquet. According to some reports, some of the walls were fitted with
barred windows, plain greased paper was glued, and some were fitted with
white or more colored glass panes.

A small example from palace life. On January 29, 1871, Prince

Nasriddinbek I. I. He tells Ibragimov: “We didn't have stoves in Kokand
before, and I was the first to install them in my room. My father
(Khudoyorkhan) came to my house and when he saw the stove, he shook his
head and said, "Aren't you ashamed that you are not old enough to warm up
in front of the stove?" As a result, they made a lot of jokes about me. Later,
they seemed to understand the benefits of the stove, so they installed a stove
in their own and other rooms, and even took the stove from me and installed
it in their own rooms.”

Thus, Nasriddinbek, the eldest son of Kokand khan Khudoyorkhan, was

the first to install a stove in his room in Kokand.

References:
1. Khoroshkin A. P. Sbornik statey, kasayushchixsya do Turkestanskogo

kraya, pages 59-60.

2. Translation from Persian into Uzbek by G. Meliboev. Fedchenko A. P.

Tetrad pervaya, page 45.

3. Translation from Persian into Uzbek by G.Meliboev.Fedchenko A. P.

Tetrad pervaya, pp. 46-47.

4. Formation processes in the fergana valley in the years of the soviet

union Teacher of the Department of History of Uzbekistan FеrPI
U.U.Tojiboev, SH.I.Abdullaev.

5. U.U.Tojiboyev. “Issues of development of recreational tourism in the

Fergana Valley” Scientific bulletin of NamSU 2020 No. 1, pp. 169-170-171-
172-173