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Noyibjon Khudoyorov, Senior teacher at the Department “History of
Uzbekistan” at the Andizhan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan
FROM THE SOCIAL LIFE OF SPECIAL VILLAGES OF UZBEKISTAN
N. Khudoyorov
Abstract: The article covers the issues of production activities of special
resettlers in labor settlements established in Uzbekistan on the basis of
primary sources and special literature.
Keywords: labor settlement, People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs,
special resettlers, production activities, cotton farms, landslides,
agricultural cooperatives.
To begin with, no matter what the living conditions of the exiles, they
are forced to make more and more use of their labor. In Uzbekistan, most of
their labor was used in the cotton industry. The organization of the work of
exiles and the strengthening of labor discipline were under the strict control
of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. The meAndijan State
University named after Z.M.Boburres set forth in the Resolution of the
Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the
CPSU (b) and the VTSsPS of December 28, 1938 “On the regulation of labor
discipline and social protection” were introduced in all labor settlements,
where violations of labor discipline were punishable by law. was to be
evicted from his home [1, p.250]. The decree stipulates that those who
violate labor discipline from labor migrants in settlements will be
transferred to another farm through commandant's offices, and will be paid
less than the work they did before they were fired. If the labor migration
violates labor discipline for the second time, the NKVD will send him to labor
correctional colonies, or to low-paid jobs. According to this decision, the
displaced persons in the labor settlements were compelled to
unconditionally obey the commandant’s regulations in the settlements in
which they lived.Indicators of labor activity of labor migrants have changed
from year to year. On April 16, 1939, Karelin, a senior inspector of the Labor
Settlements Department of the USSR People’s Commissariat of Internal
Affairs, reported that 13,775 people had been displaced in 12 labor
settlements in Uzbekistan that year, including 11,993 in cotton farms, 620
in horticulture, 811 in agricultural cooperatives, and 116 in agricultural
cooperatives. people were engaged in vegetable farms, a total of 13,540
people were involved in production, and the remaining 235 people were
employed in various economic organizations [3, p.479].
The situation worsened after the Decree of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 26, 1940 on the transition to a 7 day
working week and an 8-hour working day. According to the decree, workers
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and employees are not allowed to leave enterprises and institutions on their
own. Therefore, more attention was paid to strengthening labor discipline
in labor settlements. Any deviation from the requirements of the decree was
severely punished.
In the first quarter of 1941, 12,078 people were deported to Uzbekistan,
including 2,345 in Dalvarzin, 1,883 in Boyovut, 1,410 in Khazarbog, 1,115 in
Naryn, 944 in the Savay cotton state farm, 724 in the Dzerzhinsky collective
farm in the Bekabad district, and 309 in Bulungur. 298 people lived and
worked in the labor camp No. 9, 125 people lived and worked in the elite
farm of Yangiyul district, 109 people lived and worked in the cotton research
institute of the same district, 30 people lived and worked in the labor camp
of Yangiyul vegetable farm [4, p.25].
The economic achievements of the labor migrants in the “exile of the
kulaks”, their living conditions, the well-being of their homes, the staff of the
GULAG labor villages department is of serious concern. There are reports
that some of the labor migrants are growing to the level of ear farms in
economic terms.
In the first quarter of 1941, there were 316 families of 1,123 people, 332
men aged 16 and older, 240 women, 17 people aged 14 to 16, and 484 people
under the age of 14 in the Khazarbog state farm. Of the 400 able-bodied
people, 192 were men, 191 were women, and 17 were adolescents. 383
people (192 men, 191 women) were employed. The number of people with
disabilities was 240, of whom 141 were men and 99 were women. The
average monthly salary of each employed migrant was 130 soums, 160
soums in the second quarter and 180 soums in the third quarter [3, p.493].
The general control over labor settlements and labor migration in them
was carried out by the Department of Special Labor Settlements (MMPB) of
the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs. As of July 1, 1942, the staff of
the MMPB consisted of only 3 people (head of department, senior inspector,
clerk). This unit was overseen by 11 township commandant's offices and 11
township commandants and 8 police station inspectors. In February 1942,
the department held two operational guidance meetings with the village
commandants on combating the escape of labor migrants, improving the
work of propaganda and the work of the commandant’s office. In the first
half of 1942, out of 11 existing village commandant’s offices, 9 village
commandant’s offices were inspected in labor settlements in Tashkent,
Andizhan and Namangan oblasts.
In January 1942, MMPB was sent to the Personnel Department of the
People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR. No. 11 Bekabad village
commandant’s office police officer Khalikov, No. 11 Uchkurgan village
commandant’s office police officer Bukhtoyarov’s incompetence and
evasion of labor migrants religion for the lack of experience sharing. The
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report of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR on July
30, 1942 on the state of the administrative and economic structure of labor
migration in the GULAG special labor settlements of the People’s
Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR for the first half of 1942 is also
important. First of all, it reflected the movement of labor migrants and
changes in the location of settlements.
As of January 1, 1942, the NKVD of the USSR included 2 district
commandant’s offices: 4-Yangiyul district, 6-Bekabad district and 8
township commandant’s offices [4, p.30]. By July 1, 1942, the Special Labor
Township Department had served in 11 township commandant’s offices
with separate points in 64 labor settlements. Based on service and
operational requirements, the NKVD of the USSR established an appropriate
department for special labor migration instead of the control of special labor
settlements [4, p.32].
The states of 1942 were reduced by 9 units in comparison with the states of
1941 in accordance with the instruction of the USSR NKVD No. 739500 of
1941 [4, p.33]. According to the order of the NKVD of the USSR, the former
commandant of the Denau settlement commandant’s office No. 1 Pervushin,
a representative of the commandant's office of the same commandant’s
office Klyuchnikov and the commandant of the 6th Bekabad commandant's
office No. 35 were taken from the commandant's office.
On January 1, 1942, there were 3,296 farms (11,798 people) in 2 district
and 8 township commandant's offices, while by July 1, 1942, there were
3,156 farms (10,667 people) left in 11 township commandant's offices.
During this reporting period, 308 people arrived and 1,480 people left [1,
p.364].
Labor migration was accounted for on an individual basis for each
household, and the composition of the family was recorded on family cards.
Personal files of labor migrants were conducted and stored in the
department of special labor settlements of the NKVD of the USSR. The village
commandant's office had copies of personal files, which contained copies of
family cards and other information. During the reporting period, according
to the report data of all township commandant's offices, labor migrants were
re-examined, as a result of which the number of family members of labor
migrants, their age was determined and some changes were recorded in
family cards in personal files.
In order to facilitate the search for refugees, personal photography of all
labor migrants registered at the commandant’s office has been introduced.
The photo cards are attached to the personal files of labor migrants kept in
the department of special labor settlements of the NKVD of the USSR and
their duplicates kept in the commandant’s offices of the settlement.
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In accordance with the Gulag guidelines, the conditions of order in the
labor settlements were tightened in accordance with the requirements of
the war period. During the reporting period, a lot of work was done on the
installation of anti-escape barriers and preventive meAndijan State
University named after Z.M.Boburres against those who are prone to escape.
As a result, in the first half of 1942, the number of labor migration escapes
decreased significantly, and the number of detainees increased. In the first
half of 1941, 85 labor migrants fled and 35 were detained. In the second half
of 1941, 61 people escaped and 22 were captured [1, p.370]. In the first half
of 1942, 35 labor migrants fled and 62 were arrested. Many refugees were
detained by night curfews and barricades set up by commandants on
railways and on ordinary roads when they tried to flee directly [5, p.44].
Most of those deported to Uzbekistan were deported to Ukraine and the
North CaucAndijan State University named after Z.M.Boburs in 1931, and
some were deported to Uzbekistan. The procedure for regulating the life of
exiled ears in new places was determined by a special resolution of the
Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 16,
1931.Simultaneously with the deportation from the republic, in late March
1931, internal deportation of “kulaks” began in some regions of Uzbekistan.
The internally exiled were mainly “kulaks” of the third category. These farms
were located in specially organized labor settlements in remote areas of the
country. This event was held in accordance with the Instruction of the
Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People’s
Commissars, developed on March 15, 1930. The rest of the refugees were
operatively identified by the commandant's office, and the heads of the
families of the detainees and fugitives were prosecuted by the court and
relocated to labor camps. The “Regulations on Settlements for the Rich and
Early Elements of the USSR” adopted by the Council of People’s Commissars
of the USSR and the Central Executive Committee on June 20, 1930 were sent
to the appropriate places. It envisages the forced placement of 20-25 rich
and kulak farms, which were liquidated as a result of agricultural
collectivization, in special settlements separated from neighboring districts.
The location of such settlements was the responsibility of the district
executive committees. Land use is individual and collective, and it is planned
to plant a full crop on the allotted land plot and transfer the product to the
state on a contractual basis. The district land administrations are
responsible for this work, including the accounting of developed land and
crops. Provision of food products to the population in the settlements will
be carried out through press cooperation, for which it is planned to open
supply stores in the settlements. The food norm was set by the district
executive committee. Direct supervision of the settlements was carried out
by a representative appointed in consultation with the district executive
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committee and the OGPU div. These representatives are responsible for
keeping records of residents and newcomers in settlements, ensuring public
order and safety in settlements, ensuring compliance with all orders of
higher authorities, reporting violations to the relevant authorities, crime
prevention, mobilization of the population in the fight against natural
disasters. to issue the necessary certificates to the population, to investigate
any criminal applications, to take meAndijan State University named after
Z.M.Boburres, to register acts on civil status. In these settlements it was
possible to place rich, ear farms from other districts of the USSR. The
People’s Commissariat of Land and Water of the USSR was tasked with
allocating a certain amount of land to those who had been resettled for
intensive agricultural work.
References:
1. The tragedy of the Central Asian village. Volume 2.-Tashkent: Shark,
2006.
2. UzR PAA, 58-fund, 128-case.
3. Shamsutdinov R. Rural tragedy.-Tashkent: Shark, 2003.
4. MIA of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Fund 32, List 1, Case 5.
5. From the materials of the International Scientific-Practical Expedition
Fund “Me’ros”: RFDA Fund 9779, List 1, Case 80.
Khabibullo Khusanov, Senior teacher of the chair of “Theory of civil
society” of Andizhan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan
THE HISTORY OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN
Kh. Khusanov
Abstract: In this article the essence and relationship between concepts
national interest and the international relations in the conditions of
globalization in public life is investigated. It is considered that the
foundations of any international relation make national interests , their
content and its socio-political role.
Keywords: globalization, nation, national interest, international
relation, national consent, national developments, national conflict,
genocide.
As you watch the events taking place in the political arena around the
world, you will see the need to reflect on their impact on the socio-political
life of Uzbekistan and their socio-political consequences.
