“SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE - PART RELATIONSHIPS RELATED TO HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH”

Sojida  Mustafaeva

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“SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE - PART RELATIONSHIPS

RELATED TO HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH”

Mustafaeva Sojida Ulashevna

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9601-1043

Termez State Engineering and Agrotechnologies University

Department of Uzbek language and literature teacher

e-mail:sojidamustafayeva557@gmail.com

phone number: +998997615333

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15421741

Abstract:

This paper studies general semantic and lexicographic properties of

meronymic elements which are related to household appliances in Uzbek and English. The
study examines how household appliance terms are named in the two languages, their
division into different parts, how whole-part relations are reflected in dictionaries, and how
they express the cultural and logical features of both languages. It also shows how linguistic
changes occur when using the meronymic system to represent the structure of an object. The
thesis determines the similarities and differences between English and Uzbek and is prepared
using the method of contrastive, lexicographic and corpus analysis.

Key words:

semantic characteristics

,

English, Uzbek, lexicography, semantic analysis,

meronym, home appliances, and language comparison

Annotatsiya:

Ushbu tadqiqot oʻzbek va ingliz tillarida uy ro‘zg’ (maishiy texnika) bilan

bogʻliq meronimik birliklarning semantik va leksikografik xususiyatlarini oʻrganadi.
Tadqiqotda maishiy texnika atamalarining ikki tilda qanday nomlanishi, ularning turli
qismlarga bo‘linishi, meronimlarning lug‘atlarda qanday aks etishi, har ikki tilning madaniy va
mantiqiy xususiyatlarini qanday ifodalashi o‘rganiladi. Bundan tashqari, ob'ekt tuzilishini
ifodalash uchun meronomik tizimdan foydalanganda qanday lingvistik o'zgarishlar sodir
bo'lishini ko'rsatadi. Maqolada ingliz tili va o‘zbek tili o‘rtasidagi o‘xshashlik va farqlar
yoritilgan va kontrastli, leksikografik va corpusli tahlillar usulidan foydalangan holda
tayyorlangan.

Kalit so‘zlar:

semantik xususiyatlari, Ingliz, o‘zbek, leksikografiya, semantik tahlil,

meronim, uy-ro‘zg’or buyumlari (maishiy texnika) va til taqqoslash.

Introduction:

In linguistics, whole -part relations (meronyms) are of vital importance in

the study of the semantic connection between an object and its components. Meronyms are
relationships that form an object hierarchy from the whole to the parts. As a practical
manifestation of the meronymic system, expressions related to household appliances, i.e.
household items, which are often used in everyday life, are especially important. This article
compares the lexical composition, methods of reflection and semantic properties of
meronymic units expressing the function of household appliances, in particular, the whole
object related to our daily life, in Uzbek and English dictionaries. Terms for common
household objects such as a table, a sofa and a door, as well as the names and constructions of
their components, are the main topics of analysis. The aim of the article was to show the
logical and cultural foundations of meronyms and to show the similarities and contrasts
between them in the English and Uzbek lexical systems.

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Methods:

The use meronyms as language elements in linguistics, especially in our daily

life part and to study them analytically as a separate topic has been highlighted by English
researchers in their scientific works in the form of practical examples. In world linguistics, the
scientist M.V. Nikitin [11:1988] who covered the concept of meronym in a broader sense,
introduced the study of the whole and its partial elements as semantic-structural meaning
individuality into the science.[22:1996] In Uzbek linguistics, B. Kilichev,[3:2019] A. Sobirov
[2:2019] were the first to speak about the concepts of meronym (part-whole) relations, and H.
Nematov and R. Rasulov, B. Kilichev [17:1986] and H. Jamolkhonov [4:2005] provided
information in their research works about “partonyms” expand the vocabulary.[6:2005] D. A.
Kolodka [8:1971]; N. Kuzmenka [21:2020]; V.Zakharov [9:2005] and E. O.Materinski [7:2019]
are also known as researchers who have widely promoted the scope of research on both
linguistic and cognitive principles of the meronymic concept. Today, many Uzbek researchers
and researchers are conducting extensive research on meronymic words. In this regard, B.
Kilichev “Whole-Part Relationships Between Words in Lexicon”, Eshmuminov A.A.[1:2023]
“Formation of a linguistic base of taxonomic and meronymic related lexemes for Uzbek
language corpora” who contributed to the research on meronymy and its various aspects,
such as its classification, lexical representation, and cross-lingusitics features in English and
Uzbek. their works have laid a foundation for understanding how part-whole relationships
are encoded in different languages and how these relationships can be systematically
described in lexicographic and corpus-based studies. S.U.Mustafaeva [6:2025] has explained
clear explanation about the use of meronymy in Uzbek and English in her “Uzbek and English
dialects are used as examples to illustrate the problems with vocabulary creation in
meronymy”. In presenting this work on the basis of theoretical ideas and in examples of their
practical analysis. The theoretical analyses in our study are underpinned by the following key
methodologies:
a)

Descriptive method

— This method allows for the analysis of meronymic units in both

Uzbek and English, determining their role in the lexicographic process. For example, this
method was used to study the types of meronymy used in Uzbek and English and how these
units are included in dictionaries;
b)

Comparative method

— This technique allows us to compare the representation of

meronymic units in Uzbek and English dictionaries. It examines how meronymic meanings
are classified in English dictionaries and how such units are explained in Uzbek dictionaries.
Furthermore, the similarities and differences in the use of meronymy between the two
languages were analyzed using this approach;
c)

Structural-Semantic Method

— This method focuses on the study of the structure of

word meanings in dictionaries. It is particularly useful in analyzing how meronymic changes
occur. Questions such as: “How are the primary and meronymic meanings of a word
interconnected?” and “Which meanings are designated as primary in the dictionary, and
which are secondary?” can be answered through this method;
d)

Lexicographic Analysis

— This method is essential in the theory of dictionary-making.

It allows for an investigation into how meronymic units are incorporated and explained in
various dictionaries, thus defining the scope of their expression. The differences in the
stylistic approaches to presenting meronymic meanings in Uzbek and English dictionaries

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were also explored through this methodology. Through lexicographic analysis, we observed
the dialectal variations in the usage and expression of meronymic words in the two languages;

Discussions and results

By analyzing we first consider meronyms in the context of the Princeton WordNet

(PWN), a lexical database widely used in the world of English lexicography, which is a key
resource for understanding English lexicon when it comes to meronymy. It organizes words
into sets of synonyms (synsets) and includes detailed semantic relationships such as
meronymy. To determine the meronymic words in English, we can addrees to the english
dictionaries such as “ Cambridge Advanced Leanres’ Dictionary”, “Longman Dictionary of
Cotemporary English” , “Oxford Dictionary” and etc. The interpretation of meronymic words
in Uzbek dictionaries is not specific, but they are defined as part of a certain object or
phenomenon from a given context, we analyzed them by selecting words related to
meronymic relations from the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language”. In her article
“Uzbek and English dialects are given as examples to illustrate the problems associated with
creating a dictionary in meronymy”, S.U. Mustafayeva gives an idea of how meronymic
relations, that is, part-whole relations, are expressed and sheds light on the phenomenon of
how “part”/ “share”/ “piece” are expressed in the compared Uzbek and English languages. By
comparing the above-mentioned sources, it is possible to observe how linguistic, cognitive
and lexicographic factors affect the expression of meronymy. In this, the analysis reveals
similarities and differences in the processing of parts and wholes in the two languages,
enriching our understanding of their lexical systems and cognitive structures.

1. Picture

Theoretical analysis of meronym and its expressing in dictionaries

When searching the meronymy from the WordNet-Online (Free dictionary and

thesaurus of English. Definitions, synonyms, antonyms and more...) it shows like that:

meronym

Uzbek

lexical-semantic

differences with

sinonimic and

antonimic

English

relationships

with

hyperonimic

meanings

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From the “Cambridge English dictionary” meronym is determined as a component of

something, such as “bud” has got 172 meanings as part of something, it is following that:

In Uzbek dictionaries, especially, regional dialects such as Tashkent, Fergana,

Samarkhand and Surkhandarya Uzbek exhibit variations in meronymic terms for household
items. For example, in “Explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language” “ chovgun”

2. Picture

which is related to dialectual words in Surkhandarya region, meaning dishes that is used

as a kettle but it can be used in the fire pit to boil the water. Similarly, in English, dialects such
as American, British, and Australian English show distinctions in part-whole relationships,
with words like “tap” (British) versus “faucet” (American) exemplifying lexical differences.
These variations illustrate how languages adapt to local contexts while maintaining core
semantic relationships. This study categorizes meronyms from both languages into distinct
lexical groups, including furniture, kitchenware, clothing, and tools, highlighting their

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structural and semantic patterns. By analyzing dialectal influences, we aim to provide a
comprehensive understanding of how meronymy shapes vocabulary development and
communication. The findings contribute to broader discussions in lexicology, cognitive
linguistics, and comparative language studies, offering valuable insights for linguists,
educators, and language learners alike. This introduction establishes the foundation for your
study, connecting meronymy to vocabulary formation and dialectal variations in Uzbek and
English.

A dictionary of meronyms in the Uzbek and English languages, describing them as “part”

- “whole” form-levels in the type of household appliances.

A dictionary of words forming partial forms of the whole meaning of “House” in the

Uzbek and English languages.

-

Household items:

№

meronimlar

O‘zbek tilida sharhlanishi

Ingliz tilida sharhlanishi

1.

adyol

adiyol - ko‘rpa o‘rnida ishlatiladigan

yengil, uncha qalin bo‘lmagan yoping’ich

blanket - a light, not very thick

cover

2.

ayoq

kosa, payola, qadah

“ayak” - cup, goblet

3.

angishvona

ko‘rpa qavishda barmoq uchiga

kiyiladigan metal vosita

“angishvona”- a metal tool worn

on the tip of a finger when sewing

a quilt

4.

arga / dok

sozi

arga - bu yog’ochdan yasalgan katta

dastgoh o‘lib gilam yoki boshqa

matolarni to‘qish uchun ishlatiladi

“agra”- is a large wooden machine

used to weave carpets or other

fabrics.

5.

aroba (arava)

arava - bu ikki yoki to‘rt g’ildirakli ot,

eshak yoki ho‘kiz qo‘shiladigan transport

vositasi

a cart is a two- or four-wheeled

vehicle pulled by a horse, donkey,

or ox.

6.

araqi

karniz alyumini metalidan

tayyorlanadigan uzun shakldagi truba

qaysiki parda ilish uchun foydalaniladi

“arakhi” -a long, aluminum tube

used to hang curtains

7.

Badya

yog’och, sandiq, yoki metaldan yasalgan

maxsus katta idish

“badya” - a large container made

of wood, a crate, or metal

8.

Bak

tog’ora; suv isitish, choy qaynatishga

mo‘ljallangan, samovarga o‘xshash katta

metal idish

“bak” -a washingbasin; a large

metal teapot similar to a samovar,

used for heating water and

brewing tea

9.

Banka

banka – idish; shisha, tunuka,

plastmassadan yasalgan, odatda silindrik

shaklga ega idish

banka – container; a container

made of glass, tin, plastic, usually

cylindrical in shape

10.

Belkurak

yerni ag’darish, ochilgan, sochilgan

narslarni yig’ish uchu ishlatiladigan uzun

dastali temit sopli ish qurol

a long-handled, steel-handled tool

used for turning over the ground,

picking up loose or scattered

objects

11.

Bedon

moy va boshqa suyuqliklarni saqlashda

ishlatiladigan idish

a container used to store oil and

other liquids

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12.

Bodiya

katta mis kosa; tagi baland, qirg’og’i tik,

katta idish (lagan)

a large copper bowl; dish looks

like a large plate with a high base

and steep edges

13.

Bokal

suyuq ichimliklar ichishga mo’ljallangan

cho’zinchoq shisha yoki billur idish,

qadah

a long glass or crystal vessel for

drinking liquid beverages, a goblet

14.

Billur

yuqori navli tiniq oq shisha va undan

yasalgan qimmatbaho idish

high-quality clear white glass and

an expensive vessel made from it

15.

bolg’acha

kichkina bolg’acha

hammer

16.

Bordon

qobog’ogoobog’i olinmagan qamishdan

buyraga o‘xshatib to‘qilgan qalin, dag’al

to’shama

“bordon” - a thick, rough mat

woven from unbleached reeds in a

kidney-shaped pattern.

17.

bo‘yra

tozalangan qamish cho’pidan to’qilgan

to’shama

a mat woven from cleaned reeds

18.

chakki xalta

qatiq, chakki va sh.k.larni osib qo‘yish

uchun matodan tayyorlanadigan anjom

“chakki khalta” - cloth -bag is used
to hang the sour and chaki ( tastes

as fermented milk drink/ kefir)

19.

Chambar

meva va boshqa narslarni solib

qoyiladigan toldan yasaladigan savat

“chambar” - a wicker basket for

holding fruit and other items

made og willow wood

Conclusion:

This study examined the lexical representativeness and semantic

ramification of device-related meronyms in Uzbek and English. By analyzing how device parts
are named and categorized in both languages, we identified significant linguistic and cultural
patterns. First, the study shows that English exhibits a higher degree of lexical specialization
in the names of household appliance parts, often reflecting a more technical or industrial
approach. In contrast, in Uzbek there is a prevailing tendency to use more general or
multifunctional terms, sometimes based on cultural context or practical usage rather than
technical precision. Second, the semantic branching of meronyms reveals how different
languages conceptualize objects in terms of their parts. English often exhibits a deeper
hierarchical structure of meronyms, while Uzbek prefers more linear or function-oriented
semantic groupings. For example, in English, a washing machine may have clearly labeled
components such as an “agitator”, “drum”, and “lint filter” whereas in Uzbek, broader terms
such as “drum” or “filter” may cover multiple functions or parts. These differences highlight
the influence of cultural, technological, and linguistic factors on vocabulary formation. In
addition, the analysis contributes to a broader understanding of lexical systems in
typologically diverse languages and can help in such fields as translation studies, language
teaching, and computational linguistics.

References:

Используемая литература:

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1.

A.Eshmominov., O’zbek tili korpuslari uchun taksonomik va meronimik munosabatli

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2019., 4-5 p.
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H.Jamolxonov. Hozirgi o'zbek adabiy tili. T.: “Talqin”-2005

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