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JUVENILE LABOR - DETERMINING LEGAL REGULATION IS A KEY
FACTOR TO PREVENT HISTORY FROM REPEATING.
Алиев Махсуджон Анварович
Ҳуқуқни муҳофаза қилиш академияси магистранти
E-mail: aliyevm1990@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11441592
Abstract.
This article covers the statistics of children in the world, the
history of minors' labor, analysis of their involvement in various harmful jobs,
the prevalence of child labor in pre-industrial and industrial times, and the
efforts made to prevent it .
It was concluded that the main reason for the cases of minors' use of
labor at different levels in history was the insufficient development of laws in
this regard, the absence of a control mechanism against child discrimination in
labor, the rise of political instability, and the prevalence of famine and poverty .
Key words:
population, poverty, industry, convention, statistics, child
labor, need, famine, political instability.
Enterance
As soon as a person is born, natural needs arise with him. During the
period of growth and maturity, the scope of needs expands further, and its
composition is formed in different ways. will be able to receive.
Of course, the most important factor in this is human labor, and in a
democratic legal society, unlimited needs can be provided only through the
rational use of limited resources and human labor, and in this process, a person
becomes socialized, realizes his dreams, and achieves a prosperous life.
Guaranteeing human rights and freedoms in labor relations, managing
labor-related social life in society with laws and legal regulations, and making
fair and reasonable decisions in this regard is an integral part of the
development of every state.
At this point, the President of our country, Sh. Mirziyoev, expressed the
following opinion about the importance of regulating labor relations:
"Ensuring reliable protection of human rights to work and decent living
conditions, protection from unemployment, and reducing poverty is an
important goal of constitutional reforms" [1].
According to Professor M.A. Usmanova, "ensuring human rights in the
conditions of market relations, guaranteeing a decent living with labor and one's
own labor, and social protection of the population are among the main aspects of
the legislative activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan" [2].
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In fact, a person matures through his work, acquires his place in society,
enters into relations with members of society, and thereby becomes a
participant in the labor market.
This, in turn, is to constantly improve the labor laws adopted in the
country to provide employment to able-bodied persons, to allow every working
person to live a comfortable life, to freely choose a profession, to work in decent
working conditions, and to prevent any discrimination. In this regard, based on
today's demand, consistent reforms are required.
In almost all countries, the professions that can be worked in are divided
into types, and the people who can work in these professions are also classified
according to their age; that is, the professions that adults and minors can work
in depend on their age, ability, physical and mental readiness, and some other
factors. It is established that he has the right to work under working conditions.
In this regard, the rules and conditions of labor relations for minors, who
make up a certain part of the population in terms of numbers and cannot be
equal to others, are defined separately in order to protect them in every way.
However, due to economic crises, poverty, political instability, and other
factors in some countries, children are being used for various purposes against
their best interests.
According to the statistics of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),
the number of people under the age of eighteen was 1.86 billion in the 1980s,
2.06 billion in the 1990s, 2.20 billion in the 2000s, and 2.25 billion in the 2010s.
2.38 billion in 2020 and 2.39 billion in 2023 [3].
In the world's poorest countries, slightly more than one in five children is
involved in child labor [4].
According to the International Labor Organization, about 160.0 million
children are still engaged in labor today [5].
It is known from the above that although the work of minors has existed
from history to the present day at various levels, unlike the work of adults in
some aspects, since this concept is not defined separately, they are involved in
almost any kind of work.
Some sources state that the term "child labor" should not be confused with
the concepts of "youth employment" or "student labor." [6].
Some historians believe that child labor was an integral part of the pre-
industrial economy. In pre-industrial societies, the concept of childhood in the
modern sense was rare.
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Children are often actively involved in activities such as raising children,
hunting, and farming. In many societies, children under the age of ten were
engaged in the same activities as adults because they looked like adults—that is,
they were physically equal to them [7].
The Industrial Revolution first began in Great Britain in the mid-
eighteenth century, and the early 19th century was a period of massive
mechanization and innovation that spread throughout the world [8].
During these periods, working conditions for women and children
remained difficult. Women usually helped children transport the coal they
mined. This process was particularly common in the early 19th century, when
they pulled a corf (basket or small wagon) full of coal along tracks up to 16
inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm) [9] high, often working 12-hour shifts [10].
Finally, as soon as the International Labor Organization was established as
a specialized div of the United Nations in 1919, efforts were first made to
reduce the labor of women and children at the international level.
Today, the International Labor Organization is in its 1973 Conventions.
138 on the Minimum Age. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor of 1999 were
adopted and are considered to be one of the main international instruments
regulating child labor worldwide.
In conclusion, we can state that in history, almost all countries have used child
labor to varying degrees, and the main reasons for this are insufficient laws, a
lack of control against discrimination in labor, increasing political instability,
and the prevalence of famine and poverty. Today, we can see that the ILO is
implementing huge reforms on child labor, and as a result, many children are
being effectively protected.
References:
1. From the speech at the meeting with the members of the Constitutional
Commission on "Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan
and Implementation of Organizational Measures" chaired by the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan on 22.06.2022 year.
2. М.А.Усманова ва бошқалар, Меҳнат ҳуқуқи, Дарслик-Т, ЎРАВ ва ТДЮИ
нашриёти, 2018 й 10-бет.
3. Https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef.
4. Https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-labour/#status.
5. https://www.ilo.org/topics/child-labour.
6.
Unated
Nation
Global
Compact,
Principal
five:
labor-
https://unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles/principle-5.
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN THE
EDUCATION SYSTEM
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7.
The
free
encyclopedia-
article
child
labor,
22.04.2024
y,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour#cite.
8. University of California, Davis. "World Economic History: 2. The British
Industrial Revolution, 1760-1860,
https://faculty.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/ecn110b/readings/ecn110b-
chapter2-2005.pdf.
9.
Https://extremstyle.ua/ru/blog/view/dyuymy-v-sm-tablica-perevoda-
dyuymov-v-santimetry
10. History of Western Civilization II, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/child-labor
