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THE STATE OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
IN THE KASKAKADARYA AND SURKHANDARYA REGIONS IN THE
YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
Samarov Fakhriddin
teacher at
Karshi International University
(QarDU doctoral student)
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14778032
Annotation.
This article discusses attention to ancient cultural heritage
sites on the territory of Southern Uzbekistan during the years of independence,
their repair and restoration, the significance of our architectural masterpieces in
educating young people in the spirit of patriotism, and also discusses the topic
and analyzes it using the example of historical and architectural monuments of
the Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya regions.
Keywords:
The cities of Karshi and Shakhrisabz, the city of Termiz, Amir
Temur and the Timurids, significance, cultural heritage, historical monuments,
repair and restoration, architectural structure, fortification, archeology
.
The formation of a national ideology in the field of spirituality in recent
years, the first place in the issue of educating the younger generation in the
spirit of our cultural heritage, respect for our rich traditions and universal
values, loyalty to the ideas of our great country and independence indicates the
correctness of the policy carried out in Uzbekistan[1.1].
Recent trends in the global economy, such as the rapid development of
tourism and recreation, have a significant impact on the Central Asian region,
including Uzbekistan, in various regions and countries[2.1]. The visit to the
places of pilgrimage is connected with the tourism sector,which in the 21st
century became the most advantageous sphere in the world. Now he is in third
place after the field of automotive and oil refining. The development of the
tourism sector is important in strengthening the national and regional
economy[3.1].
After our country gained independence, there were wide opportunities to
study the history of our homeland and express unbiased opinions about it. At the
same time, wide avenues were opened for the repair and restoration of
thousands of historical and architectural monuments and old buildings on the
territory of our Motherland. On the issue of self-awareness, restoration of true
history and creation of the history of a renewed Uzbekistan, our President
Shavkat Mirziyoyev expressed the following opinion: “Building a new
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Uzbekistan means studying our recent and distant history, our unique and rare
cultural treasures in more depth and, relying on them, continuing our path of
independent national development at a new stage” [4.31].
Two ancient territories of southern Uzbekistan - Kashkadarya and
Surkhandarya regions - are also home to many historical and architectural
monuments. Currently, a total of more than two thousand objects of tangible
cultural heritage in these two regions are included in the state register, and
about a thousand historical objects are assigned public inspectors [5]. This data
shows the scale of work being carried out to preserve the cultural and historical
heritage of our country and pass it on to future generations.
The city of Karshi is one of the ancient cities of our country with a history of
almost three thousand years. Today, this ancient settlement preserves more
than 60 masterpieces of the past, of which 28 are archaeological sites, 6 are
monumental monuments, 1 is a place of interest, and 25 are historical and
architectural structures [6].
Historical sources indicate that by the 20th century, there were more than
100 mosques and about 50 madrasahs in the city of Karshi [7]. Unfortunately,
most of these ancient monuments have not survived to this day. Only four
madrasahs have survived near the area of the city, which is called the “old city”
by local residents: Khoja Abdulazizboy, Bekmir Kazakh, Sharofboy (this
madrasah is now almost in a state of disrepair), and Kilichboy.
Repair, restoration and strengthening of some historical monuments
located in the territory of this ancient city were carried out in connection with
the celebrations of the 2700th anniversary of the city of Karshi. In particular,
based on the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of
Uzbekistan No. 452 dated September 29, 2004 and the resolution of the khokim
of Kashkadarya region No. X-417/10 dated October 15, 2004 “On preparation
and holding of the 2700th anniversary of the city of Karshi”, repair, restoration
and improvement works were carried out in the Odina mosque on Registan
Square, the Old Sardoba, Khoja Abdulazizboy and Bekmir Kazakh
(Bekmurodboy) madrasas of the city [8.5-6].
One of the important historical and architectural monuments located in the
territory of the city of Karshi is the Kokgumbaz mosque, which, according to
sources, was built by the Khan of Bukhara, Abdullakhan II, in 999 AH (1590–
1591) [9, 498]. Due to the widespread use of blue and light-colored tiles on the
dome of the building, this prayer place was called the “Kokgumbaz mosque” by
the local population. Unfortunately, the dome and adjacent parts of the structure
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were significantly damaged as a result of an earthquake at the end of the 19th
century.
In the 20th century, this historical monument was renovated and
strengthened several times. In particular, partial renovations were carried out in
1957, 1971, and 1975, and in 1982, the monument underwent extensive
renovations [10, 147]. In 1996, on the occasion of the 660th anniversary of the
birth of Amir Temur, master architects from Samarkand also renovated this
building [11].
On the occasion of the 2700th anniversary of the city of Karshi, extensive
repair, restoration, and strengthening work was carried out on a number of
ancient monuments, including the mosques of Odina, Nav, Khanaqoh, Qum
village, Chorgumbaz in the Kosan district, the mausoleum of Abu Ubayda ibn al-
Jarrah, the holy shrines of Mubarak al-Marvazi in the Mubarak district, and
Hazrati Imam in the city of Shahrisabz [12].
With its 2,700-year history, the city of Shahrisabz and its surrounding areas
have a number of ancient monuments, some of which have survived to this day.
Currently, there are more than 220 cultural heritage sites in this area, more than
50 of which are registered as historical and architectural structures [13]. One of
the oldest monuments in Shahrisabz, also known as the Green City, is the White
Palace, built in the 14th–15th centuries. This monument has been preserved
through various renovations and restorations.
A program for the restoration of historical and architectural monuments
associated with the names of Amir Temur and Mirzo Ulugbek was developed in
the city of Shahrisabz on January 5, 1993. Within the framework of this program,
the hydrogeological conditions of the remains of the Jahongir Mausoleum were
also studied and appropriate measures were taken to ensure its protection [14,
71].
On the occasion of the anniversary of Mirzo Ulugbek, a special expedition
was organized in 1993 to study ancient monuments, and a total of 106.4 million
soums were allocated for the renovation of the Shamsiddin Kulol Mausoleum,
the Kokgumbaz Mosque, the Dorut-tilovat Complex, and the Gumbazi Sayyidon
Mausoleum [15].
Also, in accordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the
Republic of Uzbekistan No. 630 dated December 29, 1994 “On the Celebration of
the 660th Anniversary of the Birth of Amir Temur”, in 1995 the arch of the
White Palace building was repaired by the Shahrisabz enterprise “Scientific
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Repair of Historical Monuments”. In this process, conservation work was also
carried out on some parts of the structure [16].
One of the historical and architectural structures renovated in connection
with the 660th anniversary of the birth of Amir Temur is the Chubin Madrasah.
This madrasah is part of a complex of monuments dating back to the 16th–19th
centuries, and the ancient structure has been renovated several times to this day
[17, 146]. In-depth scientific research, restoration and reconstruction of this
historical object began in 1990–1991. As part of these processes, archaeological
research was carried out, as a result of which it was determined that the main
and original part of the madrasah complex was built at the end of the 15th
century.
Partial repair and renovation works were carried out at the Chubin
Madrasah in 1992–1995. In 1994, large-scale restoration works were carried
out on the gatehouse of the historical monument and adjacent buildings. In
1995, the Uzbek Restoration Institute developed a project for the renovation of
the Chubin Madrasah, and based on this project, the madrasah was completely
restored [18, 1–2].
Also, in accordance with the Resolution No. 102 of the Cabinet of Ministers
of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 29, 2002 “On preparations for the
celebration of the 2700th anniversary of the city of Shakhrisabz”, the
improvement of the territories of a number of historical monuments in the city
and related repairs were determined. In accordance with this resolution,
extensive work was carried out to preserve historical objects and give them an
aesthetic appearance.
Based on this resolution, restoration and reconstruction works of the
Chubin Madrasah, as well as landscaping and greening of the surroundings of
the ancient monument were carried out. 80 million soums were allocated for
these works [19]. Also, according to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of
the Republic of Uzbekistan, a total of 1.3 billion soums were allocated for the
repair and restoration of historical and architectural monuments located in the
city of Shakhrisabz, and for the improvement of the territories of unique
complexes.
The Surkhan oasis also houses a number of mausoleums of sheikhs, saints,
and pirs. One of the most famous of them is the Sultan Saodat - Sayyids'
Complex. This architectural complex was formed over about seven centuries and
was built in the 10th-17th centuries, as recorded in historical sources [20, 110].
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This sacred place, where the Sayyids settled forever, contains about twenty
mausoleums, containing the graves of about 170 Sayyids.
The complex of Sultan Saodat mausoleums, which has survived to this day,
is located around a 70-meter courtyard, which was formed as a result of
architectural and construction work in different periods. Several archaeological
studies have been carried out on the territory of this historical monument. In
particular, in the November 11, 2017 issue of the newspaper "Surkhon Tongi" by
the head of the department of the Termez Archaeological Museum, Sh. Rajabov,
in the article "A tombstone worthy of centuries" information about the
excavations carried out in this complex is provided. According to this article,
during the research conducted at the end of the 20th century, a tombstone (91.5
x 61 x 9 cm in size) dating back to the 11th–12th centuries was found.
Unfortunately, this tombstone has not been fully preserved archaeologically [21,
4].
In conclusion, we can say that one of the most important tasks of our time is to
strengthen, repair, restore and restore historical and architectural monuments
built over centuries in the territories of our country and pass them on to future
generations. It is also no exaggeration to say that the role of ancient structures in
educating our younger generation in the spirit of creativity and innovation is of
incomparable importance
.
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