Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/socinov/index
The concept of graphic information and its essence
Akbar XALIKOV
1
, Sultonjon EGAMOV
2
, Jahongir NORMATOV
3
Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received February 2021
Received in revised form
28 March 2022
Accepted 20 April 2022
Available online
15 May 2022
The article provides insights into their types and importance
of the concept of graphic information and its role in education.
It talks about the possibilities that can be implemented with the
help of graphical ahboros and what programs are convenient.
Scientific works of foreign scientists were widely used in
covering the topic of the article.
2181-
1415/©
2022 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss4/S-pp163-168
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
graphical reports,
Paint,
Microsoft Photo Editor,
Adobe Photo Shop,
Fractal Design Painter,
Micrografx Picture
Publisher.
Grafik axborotlar tushunchasi va uning mohiyati
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit s
o‘
zlar:
grafik axborotlar,
Paint,
Microsoft Photo Editor,
Adobe Photo Shop,
Fractal Design Painter,
Micrografx Picture
Publisher.
Maqolada grafik axborotlar tushunchasi, ularning turlari,
ahamiyati va ta
’
limda tutgan
o‘
rni haqida fikr-mulohazalar
keltirilgan. Grafik axborotlar yordamida amalga oshirish
mumkin b
o‘
lgan imkoniyatlar va qaysi dasturlarning qulayligi
t
o‘g‘
risida s
o‘
z boradi. Maqola mavzusini yoritishda xorijlik
olimlarning ilmiy ishlanmalaridan keng ravishda foydalanildi.
Понятие графической информации и ее сущность
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
графическая информация,
Paint,
Microsoft Photo Editor,
Adobe Photo Shop,
Fractal Design Painter,
Micrografx Picture
Publisher.
В статье представлены размышления о понятии
графической информации, ее видах и значении и роли в
образовании. Речь пойдет о возможностях, которые можно
реализовать с помощью графической информации, и о том,
какие программы удобны. В освещении темы статьи
широко использованы научные разработки зарубежных
ученых
.
1
Lecturer at the Department of “Distance Education in Natural and Applied Sciences”, Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
.
2
Lecturer at the
Department of “Distance Education in Natural and Applied Sciences”, Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
.
3
Lecturer at the Department of “Distance Education in Natural and Applied Sciences”, Jizzakh State Pedagogical Institute
.
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
–
Общество
и
инновации
–
Society and innovations
Special Issue
–
04 (2022) / ISSN 2181-1415
164
Graphic information is information presented in the form of diagrams, sketches,
images, graphs, diagrams, and symbols. Graphic information is a type of visual (visual)
information. It includes: drawings, engravings, posters, diagrams, geographical maps,
scans, sketches, etc. It consists of dots, strokes, and lines that are drawn in pencil, ink,
chalk, or felt-tip pen on paper, cardboard, or blackboard, etc.
It is worth saying that graphic information accompanies a person from the
moment of his appearance and develops with him simultaneously. The earliest graphic
information includes images drawn with charcoal, soot, or scratched on cave walls and
rocks. In the modern world, digital technology has come to the aid of creating graphic
information for a person.
Currently, it is possible to get drawings and drawings on the monitor screen in the
same form as on paper with the help of brushes, paints, and drawing tools. This kind of
graphic information is called digital (digital graphics). In addition, the drawing from the
computer
’
s memory can be displayed not only on the screen, but also on paper using the
printer. Today, there are color printers that provide photo-level image quality.
Computer graphics applications are very diverse. For each direction, special
software is created, which is called graphics programs, or graphics packages.
Depending on the method of image formation
, the following types of computer
graphics are distinguished:
•
raster graphics
–
used in the development of electronic (multimedia) and printed
publications. Illustrations made using raster graphics are rarely created manually using
computer programs.
•
vector graphics
–
used for creating illustrations and, to a lesser extent, for
processing them. Such tools are widely used in advertising agencies, design bureaus,
editorial offices, and publishing houses.
•
three-dimensional graphics
–
widely used in engineering programming,
computer modeling of physical objects and processes, animation, cinematography, and
computer games.
Programs for working with raster graphics include:
•
Paint
•
Microsoft Photo Editor
•
Adobe Photo Shop
•
Fractal Design Painter
•
Micrografx Picture Publisher
To work with vector graphics, use:
•
Corel Draw
•
Adobe Illustrator
•
Fractal Design Expression
•
Macromedia Freehand
•
AutoCAD
Thus, in bitmap graphics, an image is encoded by dividing the image into small
dots or pixels. Each pixel is assigned its color code together. Information about each such
point is stored in computer video memory. The creation of vector graphics involves
primitive objects
–
a line, curve, point, rectangle, triangle, circle. These elements and their
volumes are described using mathematical formulas. Graphic information can be
presented indifferent ways. The way graphic information is presented depends on the
purpose of this information and the type of devices it is intended for.
Жамият
ва
инновациялар
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Общество
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инновации
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Society and innovations
Special Issue
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04 (2022) / ISSN 2181-1415
165
Representation of graphical information is performed by:
•
using the coordinate method. This method is based on the representation of a flat
(monochrome) image in the form of coordinates of rectangular raster elements.
•
by the receptor method. A variant of the coordinate method. It is based on the
representation of the entire image field in the form of rectangular areas, which are called
receptors.
•
a method for element-by-element representation of graphical information. It is
based on the representation of an image as a set of graphic primitives, which can be a
straight line segment, an arc, or a circle.
•
structural and symbolic method. It is based on the use of standard graphic
elements for image formation.
•
analytical method. This method is based on its representation in the form of
surface equations.
How three-dimensional images are created using computer graphics. Based on the
above, we set the following research goals: find out how computer graphics are related to
our lives; in what areas of human society it is used and how it affects the person himself.
To achieve these goals, we have put forward the following tasks:
•
review and systematize your computer graphics knowledge.
•
gain experience in creating fractal graphics;
•
to show that the progressive development of the information world of human
society is impossible without computer technologies;
•
study theoretical material on this topic;
•
define the concept of
“
computer graphics
”
.
•
show that different mathematical objects are used in different types of graphics.
•
use graphic material to show examples of using various geometric shapes.
•
find examples of the use of computer graphics in various fields of human activity;
•
consider the characteristics and varieties of computer graphics.
•
consider color models and graphic formats of computer graphics.
•
create your own graphic drawings.
•
conduct a study and compare the perception of computer graphics by adults and
children.
•
study of literature on this topic;
•
comparison of essential features of different types of graphic images;
•
creating graphic images using a computer program;
•
generalization of the received information; identification of the main directions
of application of computer graphics in the life of human society;
The practical significance of the work is determined by the creation of practical
materials on the research topic, the use of materials and results of research work to
expand the knowledge of students in the field of computer graphics in computer science
lessons and elective courses.
The scientific significance of this work lies in the fact that computer graphics,
which appeared on the Internet, using the knowledge of the two sciences of mathematics
and computer science, and developing, thanks to new scientific discoveries, is
increasingly changing the life of mankind. Studying computer graphics is interesting and
useful for learning, development, and recreation.
Жамият
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Общество
и
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Society and innovations
Special Issue
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04 (2022) / ISSN 2181-1415
166
The main theoretical conclusions of the work are based on the works of
A.E. Bubnov, A.A. Zalogova, A.A. Krichalov, S.V. Simonovich, P.G. Stoyanov and others.
When working with color in computer graphics, the following concepts are used:
color depth (also called color resolution) and color model. A different number of bits can
be allocated to encode the color of an image pixel. This determines how many colors can
be displayed on the screen at the same time. The longer the binary color code length, the
more colors can be used in the drawing. Color depth is the number of bits that are used to
encode the color of a single pixel. To encode a two-color (black-and-white) image, it is
enough to allocate one bit per color representation of each pixel. Allocating a single byte
allows you to encode 256 different color shades. Two bytes (16 bits) allow you to define
65536 different colors. This mode is called High Color. If three bytes (24 bits) are used
for color encoding, 16.5 million colors can be displayed simultaneously. This mode is
called True Color. The size of the file in which the image is saved depends on the color
depth [7]. Colors in nature are rarely simple. Most color shades are formed by mixing
primary colors. The method of dividing a color shade into its component components is
called a color model. There are many different types of color models, but computer
graphics typically use three. These models are known as RGB, CMYK, and HSB [6].
Depending on the method of creating a graphic image, you can distinguish between
raster, vector, fractal, and three-dimensional (3D) graphics. In bitmap graphics, an image
is formed as a raster-a collection of points (pixels) that form rows and columns. Each
pixel can take any color from the palette. When you save a bitmap image, the computer
stores information about the color of each pixel included in it. The quality of a bitmap
image increases as the number of pixels in the image increases. This increases the
information volume of the entire image. A large amount of information is one of the main
disadvantages of bitmaps. Next the disadvantage of bitmaps occurs when you change
their scale. Thus, when a bitmap image is reduced, several neighboring pixels are
converted to one, which leads to a loss of clarity in small image details. When the image is
enlarged, new pixels are added to it.
In this case, neighboring pixels take on the same color and a stepwise effect occurs [7].
In vector graphics, the main element of an image is a line, and it doesn
’
t matter if
it
’
s a straight line or a curve. In vector graphics, the amount of memory occupied by a line
does not depend on the size of the line, since the line is represented as a formula.
Whatever is done with this line, only its parameters stored in memory cells are changed.
The number of cells remains the same for any line.
A line is an elementary object of vector graphics. Everything in the vector
illustration consists of lines.
The simplest objects are combined into more complex ones. For example, a
quadrilateral object can be considered as four connected lines, and to represent a circle
using vector graphics, only the coordinates of one point of the center and radius are
required. The information volume of vector images is significantly smaller than that of
raster images. Another advantage of vector images is the ability to scale them without
losing quality. But not everything is so good. Vector graphics have their main drawback.
Vector images are not as rich in color as raster images [7].
Fractal graphics, like vector graphics, are based on mathematical calculations.
However, the basic element of fractal graphics is the mathematical formula itself, that is,
no geometric shapes are stored in the computer
’
s memory as in vector graphics, and the
Жамият
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Society and innovations
Special Issue
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167
image is built exclusively using equations. This method is used to build both simple
regular structures and complex illustrations that mimic natural landscapes and three-
dimensional objects.
A fractal is a mathematical shape that has self-similarity properties. That is, a
fractal is made up of some parts, each of which is similar to the entire figure. Simply put, a
single object is copied several times, resulting in a drawing. The image is constructed
using an equation, so you don
’
t need to store anything other than the formula. By
changing the coefficients in the equation, you can get a perfect about another picture.
Software tools for working with fractal graphics are designed for automatic image
generation by mathematical calculations.
Creating a fractal artistic composition is not a matter of drawing or designing, but
of programming. Fractal graphics are more often used in entertainment programs [7].
Three-dimensional graphics (3D). Three-dimensional graphics work with objects
in three-dimensional space.
Usually, the results are a flat image or projection. Three-dimensional computer
graphics are widely used in movies and computer games.
In three-dimensional computer graphics, all objects are usually represented as a
set of surfaces or particles. The minimal surface is called a polygon. Triangles are usually
chosen as polygons.
All visual transformations in 3D graphics are controlled by matrices.
Computer graphics use three types of matrices:
•
rotation matrix.
•
shift matrix.
•
the scaling matrix.
Any polygon can be represented as a set of coordinates of its vertices. So, the
triangle will have 3 vertices. The coordinates of each vertex are a vector (x, y, z). By
multiplying the vector by the corresponding matrix, we get a new vector. By doing this
transformation with all the polygon vertices, we get a new polygon, and by converting all
the polygons, we get a new object that is rotated (shifted) and scaled relative to the
original one [8].
Color models
Color model
RGB.
Any color is considered to consist of three main components: red (Red), Green
(Green) and blue (Blue). These colors are called primary colors. It is also assumed that
when one component is superimposed on another, the brightness of the total color
increases. Combining the three components gives a neutral color (gray), which tends to
white at high brightness. The method of obtaining a new shade by summing the
brightness of the components is called the additive method. It is not difficult to guess that
the lower the brightness, the darker the shade.
Therefore, in the additive model, the center point that has zero component values
(0,0,0) is black (there is no glow on the monitor screen). The white color corresponds to
the maximum values of the components (255, 255, 255). The RGB model is additive, and
its components: red (255,0,0), green (0,255,0), and blue (0,0,255) are called primary
colors [7].
Color model
CMYK.
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This model is used for preparing printed images rather than screen images. They
differ in that they are seen not in passing, but in reflected light. The more ink you put on
the paper, the more light it absorbs and the less it reflects. The combination of the three
main colors absorbs almost all the incident light, and the image looks almost black from
the outside. Unlike the RGB model, increasing the amount of paint does not increase the
visual brightness, but rather decreases it. Therefore, the subtractive (subtractive) model
is used to prepare printed images rather than the additive (summing) model. The color
components of this model are not primary colors, but those obtained by subtracting
primary colors from white:
blue (Cyan) = White-Red = Green + blue (0,255,255); Magenta (Purple) (Magenta)
= White-Green = Red + blue (255,0,255); Yellow (Yellow) = White-Blue = Red + Green
(255,255,0).
These three colors are called complementary because they complement the
primary colors to white. A significant difficulty in printing is represented by the black
color. Theoretically, it can be obtained by combining three main or additional colors, but
in practice the result is poor.
Therefore, a fourth component has been added to the CMYK color model-black.
This system owes it the letter K in its name (blacK) [7]. The HSB color model.
Some image editors allow you to work with the HSB color model. If the RGB model
is most computer-friendly and the CMYK model is most printer-friendly, then the HSB
model is most human-friendly. It is simple and intuitive. The HSB model also has three
components: Hue, Saturation, and Brightness. By adjusting these three components, you
can get just as many random colors as you can with other models. The hue of a color
indicates the color number in the spectral palette. The saturation of a color characterizes
its intensity-the higher it is, the
“
cleaner
”
the color. The brightness of the color depends
on the addition of black to the given color-the more it is, the lower the brightness of the
color [7].
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