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Fingerprint analysis (AFIS) and biometric system of
identification by fingerprints: issue of artificial papillary
pictures
Vitali KIRVEL
1
Academy of Public Administration under the aegis of the President of the Republic of Belarus
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2020
Received in revised form
15 October 2020
Accepted 15 November
2020
Available online
31 December 2020
The article discusses the theoretical and applied aspects, as
well as prospects for the development of fingerprint
examination, fingerprint records (automated fingerprint
identification systems-AFIS) in the disclosure and uncovering of
crimes, as well as biometric identification systems by
fingerprints to protect personal data, control access to corporate
and personal information, time tracking in the information
sector of the economy.
The paper presents methods form an ufacturing models with
artificial papillary patterns (falsification of papillary patterns of
fingerprints), the results of experiments that consisted in
creating a model (dummy) of the nail phalanx of the finger with
an artificial papillary pattern and verification of a biometric
scanner using biometric technologies.
2181-
1415/©2020
in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CCBY4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
Fingerprinting,
Fingerprint examination,
Fingerprinting records,
Automated fingerprint
identification systems
(AFIS),
Falsification of fingerprints,
Artificial papillary patterns,
Biometric technologies,
Biometric identification
systems by fingerprints,
Verification,
Identification.
1
Ph.D. (Juridical Sciences), Associate Professor, Academy of Public Administration under the aegis of the
President of the Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
Member of the Lithuanian Association of Criminalists, Vilnius, Republic of Lithuania
E-mail: kirvit@tut.by
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Дактилоскопическая
экспертиза
(
АДИС
)
и
биометрические
системы
идентификации
личности
по
отпечаткам
пальцев
рук:
проблема
искусственных
папиллярных
узоров
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые
слова:
Дактилоскопия,
дактилоскопическая
экспертиза,
Дактилоскопические
учеты,
Автоматизированные
дактилоскопические
идентификационные
системы
(
АДИС
),
Фальсификация
следов
пальцев
рук,
Искусственные
папиллярные
узоры,
Биометрические
технологии,
Биометрические
системы
идентификации
личности
по
отпечаткам
пальцев
рук,
Верификация,
Идентификация
.
В
статье
рассматриваются
теоретические
и
прикладные
аспекты,
а
также
перспективы
развития
дактилоскопической
экспертизы,
дактилоскопических
учетов
(автоматизированных
дактилоскопических
идентификационных
систем)
в
раскрытии
и
расследовании
преступлений,
а
также
биометрических
систем
идентификации
личности
по
отпечаткам
пальцев
рук
для
защиты
персональных
данных,
контроля
доступа
к
корпоративной
и
личной
информации,
учета
рабочего
времени
в
информационном
секторе
экономики.
В
работе
представлены
способы
изготовления
моделей
с
искусственными
папиллярными
узорами
(фальсификация
папиллярных
узоров
следов
пальцев
рук),
результаты
экспериментов,
которые
заключались
в
создании
модели
(муляжа)
ногтевой
фаланги
пальца
с
искусственным
папиллярным
узором
и
верификации
биометрического
сканера
с
использованием биометрических
технологий.
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of the issue of effective detection, uncovering, preliminary research,
removal and expert research of finger prints in the course of revealing and investigation of
crimes is due to the growing public need to create an effective mechanism for combating
crime, to ensure proper protection of the person, rights and freedoms of citizens, to strengthen
the rule of law, and to increase public confidence in the authorities and management. In order
to resolve the issue successfully, it is necessary to constantly improve the scientific and
technical means, techniques and methods used by law enforcement agencies in the course of
detection and crime investigations. For this purpose, modern technical means, scientifically
based methods and techniques aimed at improving the effectiveness of detection, preliminary
research, seizure and expert investigation of traces of crimes should be constantly introduced
into law enforcement activities.
Annually, the State Committee of Forensic Examinations of the Republic of Belarus
(hereinafter referred to as the SCFE) conducts an average of about 30-40% of fingerprint
examinations of all conducted forensic examinations. Belarusian forensic experts use the
automated fingerprint identification system (hereinafter
–
AFIS) «Dakto–2000» to
establish more than 12 thousand matches on handprints taken during the inspection of the
scene, identify about 500 unidentified corpses, about 800 persons who are unable to
report any information about themselves or who have reported false personal data. [1]
Such wide spread use of human handprints by law enforcement officials during the
disclosure and crime investigations, as well as AFIS «Dacto
–
2000», as an accurate and
reliable method of identifying a person, causes interest in persons involved in illegal
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activities in terms of their falsification. It should be noted that modern technologies make
it possible to create models (dummies) on which artificial papillary patterns (hereinafter
- APP) of the fingers of a certain person are reproduced with a high degree of accuracy.
Taking into account the foregoing, we suppose that the public danger of falsifying
finger prints consists in obstructing the establishment of truth in the case on the basis of a
comprehensive, complete and objective examination, misleading the preliminary
investigation authorities and court regarding the actual circumstances of the case included
in the subject of proof, which may lead to the imposition of unfair sentences, when the
perpetrator of the crime is not brought to justice.
A brief review of the literature on the issue under consideration indicates the
following facts 1) studying the APP issue (falsification of fingerprints) during fingerprint
examination and the use of AFIS by foreign and domestic researchers: T. Ley [2], O.Ya. Baev
[3], S.S. Samishchenko [4], A.G. Sukharev [5], O.A. Sokolova [6, 7, 8], N.V. Efremenko [9, 10],
N.S. Taletski [11] et al., 2) studying the AFIS issue, BSPI by fingerprints and APP by foreign
and domestic researchers: Ya.N. Imamverdiev [12], T. van der Putte [13], T. Matsumoto
[14], M. Sandstrom [15], V.S. Zubakha [16], R.V. Bondarenko [17], R.E. Demina [18] and
others who created theoretical background for the study of the issue, as well as resolving
certain practical issues of detecting, identifying, preliminary investigation, seizing and
expert investigation of falsified fingerprints during the disclosure and investigation of
crimes, as well as resolving certain practical issues of verification AFIS Software,
fingerprint and biometric scanners using the model (dummy) of the nail phalanx of the
finger with APP.
It should be noted, that the studies conducted by Belarusian scientists and
practitioners are not systematic and final, and concern only the issue statement and certain
practical issues of detecting, identifying, preliminary research, removal and expert
examination of falsified fingerprints in law enforcement practice, concern only the
problem setting and certain issues of fingerprint accounting using AFIS and verification of
biometric scanners using a model (dummy) of the guttural phalanx of the finger with APP
did not exhaust the possibilities of studying the whole range of aspects of this issue, that
arise in the conditions of scientific and technological progress, dynamic development of
forensic science, forensic science and law enforcement practice.
Certain applied aspects for the production of finger models (dummies) with APP,
individual theoretical and applied aspects for verification of biometric scanners, BSPI for
fingerprints to protect personal data, to control access to information and to track time
using finger models (dummies) with APP, remained out of sight of domestic researchers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
The purpose of the research is to learn the patterns, that are the basis of the theory
and practice of using human fingerprints in detection and investigation of crimes, in
identifying promising areas of development of fingerprint examination and fingerprint
records (AFIS), biometric systems for person identification (hereinafter
–
BSPI) on
fingerprints in order to gain access to personal data, corporate and personal information,
accounting of working hours in the information sector of the economy, their issues,
offering solutions to some theoretical and applied aspects, as well as the formation of a
single set of knowledge based on them, adequate to the modern development of
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fingerprinting as an integral direction in forensic science, law enforcement practice and in
the information sector of the economy.
The object of study is public relations that arise, develop and cease in the process of
law enforcement agencies in detecting, identifying, preliminary investigation, seizure and
expert investigation of falsified fingerprints in the process of disclosing and investigating
crimes, as well as when using biometric methods of protecting personal data, control
access to corporate and personal information, time tracking in the information sector of
the economy, etc.
When studying the subject of research, the following methods were used: 1) the
universal dialectic research method; 2) general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis,
induction and deduction, analogy and abstraction, generalization and systems approach,
statistical methods, modeling, observation, experiment, comparison, description,
measurement; and 3) special methods: fingerprinting, sociological, etc.
The results of a brief review of the literature on the study of APPs issues
(falsification of fingerprints) during fingerprint examination and the use of AFIS in the
detection and investigation of crimes.
Tang Lei, a graduate student of Voronezh state University, was the first in the
territory of the former Soviet Union, who considered the issue of APP in solving and
investigating crimes in 1991. Under the guidance of Professor O. Ya. Baev, the graduate
student, investigating the prognostic functions and possibilities of forensic examination,
drew attention to a number of issues that experts may face in the future due to the use of
scientific and technological progress by criminals. «As one of the issues, the author for the
first time in the Soviet and Chinese forensic literature covers in sufficient detail the issue
of artificial papillary patterns (APP), which has already arisen in a number of Western
European countries, and offers a system of scientifically based recommendations for
recognizing APP» [2, p. 20].
Later on, the Russian forensic scientist O.Ya. Baev, while considering the directions
of the development of forensic technology, first of all highlights the development and
implementation in practice of law enforcement agencies of new ways of identifying a
person by the traces found at the scene and scientifically based methods for recognizing
various falsifications of evidence. He writes that «an issue has already arisen in foreign
forensics (I believe, unfortunately, that if it has not already become, then in the near future
it may become relevant for our subjects to process investigation of crimes) of the
recognition of APP-
artificial papillary patterns» [3, p. 51
-52].
Russian criminologist S. S. Samishchenko considered the issue of APP in the detection
and investigation of crimes, in particular, the analysis of methods of forgery and forgery of
handprints, as well as methodological recommendations for establishing the fact of
falsification of this kind of material evidence in the dissertation study on the theory, practice
and trends in the development of modern fingerprinting (2003) [4, p. 27].
Also, the issue of APP (falsification of fingerprints) at the experimental level was
considered in their works by the Russian and Belarusian researchers: A.G. Sukharev et al.
«Artificial papillary patterns as negative aspects of fingerprint registration» (
2011) [5], O.A.
Sokolova «Features of revealing signs of falsification of traces of papillary patterns of hands
in fingerprint examinations (experimental research)» (2018) [8] and N.V.
Efremenko
«
About the possibility of falsifying traces of hands
» (2014)
[10] and others.
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In 2011, Russian scientists A.G. Sukharev, A.V. Stalmakhov and R.Yu. Trubitsyn in
their study examined current issues related to the possibility of falsification of human
papillary patterns, and also cited the results of experiments using dummies of the nail
phalanges of fingers with APP from impression material made using laser engraving on
elastic polymer plates and photolithography for verification of the AFIS software «Papillon
and Autonomous biometric identification AGESES cards»
[5, p. 64-72].
In 2014, Belarusian researchers N.V. Efremenko and A.V. Bashilova in their study
«analyzed the most common methods (technologies) used to make models for the purpose of
falsifying images of papillary patterns of fingers, systematized the group of specific signs of
images of papillary patterns identified during numerous experiments and comparative
studies, methods for their detection and research, and suggested recommendations for
improving the methodology for conducting a comprehensive study of fi
ngerprints» [9, p. 175].
In 2018, Russian researcher O.A. Sokolova examined the features of identifying signs
of falsification of papillary hand patterns during fingerprint examinations, and in the
course of experimental studies revealed signs indicating a household (simplified) method
of falsification of papillary patterns [8, p. 112-116].
Thus, the relevance, scientific and practical significance of the APP issue for law
enforcement bodies of the Republic of Belarus is due to the already existing expert
methodology for recognizing APP in Russia. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that
this issue was relevant and had practical significance for the law enforcement agencies of
Russia, and their scientists developed appropriate guidelines. Since the borders of the
Union State of Belarus and Russia, the CIS are porous for the movement of people, it can be
assumed that the issue of APP is relevant not only for the Russian Federation, but also for
the Republic of Belarus.
As we noted above, there are very few works by Belarusian researchers to study this
issue, and the results of interviewing employees of operational, forensic and investigative
departments have shown that they did not encounter the issue of APP in their practical
activities, although they are partially conversant with it.
2
The previous theoretical and experimental studies of the author were also devoted
to the issue of APP (falsification of fingerprints) [19, 20, 21, 22].
RESULTS AND ITS DISCUSSION.
Experiment 1
Belarusian researchers N.V. Efremenko and A.V. Bashilov point to six methods used
to create models for falsifying images of papillary patterns of fingers (any part of the palm):
1) using plastics, 2) photolithography method, 3) photopolymer method, 4) laser
engraving on rubber, 5) flash-technology; 6) vulcanization of rubber from matrices based
on the use of solid photopolymer compositions. Further, they refer to their own
experiments and comparative studies, during which two groups of specific falsification
signs of images of natural papillary lines of human fingers were identified.
2
To determine the awareness of law enforcement officials on the issue of APP in 2015, an interview was
conducted with the staff of the SCFE, the Investigative Committee and the Interior Affairs Department of
the X-region. The survey results showed that 38% of employees are conversant with the issue of APP. Of
these, 36% respondents learned about the existence of APP from a colleague, 22% from the educational
and scientific literature on forensic technology, 17% from the media (including the Internet), 13% from
seminars and conferences, 12% found difficulty in replying.
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It should be noted that the first two methods were proposed by Japanese
researchers Tsutomu Matsumoto and colleagues in 2002. Unfortunately, Belarusian
researchers do not describe the technology of manufacturing models themselves, but give
the result of only a comparative study. It seems to us that the essence of the experiments
not only in the above methods and the established signs of falsification, but also in the
technologies themselves, in their reproducibility. For example, N.V. Efremenko and A.V.
Bashilova indicate that in the first method they used plastic mass from the kit «Mikrosil
TM»
[9, p. 177-180]. The question arises:
«So, how were the models obtained for
subsequent
comparative research?»
(highlighted by the Author).
In order to dispel the myth of the impossibility
of creating an APP by an ordinary citizen and to fill the
gap in the experiments of these researchers, the
author and student N.V. Chichko decided to repeat the
experiment of Matsumoto T., A.G. Sukharev and to
create a model (dummy) of the nail phalanx of the
finger with APP. To make a model (dummy) of the nail
phalanx of the finger with APP, we used the plasticine
needed to obtain a fingerprint, a set of Mikrosil pastes
to obtain a texturized (three-dimensional) impression
of the finger, as well as brown magnetic powder and a
magnetic brush to detect and identify traces fingers of
hands (Photo 1).
To obtain a texturized trace of a finger, we made
a lump from plasticine, pressed a finger on it and, as a
result, got the texturized trace of a finger (Photo 2). To
obtain a three-dimensional dummy from the
fingerprint, a set of Mikrosil pastes was used. After
mixing, a homogeneous gray mixture was obtained,
with which we filled in the texturized fingerprint
made from plasticine (Photo 3).
After that, we got a volumetric dummy of the finger with APP
3
(Photo 4). Then, we
decided to compare the obtained APP
with the natural fingerprint of the donor’s hand. To
do this, we left a trace of the papillary pattern, which was displayed in the model, and the
donor’s fingerprint on the glass surface(Photo 5).
The obtained fingerprints were provided for a comparative study by experts of the
expert-forensic division of the SCFE X-Department. In the course of a comparative study,
they found a coincidence of fingerprints based on: 1) general features: a) the type of
papillary pattern, b) the direction and steepness of the flow of papillary lines, their
presence, location and disposition, as well as on 2) specific features of the papillary
pattern: a) the beginning and end of papillary lines, b) the branching and merging of
papillary lines, c) the presence of islets.
To ill
ustrate a comparative study of coincident features, a shot of the donor’s
fingerprint and a footprint obtained using a dummy with APP was made. The coinciding
structural details of the papillary patterns are marked with the same numbers and lines:
3
In order to prevent crime, the technology of obtaining a model (dummy of the nail phalanx of the finger
with APP) is presented in a simplified form.
Photo 1.Materials used for
manufacture of APP
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1) beginning of the papillary line - No. 1, 2; 2) end of the papillary line - No. 5, 6, 7, 9, 11,
12; 3) branching papillary lines - No 10; 4) merging papillary lines - No. 3, 8; 5) islet - No.
4 (Photo 6).
Photo 2. Texturized trace of the thumb of
the right hand
Photo 3. Obtaining a three-
dimensionalmodel of the thumb of the right
hand
Photo 4. Three-dimensional model with
APP
Photo 5. Obtaining a fingerprint using
dummy with APP
Photo 6. Papillary patterns of the thumbs
obtained using dummy (No. 1) and the
donor’s fingerprint (No. 2) /
Comparative study of fingerprints
obtained using dummy (No. 1) and the
donor’s fingerprint (No. 2)
We asked the forensic expert: «If you received a piece of tape with a fingerprint on
it, that was left using a dummy fingerprint and a dactocard of X suspect, whose papillary
pattern was reproduced using a dummy with APP, then while conducting a comparative
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study, could you distinguish between them?» We received the following answer:
«No! The
identity of the two prints would be established»
(emphasized by the Author).
Thus, on the basis of the foregoing, it can be concluded that the development of
modern te
chnologies allows the creation of models (dummies) of fingerprints of a person’s
hand with an APP by an ordinary citizen without the use of special equipment. Our
experiment definitely showed the existence of an APP issue during fingerprint
examinations in the detection and investigation of crimes at the present stage.
The results of a brief review of the literature on the study of the issue of verification
of AFIS software, fingerprint and biometric scanners using the model (dummy) of the nail
phalanx of the finger with APP.
In 2012, Ya.N. Imamverdiev, a member of staff of the Institute of Information
Technologies of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, proposed an effective
method for detecting fingerprint APP based on a modified model of orientation field
coherence, since he believes that «one of the urgent issues related to the security of
biometric technologies is the detection of false and artificially modified papillary
fingerprint patterns» [12, p. 86].
An analysis of the literature of far abroad countries on this topic showed that in a
number of European countries and Japan the topic of APP is also not new and there is a
certain amount of research. It should be noted that these publications are mainly devoted
to biometric systems for protecting personal data and controlling access to corporate and
personal information.
In 2000, at the conference on research of smart cards and advanced technologies in
Bristol (UK), researchers from the Netherlands Tonom van der Putte and Jeroenom
Keuningom presented the report «Biometric fingerprint recognition: do not burn your
fingers» [13]. Dutch researchers present
ed the results of an experiment on biometric
fingerprint recognition. By creating finger models (dummies) with APP, they proved that
all tested commercial scanners recognized them as real fingerprints at the first or second
attempt
(highlighted by the Auth
or), which contradicted the manufacturer’s information
about the possibility of their recognition.
In 2002 Japanese researchers Tsutomu Matsumoto and his colleagues from
Yokohama National University conducted a study in the field of cryptography:
«The effe
ct
of artificial fingers made of polymer materials on fingerprint recognition systems» [14].
They presented it at the Optical Security Conference on methods of preventing falsification.
Japanese researchers described in their report the creation of two APP manufacturing
technologies, which they used to trick fingerprint sensors that are used in security systems.
Depending on the applied method of manufacturing APPs and the type of scanners, the
frequency of false recognitions according to their data ranged from 70 to 95%
(highlighted
by the Author).
Swedish researcher from Linkoping University Marie Sandstrom outlined universal
research directions in her monographic work: «Vulnerability Detection in Fingerprint
Recognition Systems» (2004) [15]. The author ex
plains the importance of her research by
the fact that in the near future it is planned to use biometric passports with owners’
fingerprints, as well as to use it in border control systems.
Consequently, law enforcement
agencies need to be prepared for use the APP by representatives of transnational crime for
falsifying biometric passports
(highlighted by the Author).
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We consider vulnerability of using fingerprints in everyday activities (a biometric
method for protecting personal data and access to information) on the following examples.
Fingerprints of the German Minister of Defense Ursula von der Leyen were obtained
with a help of an ordinary camera in a smartphone, the available
«Veri
Finger» software
4
.
Hacker «Starbug» (Ja. Chrisler) announced this
at the congress of the largest European
hacker association Chaos Computer Club (2014) [23]. According to his words, fingerprints
can be easily obtained during a public event using an ordinary camera. J. Krissler explained
that he took fingerprints of the Minister of Defense from a close-up photograph of her
palms made during a press conference (Photo 7). Other pictures taken from different
angles at other events helped him to compile a complete papillary pattern. He also believes
that
the massive use of this method can be a serious blow to personal safety of those, who
chose fingerprints as a biometric method for protecting personal data and access to
personal information
(highlighted the Author), and he recommends to high-ranking
officials always wear gloves at public events, because the collected biometric information
can be used to authenticate a person.
5
In April 2017, the Master Card International Payment System introduced the first bank
card with a built-in fingerprint sensor (Photo 8). According to the staff of Master Card, the
fingerprint scanner will allow you to replace the PIN code and make the payment confirmation
procedure more convenient and safe. At the same time, experts in the field of information
security note that biometric protection does not guarantee absolute protection, since the
fingerprint can be copied and reproduced using a printer [24].
Photo 7. Close-up photo of the palms of
Ursula von der Leyen
Photo 8. MasterCard card with a built-in
fingerprint sensor
It should be noted that the IDEX study conducted in 2018 showed that 56% of
consumers trust fingerprint protection rather than PIN codes. 76% of smartphone owners
use a fingerprint scanner on devices, and 23% use biometrics for mobile payments [25].
The most common AFIS in the territory of the post-Soviet space today are the Russian
AFIS «Papillon» [26] and Sonda [27], as well as the Belarusian AFIS «Dacto
-
2000» [28].
The
software and the mathematical apparatus (hereinafter referred to as «MA») of
modern AFIS allows displaying fingerprints in the form of a mathematical model. The basis of
4
In 1998, «Neurotechnology» company developed a fingerprint identification technology for biometric
system
integrators. «VeriFinger» scans fingerprints from a flat surface and transfers them (rotation,
deformation of distorted fingerprints) for biometric data monitoring and protection systems.
5
The procedure of authentication in information technology.
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the software and MA functioning is the theory of forensic identification, theory of probability,
information theory, set theory, theory of mathematical logic, theory of algorithms, etc.
The Russian company «Papilon» JSC is positioning itself as a manufacturer of
reliable, selective and accurate biometric fingerprint identification systems: AFIS,
fingerprint scanners («Live Scanner») and biometric terminals, as well as iris identification
systems and habitoscopic systems, setting them as equal, because their functioning is
based on certain theoretical principles and mathematical algorithms.
According to the statement of Russian developers, when creating a search mathematical
model, not only the flow directions and structural details of the papillary pattern are described,
but also the topological characteristics of the ridge structure - the relative position of
neighboring features across and along the flow of papillary lines. A topological approach
ensures search selectivity, superior selectivity of systems that describe only the integral
structure of the pattern and / or the position and direction of small features [26].
The Russian company «Sonda Technology» is positioning it
self as a manufacturer
of reliable, high-speed and accurate biometric fingerprint identification systems: AFIS,
biometric scanners and terminals, as well as working time control systems, also setting
them as equal, because their functioning is also based on some theoretical principles and
mathematical algorithms [27].
The Belarusian company LTD «Todes» is a manufacturer of AFIS «Dacto –
2000» and
fingerprint scanners («Live Scanner»).
AFIS «Dacto –
2000» is designed for fingerprint records and checks on the basis of
hands traces taken from unsolved crimes, on fingerprint arrays of individuals, who are
persons registered on fingerprint records in forensic units, as well as operational reference
fingerprint records of information units of law enforcement agencies. AFIS can also be used
for fingerprint registration of citizens and in identification systems for various purposes.
AFIS «Dakto–2000» (vercion 4.0) was successfully
tested according to the
methodology of the Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian
Federation and the State Scientific Research Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Ukraine.
The developed mathematical algorithms for fingerprint information processing
allowed to obtain high search reliability indicators: 1) «Trace –
Trace»
-
100%; 2) «Trace –
Dactocard»
-
90%; 3) «Dactocard –
Trace»
-
85.5%; 4) «Dactocard –
Dactocard»
- 100% [28].
Thus, based on the foregoing, we can state that the fingerprint scanner, as a
registration and control tool, which is a mandatory part of any modern AFIS, operates on
the same theoretical principles and mathematical algorithms as biometric scanners of
personal identification systems.
In 2004, Russian researcher V.S. Zubakha examined in his dissertation
«The Current State and Issues of Automation of Fingerprint Records» [16], issues of
structural organization and the principles of functioning of AFIS, issues of automation of
fingerprint records, criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of modern AFIS and the
reliability of the results obtained during verification by AFIS.
In particular, V.S. Zubakha introduced AFIS as a typical classifier, because in the
search process it performs an encoded image identification of the fingerprint from the
database with the request fingerprint. He considered the probability of a coincidence index
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and the effect of the search mode and request fingerprint parameters on the frequency
function nature of the «stranger» pairs of fingerprints index matches.
When examining the dependence of the coincidence index on the search mode, the
author states that when having many request fingerprints, accounting the type of pattern
and integral characteristics for prints from data bases do not affect the distribution density
of the coincidence index, and data bases of limited volume when removing control by the
type of pattern and integral characteristics, the number of prints with a nonzero match
index increases. The author also examined the dependence of the display frequency
distribution of “stranger” fingerprints on the features of the request fingerprint (on
number of signs).
The analysis conducted by Zubakha V.S. shows that the probability of coincidence
for «stranger» and «native» fingerprints depends on
the quality of the AFIS software and
the subjective errors of the operator, as well as on the features of the request fingerprints
and the search mode
(highlighted by the Author). Therefore, when evaluating the
characteristics of the AFIS, it is very important, that the frequency of the request
fingerprints with particular features to the AFIS input should correspond to the frequency
of their appearance under the actual operating conditions of the AFIS.
In 2011, Russian scientists A.G. Sukharev, A.V. Stalmakhov and R.Yu. Trubitsyn
examined in their study current issues related to the possibility of falsification of human
papillary patterns, and also presented the results of experiments using dummies of nail
phalanges of fingers with APP from impression material made by laser engraving on elastic
polymer plates and photolithography for verification of «Papillon» AFIS software and the
«Autonomous Biometric Identification AGESES Card» [6, p. 64
-72].
One of the main features of modern AFIS should be noted.
The authors state that the
currently used AFIS is not originally intended for recognizing signs of APP when checking
fingerprints
(highlighted by the Author). In this case, the AFIS operator can, if necessary,
correct the distortions in the trace in manual mode. All this leads to the fact that traces of
dummies are recognized by such systems as traces of natural papillary patterns [5, p. 67].
To support this,
the authors conducted an experiment using the «Papillon» AFIS.
Dummies with APP were made in two ways: from silicone compounds and using laser
engraving on various materials. During the experiment with a help of dummies superficial
traces of papillary finger patterns of the several
individuals’ hands
were left. These
fingerprints had previously been entered into the AFIS database. When checking these tracks
on an array of more than 900 thousand fingerprints in the recommendation list, on the first
place was always the information on the participant of the experiment, whose artificial track
was checked. This situation is objectively explainable and is associated with the absence of the
task of recognizing APP traces in the «Papil
l
on» AFIS software, as mentio
ned above.
In 2015, Belarusian researcher N.S. Taletsky in the publication «Falsification of
fingerprints of papillary finger patterns as the main way to overcome identification
biometric security systems» considered the possibility of changing, replacing
and falsifying
fingerprints of papillary finger patterns of persons engaged in illegal activities. He believes,
that the danger of falsification of fingerprints of papillary finger patterns lies, first of all, in
the possibility of bypassing BSPI in order to obtain secret and other information, access to
personal data of citizens and commercial «secrets» of companies, penetration into
protected objects, etc. Also the use of fake fingerprints of papillary hand patterns in order
to prevent the establishment of truth in the case under investigation, misleading the bodies
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of preliminary investigation, inquiry and the court regarding the real circumstances of the
incident cannot be excluded [11, p. 230].
Experiment 2
Based on the assumption that the fingerprint scanner and biometric scanner, which is used
in the information sector of the economy, use the same theoretical principles and mathematical
algorithms, we conducted the following experiment in the framework of the study.
Currently there are many biometric devices on the market aimed at protecting
information, controlling working hours, recording users and performing other functions
based on biometric data. Their developers guarantee a sufficiently high degree of
protection due to the use of appropriate technologies. For the experiment we selected the
submitted for the experiment
by the «BioLinkBel» company (Belarus), the demo version
of the «
BioTime
» biometric registration system for time tracking and access control, and
th
e USB optical scanner: «BioLink S
-
Match 1F, Russia» (terminal). As noted by Russian
developers, the probability of errors in such a device is minimal.
It should be explained that biometric scanners, like any other devices, can cause
errors. There are 2 levels of errors. Errors of the first type, when we have an erroneous
rejection of verification (False Reject Rate, hereinafter - FRR), i.e. the scanner cannot
recognize a registered user, and errors of the second type consist in the erroneous
acceptance of the verification (False Accept Rate, hereinafter - FAR), i.e. an unregistered
user is defined by the scanner as registered.
Errors of the first type (FRR) are not so critical for the security system, although
they create inconvenience, since it is necessary to pass verification for a second time. And
reliability of the system of protection against unauthorized access depends on the number
of errors of the second type (FAR), as a result of which an attacker can gain access to the
system. The appearance of FRR and FAR errors is determined by such characteristics as
quality and resolution of scan, scan area, mathematical algorithms used to compare
fingerprints, number of details that are used for comparison.
Typically, the frequency of occurrence of FRR errors is higher than the frequency of
occurrence of FAR errors. So,
the probability of occurrence of FRR errors is usually less
than 2%, and the probability of FAR errors
is less than 0.0001% [29].
Technical support of the experiment: 1) BioTime Biometric
time attendance and access control system
(«BioLink Solutions»,
Russia, 2015) [30], 2) terminal («BioLink S
-
Match 1F, Russia»
Biometric USB Fingerprint Optical Scanner), Photo 9), 3) model
(dummy) of the nail phalanx of the finger with APP (made using
plasticine and a set of pastes «Mikrosil», Photo 4).
It should be noted that today there is a discrepancy in the content
of the terms that are used by specialists in technology and law.
Let’s explain. So, in accordance with GOST ISO/IEC 24713
-1-
2013
«Information
technology.
Biometric
profiles
for
interoperability and data interchange. Part 1. Overview of biometric
systems and biometric profiles»[31], under:
identification in biometrics means the function of a biometric
system that performs a one-to-many search (paragraph 3.25);
verification means a function of a biometric system that
searches for a query sample with a specified template stored in the system in a one-to-one
Photo 9. Biometric
USB Optical Scanner
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mode and returns the result in the form of a coincidence index or a decision about a
coincidence (paragraph 3.35). In forensics, identification means the process of establishing
the identity of an object or person by entirety of general and particular features, carried out
with the aim of deciding whether this object is sought [32, p. 27].
Verification in the logic and methodology of science (from Latin verificatio - proof,
confirmation) means as the process of establishing the truth of scientific statements as a
result of their empirical verification. To verify is to directly or indirectly confirm the truth of
scientific statements using empirical observation or experiment procedures [33].
Thus, the purpose of the experiment
was to verify the «
BioTime
» software for
biometric registration of time tracking and access control by means of empirical verification,
as well as user identification based on a combination of general and particular features, in
order to establish identity.
Two women and three men aged from 20 to 40 years and 5 dummies of their nail
phalanges of right-hand thumb with APP were users of the software for biometric registration
of time tracking. Basic data of the persons participating in the experiment were
depersonalized and presented as users with numbers from 1 to 5. Models (dummies) of their
nail phalanges of thumbs were indicated from M1 to M5.
Verification of the terminal and software through the use of dummies of the nail
phalanx of thumb of right hand was planned in 10 procedures.
On the 7th verification procedure of the M4 dummy, software identified the registered
user No 4! The experiment was stopped.
In our experiment, we observed an error of the second type, which consists in false
acceptance of verification (FAR), so an unregistered user M4 was indicated by the terminal
and software as a registered u
ser No. 4. The terminal manufacturer («BioLink S
-
Match 1F»,
(Russia)) the probability of a FAR error is declared as less than 0.0001%.
In the experiment, the error of the second type (FAR) was 0.0294% (7 procedures x
5 models = 35 procedures
–
1 (M5) = 34, i.e. 1/34). Thus, the probability of a second type
of error (FAR) declared by the terminal manufacturer does not correspond to the indicated
characteristics and exceeds it almost in 300 times (294 times)!
Our experiment convincingly showed the presence of an APP issue for BSPI on
fingerprints with the aim of protecting personal data, controlling access to corporate and
personal information, accounting for working hours in the information sector of the
economy, and also for fingerprinting using AFIS (the work of which is based on the same
theoretical principles and mathematical algorithms) in order to disclose and investigate
crimes at the present stage.
It should be noted that, the next achievement of scientific and technological progress
–
3D bioprinter, which is capable of printing human skin, may be the next issue in forensic
science and biometric technology
6
[34].
6
Spanis
h scientists, together with colleagues from the «BioDan Group», have developed a 3D bioprinter
capable of printing human skin. The skin printed on such a printer completely repeats the structure of a
real human one, with an external protective layer of the epidermis and an internal layer of the dermis,
which contains fibroblasts that produce collagen - a protein that makes the skin firm and supple at the same
time. Unlike an usual printer, this printer does not use ink cartridges, but injectors with biological
components. The printer can print the skin from allogeneic (stranger) cells, for research purposes, and
from the patient’s cells for transplantation. Developers say that the finished product can be transplanted
to patients or used for commercial needs, to test the chemical, cosmetic or pharmaceutical products in the
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CONCLUSION:
1) the creation and use of APP is not regulated by
the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, which creates
the prerequisites for their use for illegal purposes: a) for
the falsification of fingerprints during fingerprint
examinations and the use of AFIS in the detection and
investigation of crimes; b) for access to personal data,
corporate and personal information, falsification of time
tracking in the information sector of the economy, etc.;
2) to prevent the possibility of using APP for
criminal purposes, we consider it appropriate and
justified: a) to develop theoretical and applied provisions
and methodological recommendations for their
detection, identification, preliminary investigation,
seizure and expert investigation of falsified fingerprints
during the disclosure and investigation of crimes, b) to
develop theoretical and applied provisions and
guidelines for countering the use of APP in BSPI for fingerprints in order to gain access to
personal data, corporate and personal information, time tracking in the information sector of
the economy, as well as in biometric passports with fingerprints of the owner
7
, c) to train
expert personnel in the framework of advanced training; d) to organize a study of this issue
in the form of a separate topic for employees of preliminary investigation bodies, the
Prosecutor's Office and judges;
3) at the present stage of development of society and scientific and technological
progress, a promising direction for the development of fingerprint examinations and
fingerprint records based on AFIS, BSPI on fingerprints in order to gain access to personal
data, corporate and personal information, and accounting for working hours in the
information sector of the economy is a solution the issue of APP, because it is possible to
establish the fact of falsification of the papillary pattern, if there is a combination of established
signs and only during a dactyloscopy examination, as well as improving the quality of AFIS
software and biometric scanners.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the author does not make a claim for the
indisputability of the opinions and conclusions expressed. He believes that the article will
arouse interest among readers and invites theoreticians and practitioners to the discussion,
and also proposes a joint comprehensive scientific and practical study of this issue.
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