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COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE
LIVER OF MAMMALS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOD.
Dilfuza S. Shodiyarova
PhD, Assistant, Department of Histology,
Cytology, and Embryology, Samarkand
State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
E-mail:
dilfuzashodiyarova464@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This article analyzes the scientific literature on the study of the nervous system
of the liver of mammals with different types of food and describes the unexplored
aspects of this problem. 10 rabbit livers representing herbivore mammals and 10 dog
livers representing carnivore mammals were taken for study.
The results of the
research revealed that the nervous system of the liver of mammals has specific
morphofunctional properties depending on the type of food.
Key words:
type of feed, liver of mammals, nervous system of liver.
INTRODUCTION
It is considered one of the most important organs within the digestive organs.
Because in it many very complex biochemical processes (innate and reverse
biochemical reactions) go and do not interfere with each other [1,3,4].
The importance of the management system in the simultaneous course of such
complex biochemical processes is great. The control system, on the other hand, was
formed and specialized in the process of long evolution in the div in relation to the
habitat and the type of feed [2,5,6,14]. There are a lot of scientific literature that
attribute such a control system of the organism [7,9,13,15]. However, there is not
enough scientific literature that studies the specific formation and structural aspects of
this system in connection with the type of food. This is one of the most urgent problems
of Medicine. Therefore, we set ourselves the goal of studying these aspects of the
problem [8,10,11,12].
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.
Study of specific morpho functional types of liver nerve of lactating animals with
different types of food.
MATERIAL AND METHODS OF STUDY.
In order to fulfill the goals and tasks of our research, livers of 10 adult rabbits
and 10 dogs were taken. Livers of animals were frozen (fixed) in 12% formalin.
Sections with a thickness of 7 μm were taken from the paraffin blocks prepared from
the obtained materials using a microtome. In order to study the nervous system, the
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obtained sections were stained by Bilshovsky-Gross and Karnovsky-Ruts methods and
viewed under a microscope. To study the adrenergic nervous system V. N. Shvalev and
N. I. It was determined by the method of Juchkova (1970) by processing unhardened
sections in a 2% solution of glyoxylic acid. The received morphometric data were
statistically processed, analyzed and compared. Based on the obtained data, a table was
drawn up and conclusions were made.
RESULTS OF OWN RESEARCHES.
1. Morphology of the nervous system of the liver of wild mammals (rabbits).
Cryostat sections of rabbit liver treated with a 2% solution of glyoxylic acid, all
elements of the adrenergic nerve structure can be seen under a fluorescent microscope.
We find adrenergic nerve fibers in all parts of the liver of rabbits. However, in Glisson's
capsule of the liver, adrenergic nerve fibers are very dense compared to its blood
vessels, bile ducts and parenchyma. In the capsule of the liver of rabbits, adrenergic
nerve fibers are located in the form of large, medium, small bundles or in the form of
individual fibers. These bundles are located along the wall of blood vessels and form
different tangles of different sizes. During the division of the Glisson capsule and the
blood vessels entering into smaller blood vessels, the adrenergic nerve fibers are also
divided into smaller bundles along the direction of the divided blood vessels and form
a thick mesh along the wall of these blood vessels. Because adrenergic nerve fibers
contain fluorogenic amines (catecholamines), they emit a bright blue-green light.
Sometimes these colors remind of the northern rain. Sometimes, when the fibers in
large bundles are very close to each other or overlap each other, these rays merge and
appear as long radiating corridors. Separate fibers of the adrenergic nervous system
coming out of the large bundles penetrate into the surrounding tissue or inside the wall
of blood vessels and form a smaller mesh in its middle, i.e. muscle layer. Smaller
bundles of adrenergic nerve fibers branch off from larger bundles of interstitial
connective tissue and form a dense network along the walls of interstitial arteries and
veins and bile ducts. The individual fibers coming out of this mesh go inside the lobes
and go towards the central vein between the liver plates and sinusoidal capillaries. In
some cases, these fibers end by forming different-shaped expansions near the cells of
the liver plate or the wall of sinusoidal capillaries. This is certainly the connections
(synapses) formed by adrenergic nerve fibers with terminals, that is, capillaries or liver
cells.
The location density of adrenergic nerve fibers in the rabbit liver capsule is
15.6±2.40 (relative to the field of view of the microscope). The density of adrenergic
nerve fibers in the parenchyma of the liver is 3.15±0.41. Like adrenergic nerve fibers,
cholinergic nerve fibers are found in all parts of the rabbit liver. Most of them are
located in the liver capsule and the wall of blood vessels. There are relatively fewer
cholinergic nerve fibers in the wall of bile ducts and parenchyma of the liver. In the
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capsule of the liver and in the wall of large blood vessels, cholinergic nerve fibers are
located in the form of large bundles and thick net tangles formed by these bundles.
Such large tufts and tangles penetrate the liver capsule to form smaller tufts along the
walls of blood vessels and a tangle of webs around these vessels. Within the interstitial
connective tissue, the interstitial and interstitial blood vessels and the wall of the bile
ducts form small meshes. Separate fibers coming out of these entanglements enter the
lobes and go to the central vein around the liver plates and sinusoidal capillaries. In
some cases, the individual fibers penetrating the liver parenchyma split into two near
the capillary wall or around the liver cells and end up forming various expansions. Such
expansions can also be found in individual fibers coming out of large bundles, near the
wall of the liver capsule, or around the wall of blood vessels. These extensions are the
synapses formed by the terminals of cholinergic nerve fibers, i.e. nerve endings or
working organs.
The average density of cholinergic nerve fibers in the liver capsule of rabbits is
19.64±2.12. This index is equal to 6.45±0.71 in the liver parenchyma of rabbits
(inside).
Thus, all these data, obtained as a result of the research, constitute the unique
morphological and morphometric characteristics of the nervous system of the liver of
rabbits.
2. Morphology of nervous system of Carnivore mammalian (dog) liver.
Like other mammals, adrenergic nerve fibers are uniquely located in the liver of
dogs. The capsule of the liver of dogs is much richer in adrenergic nerve fibers than
other parts. They are mainly located along the wall of blood vessels in the liver capsule.
In the wall of large blood vessels, large bundles of adrenergic nerve fibers form thick
nets and tangles around the blood vessel. When large blood vessels divide into smaller
blood vessels, large bundles of adrenergic nerve fibers also divide into smaller bundles,
forming a thick mesh tangle around the small blood vessels. . Separate fibers from large
and medium bundles penetrate the wall of blood vessels and form intravascular tangles
in its muscular layer. In some cases, such individual fibers end up forming expansions
next to the muscle fibers. Such adrenergic nerve fibers emit a bright blue-green light.
Because they contain catecholamines, that is, fluorogenic amines. The level of light
transmission may not be uniform across fibers or individual parts. This is due to the
fact that mediators are not uniformly distributed in adrenergic nerve fibers, or in other
words, the functional state of neurons. In large fibers, sometimes the rays radiating
from adjacent or overlapping fibers combine to form bright light-emitting corridors.
Smaller bundles separated from large bundles located in the wall of large blood vessels
form a small mesh in the interlobular connective tissue, interlobular, in the wall of
blood vessels and bile ducts. Separate fibers coming out of the network of these small
bundles enter the liver lobe, form a very sparse network between the liver plate and
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sinusoid capillaries, and are directed towards the central vein. Some individual fibers
end by forming expansions near the capillary wall or near the liver cells. These
extensions have a higher level of light transmission. Because these expansions are
nerve endings and mediators accumulate in such nerve endings. Especially if these
terminals are synapses formed with working organs, i.e. terminals of efferent nerve
fibers, they emit a brighter light.
The average density of adrenergic nerve fibers in the liver capsule of dogs is
13.38±1.12, and this indicator is 1.56±0.18 in the liver parenchyma. Along with
adrenergic nerve fibers, cholinergic nerve fibers can be seen in the liver of dogs. For
this purpose, cholinergic nerve fibers are clearly identified when preparations prepared
from the liver of dogs are stained by the Karnovsky-Rutz method. Looking at such
preparations, it can be noted that the main part of cholinergic nerve fibers and nerve
endings is located in the capsule of the liver of dogs. These fibers are located along the
wall of the large blood vessels of the liver capsule and sometimes away from the blood
vessels, forming individual large bundles. In the wall of large blood vessels,
cholinergic nerve fibers form thick reticular tangles around large bundles and vessels.
Separate fibers from these tangles go out into the surrounding tissues or the walls of
blood vessels and form small meshes in the middle layer of the muscle. Large bundles
and small bundles separated from tangles form a loose mesh in interlobular connective
tissue, in the walls of veins and arteries around the lobes, as well as in the wall of bile
ducts. Individual fibers coming out of this network enter the lobe and go along the wall
of the sinusoidal capillaries towards the central vein.
The average density of cholinergic nerve fibers in the liver capsule of dogs is
15.10±0.34, and this indicator is 2.85±0.14 in the liver parenchyma.
The information about adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers described above
is a summary of the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the nervous
system of the canine liver.
The results of our research show that the main part of the nerve structure (nerve
fibers and nerve endings) of the liver of rabbits and dogs is located in its capsule. In
the liver parenchyma, the nervous system is much less. Therefore, in many liver
diseases, pain in the liver occurs when it is enlarged, that is, when it is stuck in its
capsule. In cases where the liver has shrunk and shriveled (cirrhosis), pain is not felt in
the liver. The mechanism of the pain syndrome is explained by the stimulation of
sensory nerve endings in the liver capsule. This is certainly important information for
doctors.
Drawings №1.
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Histogram №1.
Explanation:
Rabbits – Green, Dogs – Blue
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the nervous system of the liver of mammals has
been found to have specific morphofunctional characteristics depending on the type of
food in the course of evolution.
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