THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
138
HISTORICAL STAGES OF ROMAN-GERMAN LANGUAGES AND
SIGNIFICANCE TODAY.
Shermamatova Sevara Shavkat qizi
Nabijonova Rayhona Shokir qizi
Faculty of Foreign Languages, Narpay
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
1st-year student, English Language Department, Group 2402
Dilfuza Khayriddinovna Zoyirova
Scientific Supervisor:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14682610
Abstract:
This article provides information about the history of the origin
of the "Roman-Germanic languages", its development stages, grammatical
structures, and its place in society. a discussion was held regarding the
determination of its place and importance. Since language is one of the main
tools that express all the cultural and scientific wealth created by mankind in the
process of historical development and leave a legacy from generation to
generation, we tried to approach this topic closely.
Key Words:
Romance languages, Romanus, dead languages, Germanic
languages, official language.
Introduction:
Romanic languages belong to the Indo-European language
family, forming a group of related languages that all evolved from Latin, sharing
common development patterns and many similar elements in their structure.
The term "Roman" (from Latin romanus, meaning "belonging to Rome" or
"related to the Roman Empire") was first used in the early Middle Ages to refer
to the vernacular languages, which were distinct from classical Latin and
Germanic dialects. In Spain and Italy, Romanic languages are also known as
"New Latin languages." These languages are spoken in over 60 countries (e.g.,
French in 30 countries, Spanish in 20, Portuguese in 7, and Italian in 3), with
more than 600 million speakers.
The following languages belong to the Romanic group:
a) French - Spoken by about 60 million people, it is the official language of
France (capital: Paris);
b) Italian - Spoken by nearly 50 million people, it is the official language of Italy
(capital: Rome); c) Spanish - Spoken by approximately 95 million people, it is
the official language of Spain (capital: Madrid);
d) Portuguese - Spoken by over 45 million people, it is the official language of
Portugal (capital: Lisbon);
e) Romanian - Spoken by nearly 18 million people, it is the official language of
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
139
Romania (capital: Bucharest);
f) Moldovan - Spoken by nearly 2 million people, it is the official language of
Moldova (capital: Chișinău);
g) Provençal - Spoken by over 10 million people, primarily in the southeastern
part of France; h) Sardinian - Spoken by over 1 million people, primarily on
the island of Sardinia, Italy;
i) Catalan - Spoken by over 5 million people, mainly in Spain;
j) Rhaeto-Romanic - Spoken by 550 thousand people, mostly in Italy.
Dead languages such as Latin, Oscan, and Umbrian also belong to the
Romanic group. There is no consensus in linguistics on the exact number of
Romanic languages. According to current data, there are typically considered to
be 12 major ones: Spanish, Galician, Portuguese, Catalan, Occitan (Provençal),
French, Italian, Sardinian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Romanian, Moldovan, and Dalmatian
(considered extinct since the 19th century). The uneven development of
Romanic languages complicates their classification and exact count.
The distribution of Romanic languages is divided into three regions:
1. Old Romania - The part of Europe that was part of the Roman Empire and
retained Romance languages, including Italy, Portugal, most of Spain, France,
southern Belgium, western and southern Switzerland, Romania, and Moldova, as
well as parts of northern Greece and Macedonia.
2. New Romania - Areas outside Europe where Romance-speaking populations
emerged as a result of colonialism in the 16th-18th centuries, such as Canada,
Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Antilles.
3. Colonial regions - Areas where Romance languages became official alongside
local languages due to colonial policies, such as much of Africa, South Asia, and
smaller regions in Oceania.
Romanic languages are the result of the gradual evolution of the vulgar
Latin spoken in the territories of the Roman Empire. Their development can be
divided into four stages:
1. 3rd century BCE to 5th century CE - The Romanization period, during which
local languages were replaced by vulgar Latin. Differences between the future
Romance languages began to emerge.
2. 5th to 9th centuries - The period of the fragmentation of the Roman Empire
and the formation of barbarian kingdoms. Romance languages were influenced
by superstrata elements (such as Germanic invasions by the Visigoths, Franks,
Burgundians, Lombards, etc.), leading to distinct developments in these
languages.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
140
3. 10th to 16th centuries - The period of the development of writing in Romance
languages and the expansion of their social functions. Early written texts
appeared in French in the 9th century, in Italian and Spanish in the 10th century,
in Provençal, Catalan, and Sardinian in the 11th century, in Portuguese and
Galician in the 12th century, in Rhaeto-Romanic in the 14th century, and in
Romanian in the 16th century.Literary languages began to emerge from dialects.
4. 16th to 19th centuries - The period of the formation, standardization, and
enrichment of national languages. The development of Romance languages was
uneven: some languages became national languages early on and later gained
international importance (e.g., French and Spanish), while others lost their
significance in the Middle Ages and regained literary status in the 19th-20th
centuries (e.g., Provençal, Catalan). In areas outside Europe, local variants of
Romance languages developed (e.g., Canadian French, Brazilian Portuguese, and
various forms of Spanish in Central and South America).
Germanic languages are another group in the Indo-European family. These
languages are widely spoken in Western Europe, including in countries like the
United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland,
Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, as well as in North America, South
Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Asia (e.g., India, Pakistan). Around
550 million people speak Germanic languages.
The following languages belong to the Germanic language group:
a)
English - Spoken by 400 million people. It is spoken in the United
Kingdom, Iceland, the United States, Canada, the South American Union, and
other places. English is the official language in several countries, including the
United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.
b) German - Spoken by over 100 million people. It is the official language of the
Federal
Republic
of
Germany
and
the
Republic
of
Austria.
c) Danish - Spoken by nearly 4 million people. It is the official language of
Denmark.
d) Swedish - Spoken by over 7 million people. It is the official language of
Sweden. e) Norwegian - Spoken by 3.5 million people. It is the official language
of Norway.
f) Dutch - Spoken by 13 million people. It is the official language of the
Netherlands.
g) Icelandic - Spoken by 250,000 people. It is the official language of Iceland.
The extinct languages of the Visigothic and Ostrogothic languages also belong to
the Germanic language group. The Germanic languages are divided into three
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
141
smaller groups: Northern, Western, and Eastern. The national German languages
are made up of tribal dialects. The Germanic tribes were initially located in the
southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Jutland Peninsula, and the
Schleswig-Holstein region. The ancient Germanic dialects were divided into
northern and southern groups. In the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, some Germanic
tribes migrated from Scandinavia to the Baltic region, forming the Eastern
Germanic group. Based on the northern Scandinavian dialects, the Swedish and
Danish languages later developed, while the Norwegian language emerged from
the western Scandinavian dialects. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the migration
of people from Norway to Iceland and the Faroe Islands led to the development
of the Norwegian and Faroese languages. Yiddish, a later representative of the
Indo-European languages, developed in the 10th-14th centuries from Upper
German dialects with influences from Semitic and, later, Slavic languages. The
Afrikaans language arose from the combination of Dutch dialects with English,
German, French, and some African and Malay-Portuguese languages.
Germanic languages are also distinguished by their complex grammar and
phonetics, often having unique features in word structure and pronunciation. In
the current German phonological system, monophthongs and diphthongs make
up 45% (16 vowel phonemes and 3 diphthongs); the consonant system consists
of 18 consonant phonemes and 2 affricate sounds. All phonemes differ in terms
of their place of articulation, method, and pronunciation. The grammatical
structure is distinguished by both analytic and synthetic characteristics. For
example, gender and case forms in nouns are primarily expressed analytically,
while number categories are expressed synthetically. This pattern is also
observed in the forms of other parts of speech. The system of word formation is
well-developed; compounding is widely used to form nouns (mainly technical
terms). The vocabulary includes many words borrowed from Latin, French,
Italian, English, and other languages, and the writing system is based on the
Latin alphabet.
One of the achievements of the Romanic-Germanic language family is the
elevation of the English language to the status of a "global language." One reason
for this is that English is easier to learn compared to other languages and is
widely spread across the world. Moreover, many information resources are also
available in this language.
References:
1. Linguistic Theories. N. Turniyozov, B. Turniyozov, Sh. Turniyozova, Sh.
Turniyozov. Samarkand-2022, pages 113-114.
2. Uzbekistan National Encyclopedia. Tashkent - 2000.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
142
3.https://uz.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili
4.https://uz.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_tillari
