THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
78
WAYS OF DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN STUDENTS
Allambergenova Gulsanem Kenesbaevna
PhD , English and Global Perspectives Teacher
Presidential school in Nukus
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15347256
Annotation:
This article, Ways of Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Students,
explores effective educational strategies for nurturing critical thinking in
learners. It emphasizes methods such as inquiry-based learning, metacognitive
reflection, Socratic questioning, problem-based learning, and the integration of
technology and argumentative writing. The article highlights the importance of a
supportive classroom culture where diverse perspectives are respected and
critical dialogue is encouraged. Drawing on research from educational theorists
and empirical studies, it provides a comprehensive overview of how educators
can foster analytical and independent thinking among students. This piece
serves as a valuable resource for teachers, education professionals, and
policymakers aiming to prepare students for complex real-world challenges
through the development of critical thinking skills.
Key Words:
Critical thinking, inquiry-based learning, metacognition, socratic
questioning, problem-based learning (PBL), reflective learning, argumentative
writing, higher-order thinking, educational strategies, student-centered
learning, classroom culture,analytical skills, decision-making, independent
thinking, Collaborative learning, digital tools in education, active engagement,
lifelong learning
Introduction
In an era marked by rapid technological change, global interconnectedness,
and information overload, critical thinking has emerged as an essential skill for
students. It encompasses the ability to analyze information, evaluate arguments,
solve problems, and make reasoned decisions. The development of critical
thinking is not only vital for academic success but also for lifelong learning and
informed citizenship. However, cultivating this skill requires deliberate
instructional strategies and supportive learning environments. This article
explores effective ways of developing critical thinking skills in students, drawing
from educational research and classroom practices.
Encouraging Inquiry-Based Learning
One of the most effective methods for developing critical thinking is
through inquiry-based learning. This approach shifts the traditional role of the
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
79
teacher from a dispenser of knowledge to a facilitator of student exploration. In
inquiry-based learning, students pose questions, investigate solutions, and
develop conclusions based on evidence.
According to Pedaste et al. (2015), inquiry-based learning fosters higher-
order thinking by engaging students in activities such as formulating
hypotheses, testing ideas, and drawing reasoned conclusions. Teachers can
implement this strategy by designing open-ended projects, using case studies, or
facilitating scientific experiments where students are encouraged to reflect on
their thinking process.
Teaching Metacognitive Strategies
Metacognition, or thinking about one's thinking, plays a crucial role in
developing critical thinking. Teaching students to reflect on how they learn and
make decisions can significantly improve their analytical abilities.
Flavell (1979) introduced the concept of metacognition, highlighting its impact
on learning efficiency. In the classroom, this can be cultivated through practices
like learning journals, self-assessment checklists, and peer review sessions.
Promoting Socratic Questioning
Socratic questioning involves probing discussions that challenge
assumptions and explore underlying concepts. This method promotes deep
thinking
and
encourages
students
to
justify
their
reasoning.
Paul and Elder (2006) argue that using Socratic questioning helps students
develop clarity, precision, and logical consistency. Teachers can employ this
strategy in classroom discussions by asking open-ended questions such as
“What evidence supports your conclusion?” or “Can you think of an alternative
explanation?”
Integrating Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a student-centered pedagogy in which
students learn through solving complex, real-world problems. PBL fosters
critical thinking by requiring learners to research, collaborate, and propose
evidence-based solutions. A meta-analysis by Strobel and van Barneveld (2009)
found that PBL is particularly effective in enhancing critical thinking and long-
term knowledge retention.
Using Technology Thoughtfully
Digital tools, when used effectively, can support the development of critical
thinking. Online discussion forums, collaborative platforms like Google Docs,
and simulation software can provide opportunities for analysis, debate, and
problem-solving.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
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However, technology should not be used passively. As Davies (2011) notes,
critical thinking is best supported by tasks that require active engagement—
such as creating blogs, producing videos, or analyzing datasets—rather than
passive consumption of content.
Encouraging Reading and Argumentative Writing
Critical thinking thrives on exposure to multiple perspectives and
structured argumentation. Assignments that involve analyzing texts, evaluating
sources, and writing argumentative essays promote analytical thinking and
logical reasoning.
Graff and Birkenstein (2014) advocate for using structured templates in
writing to help students enter academic conversations.
Creating a Supportive Classroom Culture
A classroom environment that values curiosity, risk-taking, and open
dialogue is essential for critical thinking. Students must feel safe to express their
ideas,
make
mistakes,
and
challenge
others
respectfully.
Brookfield (2012) emphasizes that democratic classrooms, where students have
a voice and diverse perspectives are respected, foster critical engagement.
Conclusion
Developing critical thinking skills in students is not an incidental outcome
but a deliberate educational goal. Strategies such as inquiry-based learning,
metacognitive reflection, Socratic questioning, problem-based learning, and
argumentative writing can transform the learning experience. When paired with
a supportive and inclusive classroom culture, these approaches help students
become independent thinkers capable of navigating the complexities of modern
life. Educators, therefore, have both the responsibility and the opportunity to
cultivate critical thinkers who can engage thoughtfully with the world
References:
1.
Brookfield, S. D. (2012). *Teaching for critical thinking: Tools and
techniques to help students question their assumptions*. Jossey-Bass.
2.
Davies, M. (2011). Introduction to special issue: Critical thinking in higher
education. *Higher Education Research & Development*, 30(3), 255–260.
3.
Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area
of cognitive–developmental inquiry. *American Psychologist*, 34(10), 906–911.
4.
Graff, G., & Birkenstein, C. (2014). *They say/I say: The moves that matter
in academic writing*. W.W. Norton & Company.
5.
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2006). *The miniature guide to Socratic questioning*.
Foundation for Critical Thinking.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
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6.
Pedaste, M., Mäeots, M., Siiman, L. A., de Jong, T., van Riesen, S. A., Kamp, E.
T., ... & Tsourlidaki, E. (2015). Phases of inquiry-based learning: Definitions and
the inquiry cycle. *Educational Research Review*, 14, 47–61.
7.
Strobel, J., & van Barneveld, A. (2009). When is PBL more effective? A
meta-synthesis of meta-analyses comparing PBL to conventional classrooms.
*Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning*, 3(1), 44–58.
