THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
62
RANGE OF METAMORPHOSIS WORKS CREATED IN WORLD
LITERATURE.
Ramazonova Guzal Chorievna
freelance researcher:
Email: ramazonovagozal92@gmail.com
Contact number : +998902668252
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14738797
Annotation:
In the article, the formation of metamorphoses separated from
the shell of mythology and formed independently as an artistic tool - a motif of
evolution is studied on the example of the works of mature writers. In world
masterpieces, it is observed that metamorphoses move from primitive thinking
to artistic thinking as a motive, meet updates from the point of view of theme
and idea, especially come closer to social life and acquire symbolic and
metaphorical significance, adapting to modern literature. In addition, the
importance of the evolution motive in expressing the socio-philosophical
concept of the creator is discussed.
Keywords:
Myth, mythology, metamorphosis, evolution motif, mythological
thinking, primitive thinking, ancient literature, etc.
Aннотация:
В статье на примере произведений зрелых писателей
рассматривается формирование метаморфоз, отделившихся от оболочки
мифологии и сформировавшихся самостоятельно как художественный
инструмент - мотив эволюции. В мировых шедеврах наблюдается, что
метаморфозы переходят от первобытного мышления к художественному
мышлению как мотиву, встречают обновления с точки зрения темы и
идеи, особенно приближаются к общественной жизни и приобретают
символическое и метафорическое значение, адаптируясь к современной
литературе. Кроме того, обсуждается значение мотива эволюции в
выражении социально-философской концепции творца.
Ключевые слова:
Миф, мифология, метаморфоза, мотив эволюции,
мифологическое
мышление,
первобытное
мышление,
античная
литература и др.
The myths collected and compiled by the great writers of ancient literature
allow us to obtain the necessary information about the genesis of the first
metamorphoses. These mythological plots played a significant role in the
formation of written literature of antiquity. In the first Latin novel – Apuleius’s
“Metamorphoses, or the Golden Ass”,[1] the transformation of the main
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
63
character Lucius into a donkey was the first appearance of metamorphosis as a
motif in written literature.
After that, world literature developed rapidly with works with traditional
metamorphosis motifs one after another. In particular, the world-famous
tragedy “Faust” by Johann Wolfgang Goethe (749-1832), the founder of modern
German literature, also contains countless metamorphoses. In this work, where
traditional plots and images from folk folklore are reworked and enriched with
the author’s concept, the motif of evolution creates unparalleled opportunities
for the writer, especially in terms of artistic time - breaking the boundaries of
time and space. As events unfold, this motif is realized by the devil
(Mephistopheles) and images of gods and goddesses, goddesses, fairies, who are
outside the material world.
Throughout the work, you can see countless metamorphoses in
Mephistopheles’s repeated transformation into a dog, when he wraps Faust in
his cloak, when the wise Faust immediately turns back into a young man, when
champagne and wine turn into fire through a hole drilled in the “Auerbach Cellar
in Leipzig”, [2]when the wine in the cup that Faust is handed turns into fire in
the witch’s house, as well as when Mephistopheles takes the form of an old man
in the chapter “On Walpurgis Night” of the Tragedy, and in other episodic images
and details. Gogol’s story “The Nose” differs from the metamorphoses of
antiquity in that it reveals its essence and wide possibilities. According to the
brief plot of the work, the hero of the work, Major Kovalyov, loses his nose.[3]
He sees his nose in the uniform of a high-ranking official. His nose has already
taken on the form of a person and does not want to return to his face. Later, he
learns that his nose has surpassed him, having reached the rank of State
Counselor. This story tells of an official whose pride does not allow him to look
down on ordinary people of lower status.
In Kafka’s story “Metamorphosis”, the main plot line, in which events
develop along the motif of metamorphosis, is also reflected. Gregor Samsa, a
responsible, hardworking, family breadwinner, wakes up in the morning to find
himself transformed into some kind of creature. But this state does not worry
him at all, on the contrary, he is embarrassed by the inconveniences that have
arisen as a result. He feels sorry for his family members more than for himself,
and lives in fear of their economic situation. Gradually, Grigor becomes a
nuisance to them. And his father, hanging on the wall, hits his son with an apple,
crippling him, and only after the death of this creature does his family members
feel relieved.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
64
Perhaps, if Grigor Zamza had not been transformed into a creature, he
would not have experienced this tragic fate, but with his transformation, he
witnessed his place in society and the true attitude of his family members
towards him. Kafka once again renews the essence of the transformation motif
with this story.
In Mikhail Bulgakov’s works written in the direction of magical realism,
“The Master and Margarita” and “The Heartless”, we also encounter the
transformation of one species into another. In particular, in the story “The
Heartless”, one winter day, Filip Filipovich brings a dog named Sharik, who is
hungry and cold, to his house and performs an operation on Sharik, that is, he
tests his research on rejuvenating a person by transplanting a human pituitary
gland into a dog. The dog gradually begins to turn into a person.[4]
Shvonder convinces the dog, who has fallen under his influence, that he is a
proletarian suffering from bourgeois oppression, in the example of Philip
Philipovich and Ivan Arnoldovich. Shvonder, who is the chairman of the
household committee, gives Sharik a job and demands that Philip give him a
name, and achieves his goal. Sharikov even shoots them with a pistol once. After
that, the professor performs another operation on him and turns him back into a
dog. The author uses the motif of transformation to reveal some of the vices
inherent in humans through the image of a dog.
In the novel “The Master and Margarita”, we see that Margarita, who turns
into a 20-year-old beautiful girl after applying the magic oil given to her by
Azazello to her whole div, Nikolai Ivanovich, who turns into a pig as a result of
the oil applied to his head, and Woland, who is the personification of Satan, and
the characters around him, transform into various forms through magic.[5]
“Natasha’s excitement took over, and she inadvertently rubbed it against Nikolai
Ivanovich, and he froze in surprise. The face of this venerable man living on the
ground floor twisted and turned into a pig’s snout, and hooves grew from his
arms and legs.”
We meet another motif of transformation in P. Coelho’s “The Alchemist.”
The main character of the work, Santiago, who sets out on a journey to his goal,
comes to understand the secret of the entire universe in the course of events. At
the same time that the old alchemist’s years of experience have turned stone
into gold, Santiago, without realizing it himself, also understands the secret of
the entire universe and speaks the only language of the universe, when he falls
into the hands of horsemen in the desert. The alchemist asks for three days to
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
65
save his life, saying that Santiago can turn into the wind. At first, Santiago, who
did not believe that he could do it, turns into the wind on the third day.[6]
The masterpieces of world literature, the examples of which are given above,
were created by different writers in different times and places, and
metamorphoses in all of them play a special role in describing the idea of the
work and the artistic, philosophical, social concept of the author. It should be
noted that in the works of world literature of recent centuries, metamorphoses
have acquired a new meaning and essence, somewhat moving away from their
mythological roots.
References:
1. Alimuhammedov A. History of Ancient Literature (Textbook). Second edition.
– Tashkent: “Teacher” Publishing House, 1975. 412 p.
2. Boynazarov F. World Literature. Handbook. – Tashkent: Music, 2006. 158 p.
3. Paolo Coelo. Alchemist (novel).pdf
4. Goethe I.V. Composition. -- M.: 1937. P. 401.
5. Mikhail Bulgakov. Ityurak. – Tashkent: Yangi asr avlod, 2020. 144 p.
6. https://www.in-academy.uz/index.php/zdit/article/view/7714. C. 327–329.
