THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
15
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN MEDICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS THE IMPORTANCE OF COURSE WORK
Maksud Rakhmatov
Associate Professor of Samarkand "Zarmed" University,
Dilnura Olimovna Rakhmatova
1st year student in the field of medical work
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15253632
Abstract:
This article shows the importance of course developments in
improving the quality of education in medical and biological physics at medical
universities. On the topic of "Heat Radiation".
Keywords:
Medical and biological physics, quality of education, thermal
radiation, ultraviolet, visible range, infrared rays, radiation effects.
As is known, the issue of improving the quality of education is of state
importance and is an urgent issue that must be resolved to train competitive
national personnel. Therefore, on the initiative of our President, a large number
of documents have been developed and put into practice to improve the quality
of education. For example, at an expanded meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers
held on January 14, 2017, the Head of our state noted the need to fundamentally
revise the curriculum programs in the education system, since he emphasized
the great role of educational and methodological support of educational
documents, along with qualified personnel, in the effective organization of
classes in educational institutions. We can take the Law "On Education"
produced in 2020, the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
No. PQ-6108 dated November 6, 2020 "On measures to develop the spheres of
education and science in the new period of development of Uzbekistan", the
Development Strategy of the new Uzbekistan for 2022-2026. It was also not for
nothing that 2023 was called the "Year of Attention to Humanity and Quality
Education".
It should be noted that certain documents have been developed and are
being implemented to improve the quality of medical education, as the training
of qualified medical personnel is a requirement of the time.
In this article, we will examine the importance of lesson plans in improving
the quality of education in medical and biological physics using the example of
the topic "Heat Radiation".
It is known that thermal radiation consists of electromagnetic vibrations
and has certain parameters of its own properties. The main characteristics of
thermal radiation, frequency and wavelength, are related as follows.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
16
𝜈 =
𝑐
λ
In this case
𝑐 −
, the speed of light propagation in space,
𝑐 = 3 ⋅ 10
8
𝑚
Wavelength is measured in millimeters, micrometers, nanometers, and
angstroms:
1 𝑚𝑚
equal to
10
3
𝑚𝑘𝑚, 10
6
𝑛𝑚, 10
7
Å
The unit of measurement for frequency is hertz.
(1 𝐻𝑧 = 1 𝑠
−1
)
Radiation is a quantum process
𝐸
characterized by quantum energy and is
based on Planck's formula.
𝐸 = ℎ ⋅ 𝑣
Here,
ℎ = 6,6 ⋅ 10
−34
𝐽 ⋅ 𝑠 −
Planck's constant is used. Quantum energy is
usually expressed in electron volts.
1 𝑒𝑉 = 1,6 ⋅ 10
−12
𝑒𝑟𝑔 = 1,6 ⋅ 10
−12
𝐽
There is the following relationship between quantum energy and
wavelength:
ℎ𝑣 =
ℎ𝑐
λ
=
1236
λ
The limit of the visible region of thermal radiation is
𝜆
1
= 400 𝑛𝑚
from
𝜆
2
=
760 𝑛𝑚
to , and the quantum energy is equal to:
ℎ𝑣
1
=
1236
400
= 3,0 𝐸. 𝑣 𝑣𝑎 ℎ𝑣
2
=
1236
760
= 1,63 𝐸. 𝑣
The optical range of thermal radiation is approximately
50 Å
from to, and
10
6
𝑛𝑚
includes the following regions: ultraviolet (
50 Å
from
400 𝑛𝑚
to), visible
(
400 𝑛𝑚
from
760 𝑛𝑚
to), and infrared (
760 𝑛𝑚
from to).
10
6
𝑛𝑚
Thermal radiation is the radiation that occurs when a div's atoms and
molecules are excited by heat at a temperature different from absolute zero.
Thermal radiation of bodies is balanced and is characterized by its temperature.
As a result of radiation, the energy and temperature of the div decrease, and
these decreases are compensated by the energy absorbed. Thermal radiation is
also considered spontaneous radiation. It is worth noting that, when a div
emits radiation, it also absorbs the energy emitted by other bodies.
The main quantity characterizing thermal radiation
𝑊
is radiant energy.
Radiant flux
𝛷
is
𝑡
the quantity characterized by the ratio of radiant energy to
the radiation time:
𝑊
𝛷
𝑒
=
𝑊
𝑡
The SI unit of measurement is -
𝐽/𝑠𝑒𝑘
The radiation of an object
(𝑅
𝑒
)
is a quantity determined by the ratio of the
radiation flux
𝑆
emitted by an object to the surface area of the object:
𝛷
𝑒
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
17
𝑅
𝑒
=
Ф
𝑒
𝑆
The SI unit is -
𝑉𝑏/𝑚
2
If we
𝛥𝜆
consider the range of radiation, it
𝑟
𝜆
is characterized by the spectral
density of the radiation.
The spectral density of radiation
𝑟
𝜆
is the quantity determined by the ratio
of the radiation corresponding to a part of the spectrum to
𝛥𝑅
𝑒
the wavelength of
that part :
𝛥𝜆
𝑟
𝜆
=
𝛥𝑅
𝑒
𝛥𝜆
Si
𝑟
𝑒
, 𝑉𝑣/𝑚
3
and depends on the motion of the object.
The concept of absorption coefficient is introduced to characterize the
absorption of radiant energy by an object.
The absorption coefficient
𝛼
is the ratio of the radiation flux to the incident
𝛷
𝑒
radiation:
𝛼 =
Ф
𝑒
Ф
𝑒
can be viewed for
𝛼
a
𝛥𝜆
range:
𝛼
𝜆
=
Ф
𝑒𝜆
Ф
𝑒𝜆
Kirchhoff's law.
Even if the system we are considering consists of several
bodies and the energy exchange between the bodies occurs only through
thermal radiation and absorption, after a certain time, the temperatures of the
bodies in the system will equalize. The ratio of the spectral density of radiation,
which exchanges energy only through radiation and absorption, to the
absorption coefficient is a constant value and does not depend on the nature of
the div. For all bodies:
𝑟
λ1
𝛼
𝜆1
=
𝑟
λ2
𝛼
𝜆2
= 𝑓(𝑇, 𝜆)
According to: an object absorbs electromagnetic waves of the same
wavelength as it emits.
An absolutely black div is a div that absorbs all electromagnetic waves
that fall on it. For an absolutely black div,
𝛼
𝜆
= 1.
for example, a black moth or
black velvet is an absolutely black div.
𝛼
𝜆
< 1
Bodies with an absorption
coefficient are called gray bodies. Let's look at the laws of thermal radiation for
absolutely black bodies.
Stefan Bolsmann's law.
Formula: For the radiation of a black div, the
thermodynamic temperature is proportional to the fourth power:
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
18
𝑅
𝑒
= 𝜎𝑇
4
where
𝜎 = 5,567 ⋅ 10
8
𝑉𝑏/(𝑚
2
⋅ 𝐾
4
)
is the Stefan Bolsmann constant. The
following (in Figure 1)
𝑟
λ
𝑣𝑎 λ
(Figure 1)
The relationship between is given for different temperatures
(𝑇
1
< 𝑇
2
<
𝑇
3
)
. It can be seen from the figure that
𝑇
as the temperature increases, the
wavelength shifts towards the smallest wavelength. This is called the Vin's
displacement law and is expressed as:
𝜆
𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
𝑐
𝑇
where
𝑐 = 2,898 ⋅ 10
−3
𝑚 ⋅
𝐾
Vin's displacement constant is called the Vin's displacement constant.
The experimental results corresponding to the average values of the
wavelength (Fig. 1) cannot be explained by the Stefan-Bolsmann and Wien laws.
Therefore, the English physicists D. Rayleigh and J. Jeans proposed the following
expression for the spectral density of radiation based on the classical law of the
uniform distribution of energy in degrees of freedom.
𝑟
λ
=
2𝜋
λ
2
𝐾𝑇
However, this expression also failed to explain the spectral curves. Thus,
the classical theory, which assumed that the energy emitted by objects changes
continuously, failed to explain the radiation spectrum. To explain the radiation
spectrum, the German physicist M. Planck
𝜈
proposed the hypothesis that the
radiation energy consists of quanta with energy E proportional to the frequency
of continuous oscillations, that is, individual energy portions.
So
𝐸 = ℎ𝑣
,
ℎ = 6,62 ⋅ 10
−34
j.sec is Planck's constant.
Planck's hypothesis led to the concept that the quantum of light is the
photon.
max
T
r
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
19
Photon energy
𝐸 = ℎ𝑣 =
ℎ𝑐
λ
mass
𝑚 =
𝐸
𝑐
2
=
ℎ𝑣
𝑐
2
=
ℎ
𝑐λ
;
𝑐 = 3 ⋅ 10
8
𝑚
– the
speed of light in a vacuum.
The properties of thermal radiation differ depending on the frequency
range and are used in practice accordingly. Ultraviolet rays of very high power
have an intensive photochemical, biological and photoelectric effect. Visible
radiation is directly perceived by the human eye and provides information about
the environment, and can also have a photochemical and photoelectric effect. In
infrared rays, the energy of quanta is much smaller, and they have only a
thermal effect. As is known, there are natural and artificial sources of thermal
radiation. An example of a natural heat source is the rays coming from the sun.
The thermal radiation that provides life on Earth
1 𝑚
2
is 1350 watts at the
surface of the earth. Electricity is obtained using solar thermal radiation through
thermoelectric batteries. Dosed sunlight is used in solar therapy (geotherapy),
as well as for div conditioning. Examples of sources of artificial heat radiation
include incandescent lamps, special infrared heaters, etc.
The human div maintains its temperature through thermography, which
is the process of exchanging heat with the surrounding environment, i.e., by
radiating heat. The majority of this radiation
4 𝑑𝑎𝑛 50 𝑚𝑘𝑚
falls within the
infrared range, with wavelengths ranging from
In healthy people, the temperature distribution at different points on the
div surface is quite uniform. However, inflammatory processes and tumors can
change the temperature in these areas.
The temperature of the veins depends on the state of blood circulation, as
well as on the cooling or heating of the limbs. Thus, it is a diagnostic method to
record the radiation of various parts of the human div surface and determine
their temperature. In thermography, the determination of div surface
temperature is mainly carried out by two methods. In the first case, the use of
liquid crystal indicators, the optical properties of which are very sensitive to
small changes in temperature. These indicators can be placed on the patient's
div and the difference can be determined by changing their color. The second
method is a technical method, which is based on the use of thermal imagers.
The use of infrared rays in therapeutic work is based on their thermal
effect. Good results are achieved with short-wave infrared radiation, which is
close to visible light. Special lamps are used for treatment.
Infrared rays
20 𝑚𝑚
penetrate the div to a depth of about 1000 m, so the
inner layers are heated more. The therapeutic effect is achieved due to the
temperature gradient that occurs at the same time, which increases the activity
THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
20
of the thermoregulation system. Increased blood supply to the irradiated area
leads to better treatment results.
200 𝑛𝑚
The absorption of ultraviolet rays in
the wavelength range smaller than 1000 m is very high by all bodies, including
thin layers of air, so this area is not very interesting for medicine. The rest of the
ultraviolet
spectrum
is
conditionally
𝐴(400 − 315 𝑛𝑚), 𝐵(315 −
280 𝑛𝑚) 𝑣𝑎 𝐶(280 − 200 𝑛𝑚)
divided into areas. The main application of
ultraviolet radiation in medicine is due to its specific biological effect, which
occurs in photochemical processes. From this it can be concluded that the
thermal radiation of substances occurs due to processes inside atoms and
molecules. The energy source, the type of new radiation, is also different: a
television screen, a daylight lamp, an incandescent lamp, etc. It can be.
Therefore, if the topics covered by students are taught through lesson plans, it
will be much easier for them to master the topic, and if independent learning
topics are also mastered using the same plans, the quality of education will
undoubtedly increase. Experience and observations show that topics covered
through lesson plans help students gain broader knowledge, think
independently, and increase their activity.
Therefore, if topics are taught to students in any subject using lesson plans,
the creative activity of students will increase and the quality of teaching will be
effective.
Literature used:
1.Scientific and methodological manual on the study of the State Program for the
implementation of the Strategy of Actions in Five Priority Areas of Development
of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021 "The Year of Dialogue with the
People and Human Interests", Tashkent "Spirituality", 2017.
2. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education", Tashkent city, September
23, 2020, OJSC 637.
3. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 6,
2020 No. PQ-6180 "On measures to develop the spheres of education and
science in the new period of development of Uzbekistan". Tashkent November 6,
2020.
4. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 28, 2022
No. PF-60 “On the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026”.
Tashkent, January 28, 2022.
5. AN Remizov. MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS. Tashkent.2005
