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Pages:
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‘
ABSTRACT
In this scientific article, international and national legislation on citizens decision-making processes has
been investigated, to what extent is the importance of public control in the process of political
decision-making, the implementation of citizens' participation in local government directly by itself or
through elected representatives (political institutions). Also, practical proposals aimed at increasing
the participation of public structures in decision-making were made.
KEYWORDS
Decision, civil institutions, local council, Public, E-Goverment, media.
INTRODUCTION
We know that the participation of public
organizations in the implementation of public
administration is recognized as one of the
means to achieve efficiency in decision-making.
In any political process that takes place in a free
and open society, citizens, non-governmental
organizations participate in terms of their own
interests. The stability and viability of the
decisions made depends on the presence of
"feedback" in their activities. Community
structures objectively reflect the changes in
the relationship between the state and society,
allowing the joint solution of existing problems
through the coordination, control of different
interests by covering the entire sphere.
However, the fact that the general approach to
this process has not yet been fully formed in
our country prevents it from fulfilling its socio-
political function as a political process.
However, strengthening the role of civil society
institutions in the socio-politically important
decision-making system is one of the common
The Importance Of Cooperation Between Local
Representatives And Public Institutions In Management
Decision-Making
Makhsad Isabayev Bakhodirovich
Doctor Of Philosophy In Political Science (PhD), Senior Lecturer, Department Of Social Sciences,
Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theamericanjou
rnals.com/index.php/ta
jpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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problems. Due to this, the scientific
assessment and improvement of this process is
becoming a controversial issue.
ANALYSIS OF THE RELEVANT LITERATURE
Understanding local needs is often done
through a process called “public relations”.
Although the English scholar Stuart (Stuart,
2016.) argued that there is no clear definition of
community involvement, attempts to explain
community engagement are largely considered
in the context of planning and decision-
making. It has to do with how the role of
planning is managed and, of course, the final
decision-making power.
The best way to achieve citizen engagement is
to focus on developing collaboration and
encouraging self-awareness, rather than
strengthening paternalism in decision-making
with local community organizations (Jayne
Meyer, 2017). Involvement of citizens and the
opposite of collaborative actions lead to the
loss of established interactions. The term
“citizen engagement” is based on the four
principles of meeting local needs and the
origins of local governance: authority,
cooperation, government and governance. In
these four principles of local governance, the
link between citizen participation and decision-
making at the local level is direct and is usually
described as a “simple root” or “bottom-up”
relationship (Lowndes and Sullivan, 2008).
The question of the extent to which the
general public is involved in the decision-
making process today is a contentious issue in
the field of political science. When we analyze
the
theoretical
approaches
to
public
engagement in governance, we come across
differences,
even
conflicting
opinions.
According to the first proponent’s theoretical
approach, it is through local authorities that
public participation is seen as the result of a
society’s social development activities. Local
government, as the smallest and most
acceptable unit in the system of public
administration, plays a major role in
overcoming invisible barriers between the
individual and society (Richards, 1983). Board
members also need to have a supervisory role
in order for their relationships with the general
public to be effective (Goss, 2001). This allows
for greater participation in democracy and
active
participation
in
government
governance, political decision-making (Putnam
and Bowling, 2000).
In political practice, decision-making by the
elite is more rational, less emotional, and more
consistent than that of ordinary citizens
(Converse, 1964). Ordinary people are believed
to have enough intelligence to make their own
decisions instead of leaving political decisions
to elite representatives (Haskell, 2001). In many
cases, people do not think about the logical
sequence of the decision-making process or
the amount of information they use and in
what order they apply it. Instead of focusing on
their decision-making process, people are
more interested in the expected outcomes of
decision-making and hope that their decisions
(if implemented) will lead to better outcomes
(Yates and etc., 2003). Contrary to these views,
proponents of the second approach argue that
democratic public participation raises a
number of important theoretical and political
issues. Direct public involvement in discussions
and decision-making through competent
democratic institutions can reduce the role of
formally
elected
representatives
(local
councilors) (Steven, 2016). Political decisions
must be made by a select group that is deemed
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competent, not as a whole citizen. Because the
decision-making and reasoning abilities of the
public are questionable. Citizens ’political
decision-making is largely a one-time affair,
largely done by voting (Schumpeter, 1942). In
modern times, such participation (other than
voting) depends largely on the problem and
the situation within it (Miller and Stokes, 1963).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
During the research, the data of foreign
scientific works, scientific methods of studying
management processes - generalization,
systematic analysis, descriptive and other
methods were used.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
In our view, elected representatives play an
important management role at the local level.
Because they are responsible on behalf of the
general public to ensure that the activities of
public organizations are fair, efficient and meet
local needs. They are also responsible for the
overall balance of outcomes, community
action, and the effectiveness of local
collaboration. It should also be borne in mind
that those with a high level of education -
elected officials - may use the information in
other ways for their own benefit. In this
process,
communities
and
private
organizations will need to take control of
them. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure
transparency, equality, organic communication
and debate in achieving efficiency in activities.
To date, a number of international instruments
on the decision-making process have been
adopted, guaranteeing the rights of citizens to
participate in politics. In particular, Article 25 of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, adopted in 1966, states that every
citizen has the right to participate in public
affairs, to vote and to enter elected public
service. Article 25 of the Convention on Civil
and Social Partnership also provides for the
right of citizens to participate in public affairs,
to participate directly in public meetings, and
to make decisions on local issues or the affairs
of a particular community. The Resolution on
Equal Participation in Political and Public
Affairs, adopted by the Human Rights Council
in 2015, emphasizes the importance of the
ability of citizens to participate in public affairs
and participate in political life without legal or
practical barriers. Also, Article 8 of the UN
General Assembly Declaration on Human
Rights Defenders stipulates that everyone has
the right to participate in the work of his or her
government, both personally and collectively,
through public and private affairs.
The Aarhus Convention (1998), one of the most
important international instruments for public
participation in decision-making, guarantees
the right to information, public participation in
decision-making and participation (NGOs in the
process). During the preparation of various
plans, programs and policies, the public will be
given the opportunity to express their views
and suggestions, and the results of the
consultations will be taken into account as
much as possible.
In recent years, Uzbekistan has been achieving
effective results in terms of public participation
and oversight in public administration. At the
same time, of course, the Action Strategy for
the five priority areas of development for 2017-
2021, adopted in a timely manner, is important.
Paragraph 1.3 is entitled "Improving the system
of public administration", which reflects the
issues aimed at enhancing the place and role of
the public institution. At the same time, special
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attention should be paid to the quality,
timeliness and effective control of government
decisions aimed at "meeting" the needs of the
state and society in a timely manner. "In the
interests of our people, in making any decision
that affects their future, we must cut seven
dimensions and one" (Karimov, 2015). At the
same time, it is important to involve the
general public in all processes, from political
decision-making to its implementation, and to
introduce transparent and effective methods
of citizen participation in this process (Decree
PF-5729).
Given the fact that today in our country there
are more than 9.5 thousand NGOs, about one
and a half thousand media outlets and nearly
10 thousand citizens' assemblies, this shows
how important and relevant it is. To this end,
many legal documents have been adopted to
further increase the participation of the
general public in public administration. In
particular, "On Public Associations", "On Trade
Unions, Guarantees of Their Rights and
Activities", "On Political Parties", "On Non-
Governmental Organizations", in the new
edition "On Citizens' Self-Government Bodies",
"On Environmental Control", Examples are the
Law on Social Partnership, the Law on
Transparency in Public Administration, the Law
on Parliamentary Oversight, and the Law on
Public Oversight.
The Law on Transparency of Public Authorities,
adopted in 2014 alone, provides for public
awareness of the activities of public
authorities, based on the openness and
transparency,
speed
and
accuracy
of
information, which are the main principles of
openness of public authorities. It is important
that the order and sources of disclosure are
clearly indicated. Because in a democratic and
open society, public administration is carried
out with the direct and indirect participation of
the population. Only then will citizens be able
to clearly understand what decisions and
programs are being adopted in the country,
how they are being implemented, how officials
and officials are performing their duties, and, if
necessary, express their views on these
processes ”(Jalilov et al., 2015 ). Only then will
democratic values be formed and developed in
all sections of society. The direct or indirect
participation of citizens in decision-making is
one of the key components of building civil
society in the country. Therefore, the head of
our state pays special attention to the
participation of citizens in making political
decisions in the field of governance. All
conditions for this are provided in our country.
The order of reporting and information in
public authorities, including the economy,
banking and finance, public utilities, internal
affairs, foreign affairs, education, health, the
judiciary and the parliament and local councils
has been established, and public control is in
place. (Mirziyoev, 2017). This shows that the
principle of effective governance depends
more on the participation of citizens in the
decision-making
process.
This
forces
institutions to increase transparency and
accountability. When people know how to
make decisions, it helps to anticipate and
develop laws. Although this may lead to a slight
delay in decision making. However, the lack of
such
positive
developments
in
local
government remains problematic. Systematic
work is not being done to widely discuss the
decisions taken by local authorities and study
their implementation. Therefore, the task was
to increase the impact of public discussions on
the process of norm-setting through the
effective organization of the involvement of
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citizens, civil society institutions, the media,
businesses and scientists (Decree No. PF-5505).
This in itself requires further strengthening the
role
of
non-governmental
non-profit
organizations and other civic institutions in
ensuring the active participation of citizens in
the life of the state and society. The broad
participation of various non-governmental,
“third sector” public advisory councils in
decision-making paves the way for its full
implementation. Therefore, the Public
Chamber and regional public chambers under
the President; Public Councils under public
administration bodies; Public funds to support
civil society institutions and non-governmental
non-profit organizations have been established
under the Jogorku Kenesh of the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, regional and Tashkent city
Kengashes
of
People's
Deputies.
The
Presidential People's Reception and virtual
receptions have also been set up. The
establishment of such a new system of working
directly with the citizens of the country has
created many opportunities for citizens. This
can be seen in the fact that the virtual
reception alone has received about 3.7 million
applications from the population to date.
Indeed, information and communication
technologies reinforce public policy. The e-age
applied to today’s parliamentary democracy
enhances the pragmatic political potential of
the age (Bellamy and Raab, 1999). The use of
ICT allows to reach the opinion of consumers.
ICTs provide the freedom of information
needed to ensure elite transparency (Steven,
2016). Establishing an e-government system
will save time, bureaucracy and unnecessary
spending. In our view, e-government can
ensure the transaction efficiency of a number
of local government processes, support them,
and invest heavily in infrastructure to help
provide more services to citizens.
Public authorities operate at all levels of
decision-making - at the federal, regional and
local levels - through special press services
created in collaboration with the media. They
develop interaction with citizens in such forms
as the creation of governance mechanisms, the
establishment of a link between government
and society (Matveev and Gushchina, 2016). In
our opinion, the development of information
services of local authorities today should
include several actors: local policy based on
informing the public about the activities of
public authorities, asking for public opinion,
adapting to it, making recommendations, etc .;
analysis of public opinion and formation of
public attitude to political changes; forecasting
political processes based on the information
obtained and interpreting the legislation to the
citizens.
DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH RESULTS
Today, the time itself requires a more rigorous
review
and
improvement
of
the
implementation of decisions. “It must be
acknowledged that democratic institutions
such as parliamentary oversight, public
oversight, and journalistic oversight have not
yet been fully formed and are deeply ingrained
in our lives” (Mirziyoyev, 2017). The legal basis
for
broad
public
control
over
the
implementation of decisions is reflected in the
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Public
Control" adopted on April 12, 2018. The law
enshrines in law the decisions taken, as well as
state and regional development programs,
taking into account the public interest, public
opinion. In this regard, we can observe that the
socio-political activities of the citizens of our
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country have recently revived. State programs
have also been put up for public discussion
since 2017 and then adopted. The main purpose
of this is a comprehensive discussion of
important political decisions, the study of
public opinion and suggestions. Based on the
results of public hearings on the portal
"Legislative Impact Assessment System", 1310
proposals and comments were received, on
the basis of which 41 items of the State
Program for 2017 were revised (http://uza.uz).
Also,
the
draft
State
Program
2019
2019.strategy.uz. a total of 3,399 comments
were made by citizens when it was put up for
public
discussion
on
its
website.
Regulation.gov.uz. 404 offers were received
through the site. During the discussion of the
draft State Program for 2019, 4180 proposals
were received, of which more than 340
citizens' conceptual and topical proposals
were used to improve the content of the draft
State Program.
On the basis of about 30 proposals, editorial
changes were made to the relevant items
(People's Speech, 2019). A total of 3,162
proposals were received from the population
for the draft State Program 2020, while 363
proposals were submitted for the draft decree.
As a result, 62 conceptual and more than 30
editorial changes and additions were made.
The President's address to the Oliy Majlis noted
the need for wide involvement in the
discussion of laws, the introduction of modern
information technology, including the creation
of special "areas" on the Internet, the
introduction
of
collective
electronic
submission of applications.
On April 12, 2018, a joint resolution of the
Council of Parliamentary Chambers was
adopted and the Regulation "On the procedure
for electronic collective appeals and their
consideration through the web portal" My
opinion "was developed. The "My Thoughts"
web portal was launched on April 20 as a test.
The creation of this web portal expands the
opportunities for citizens to participate in the
management of state and public affairs as a
subject of public control, transparency of the
representative bodies of state power, ensuring
the viability of decisions. In our view, in order
for decisions to be fully implemented in the
regions, decisions must first be made in
consultation with the general public and
relevant
non-governmental
sector
representatives, with a seven-dimensional cut.
In this process, it is desirable to bring to the
attention of the general public a draft
resolution, which is expected to be adopted by
local representative bodies. Such a system is
not fully resolved in local representation
management. Practice shows that the issues to
be discussed by the Council of People's
Deputies before the session are often not
discussed in advance among the existing
stakeholders, experts, scientists and the
public. It also hardly works with the media and
the public in its activities. The participation of
NGOs in the development and implementation
of programs and socio-economic development
of the regions is low. Practical communication
mechanisms between representative bodies
and public institutions in decision-making are
not systematically established.
This limits the ability to fully take into account
the interests of the relevant stakeholders in
the decisions taken. "... how can you make the
right decision without talking openly to people
and not knowing their problems?" (Mirziyoev,
2017). Today, in accordance with Article 251,
paragraph 8 of the Law of the Republic of
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Uzbekistan "On local government" must be
done. It is important to involve the general
public in the decision-making process, to raise
their awareness, not after the decision is made.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
As a result of the research, we make the
following suggestions:
1.
We propose to establish a legal basis for
the prompt publication of texts of draft
resolutions of local councils and analytical
materials on them in the regional print
media, as well as on official websites (not
yet fully formed sites of all local
representative bodies) after the Council's
discussion. This serves to ensure the
openness and transparency of the
activities of the local representative div,
the establishment of social partnership
with other public structures.
2.
To create an effective mechanism for
consulting with public organizations and
using their potential in the process of
drafting decisions. According to Article 24
of the Model Regulations of the Regional,
District and City Councils of People's
Deputies, “During the consideration of
issues at the session, brief opinions of the
representatives of the relevant public
institutions related to the issue under
discussion will be heard. The views
expressed will be put to a vote and a
decision will be made.
In conclusion, it can be said that citizens
participate through the activities of public
organizations that express their political will
and interests, or directly in the process of
political decision-making. This paves the way
for the following socio-political changes:
First, the participation of citizens in decision-
making serves the realization of their political
and social interests and enhances the process
of socialization. As a result, their involvement
in public and state affairs will increase;
Secondly, active political participation in
decision-making leads to the consideration of
the interests of ordinary citizens, the provision
of a sense of free human dignity and the
formation of a spirit of political responsibility in
citizens;
Thirdly, the skills acquired as a result of the
representation of the interests of citizens
through various public organizations and
political parties will intensify them, thereby
contributing to the effective functioning of the
Councils as a result of the agreement of mutual
interests;
Fourth,
political
participation
creates
conditions for every citizen to understand
himself, to take his rightful place in society. As
a result, it embodies a sense of national pride,
forming a sense of ownership of one's country
and territory;
Fifth, local authorities will further strengthen
the process of achieving the expression of the
interests of all social groups in their political
decisions and their implementation in practice.
As a result, decision-making measures are
adopted and supported in the region without
any tension and voluntarily;
Sixth, conditions will be created for the
expression of the will of the majority of citizens
in society, and the basis for the functioning of
society and state power on the basis of
democratic principles will be strengthened.
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The above-mentioned circumstances are
reflected in the life of one of the main features
of local government through the practical
expression of the interests of citizens and
various social groups in local councils, and thus
through cooperation and solidarity between
them.
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