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2693-0803)
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‘
ABSTRACT
This paper analyses foreign policy research with theories of international relations study such as
realism and liberalism. Then work continues applying theories of realism and liberalism with case
study. As a case study have been chosen bilateral relations of South Korea with Uzbekistan and there
is chosen Complex interdependence theory for that. In that case, complex interdependence more
suitable to define cooperation of two countries such as Uzbekistan and South Korea. One of the
arguments is that relations of South Korea and Uzbekistan by three conditions which are absence of
force, lack of hierarchy and contact of multiple channels. From these criteria we can see that there is
no role of power or force between two countries relations, the most accent has made in different kind
of cooperation between them which is appropriate with multiple channels are playing significant role
in this condition.
KEYWORDS
Realism, liberalism, complex interdependence, foreign policy, diplomatic relations, South Korea,
Uzbekistan.
Theoretical Aspects Of Foreign Policy Research: Case Study
Relationships Of South Korea And Uzbekistan
Gulbakhor Zokhidzhon Kizi Khamrakulova
Tashkent State University Of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
http://usajournalshub.c
om/index,php/tajpslc
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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INTRODUCTION
In this research work we are going to analyze
and describe foreign policy and most
noticeable realism and liberalism approaches
which can be most suitable to identifying and
explaining relations of South Korea and
Uzbekistan.
Realizing their foreign policy functions, each
state pursues a certain policy outside its
country in the international arena. The foreign
policy of the state is a set of actions aimed at
establishing and maintaining relations with the
international community, protecting its own
interests and expanding its influence on other
subjects of international relations. The foreign
policy of the state relates to the internal and in
each specific situation the priority of domestic
or foreign policy is determined separately,
although usually domestic policy is a priority
and it is she who determines foreign policy,
since foreign policy is carried out for the sake
of internal interests.
The main determinative force of foreign policy
activity is national or state interest. But the
very concept of national interest is permeated
with value norms and ideological content. This
is especially true of misunderstood and
misconstrued national interests. In the
formulation of both categories of interests and
in the formation of a foreign policy strategy
designed to implement them, the system of
value orientations, attitudes, principles and
beliefs of statesmen is of no small importance-
their perception of the world around them and
assessment of their country's place among
other states that make up the world
community.
In foreign policy researches there are theories
which can describe nature of international
relations, especially bilateral relations of
states. In international relations there are
realism and liberalism approaches that are
most powerful contrast theories and one of
them can be best explaining of current our case
study.
Theoretical basis of foreign policy research
Foreign policy that regulates relations
between
states
and
peoples
in
the
international arena. The foreign policy of this
or that country is a concrete practical
implementation by the relevant (foreign
policy) department of the basic principles of
the international policy of the state. Foreign
policy goals reflect national interests. Realizing
them, the state carries out foreign policy
activities. The state policy in the international
arena is formed under the influence of both
external and especially internal factors. To
date, foreign policy analysis has become an
important part of the theory. Most analysts
believe it to be and independent branch of
theoretical approaches to the study of states,
international relations and world politics.
Foreign policy is based on the economic,
demographic, military, scientific, technical,
cultural potential of the state; their
combination determines the opportunities for
foreign policy activities of the state in certain
areas, creates a hierarchy of priorities in setting
and implementing the goals of foreign policy.
The form of the traditional implementation of
foreign policy is the establishment of
diplomatic relations between states, the
opening of representative offices of states in
international organizations or membership in
them. The existence of stable channels of
communication with foreign partners allows
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the state to diversify the combination of means
and methods of foreign policy activity, to carry
out regular exchange of information, visits at
different levels, to conclude contracts, on
various issues.
The foreign policy of the state is determined by
a multitude of determinants, including the level
of
socio-political,
socio-economic
development, the geographic location of the
country, its national and historical traditions,
the goals and requirements of securing
sovereignty, security, etc.
Foreign policy is the general course of the state
in international affairs. It regulates the
relations of this state with other states and
peoples in accordance with its principles and
objectives, which are implemented in various
ways and methods. In this case, it combines
national interests and values with common
human interests and values, especially in
matters of security, cooperation and peace
consolidation, in solving global international
problems arising in the path of social progress.
Formation of foreign policy occurs as the
objective requirements of a given society or
state mature, to enter definite relations with
the outside world, that is, with other societies
or states. Therefore, it appears later than
domestic policy.
There are many theories of foreign policy,
which explain its main goals and tasks, essence
and functions in different ways.
Realism in international relations
Realism is one of the dominant theoretical
approaches in international relations. It gives
most potent description of nature of state and
state as subject of international arena, national
interest, rationalism, sovereignty. Advocates
of realist school argues that international
system is anarchy, where lack of central
government. In contrast this in domestic
societies is hierarchy. “Leviathan” Thomas
Hobbes, where we can find good explanation
of state and hierarchy system in domestic
politics. There says that about human nature
and its egoistic actions, where mentioned
principle man to man as wolf. So that people
do not destroy each other, they need conclude
social contract and give power to someone. In
this point someone is from point of view
Hobbes is monster Leviathan, it’s just symbolic
sketch, in reality someone is government
which is humanmade above staying institution.
People give to government part of their
interests, rights, power and start to control
above them by legal, legitimated lows. On basis
of this appears government institution it
maybe, democratic or monarchic, but main
point is that this power government rule and
control whole state above people by legal
tools. That is why in realists say that domestic
policy is hierarchic. On the other hand, we can
see that international system there is no above
staying intuitions or actors which can enforce a
system of law. Because all subjects or state in
international system are in a same level and
they can not enforce, control above each
other, because there is sovereignty of state are
playing main role.
Sovereignty is most important norm that is an
opportunity for the state to freely and
independently implement its foreign and
domestic policies. Sovereignty presupposes
the independence of the state in the foreign
policy sphere (in the field of international
relations) and the supremacy, indisputability of
its decisions in internal affairs. Sovereignty as a
concept of international law has three main
aspects: external, internal and territorial. The
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external aspect of sovereignty is the right of
the state to freely determine its relations with
other states or subjects of international law,
without restriction or control on the part of
another state. This aspect of sovereignty is also
known as independence. The internal aspect of
sovereignty is the exclusive right or
competence of the state to determine the
nature of its own institutions, to enact laws at
its own discretion and enforce them. The
territorial aspect of sovereignty is the power
that the state enjoys with respect to all persons
and things located on, under or above its
territory. In this case in bilateral relations of
South Korea and Uzbekistan, they are realizing
their cooperation by respecting of each other’s
sovereignty. For example, realizing of energy
security interests, South Korea does not
intervene into territory of Uzbekistan under
the name of non-democratic actions or export
own ideology, interference in state affairs.
Instead of this they respect and follow norm of
sovereignty. That is why as a new democratic
independent state prefer cooperation with
South Korea, during 29 years of their relations
there was not traced up and downs.
In international relations states acting as
subjects of this system and they are objectively
exist, namely they have objective, material,
physical expressions. So, the objective side of
the state is subject calculation. The subjective
side of the government is rational analysis of
reflection. From point view realists to account
of subjective and objective sides of state can
build a model of so-called national interests.
The concept of national interest and the
content of foreign policy is determined by the
fact that each national state in the
international arena seeks to realize its interest.
And although the foreign policy of most states
in different epochs was largely determined by
what is now called national interest, the very
notion of "national interest" entered the
scientific circulation only in the first half of the
twentieth century. Among the founders of the
development of this term, American scientists
Reinhold Niebuhr, Hans Morgenthau. The
concept of national interest, despite its
sufficient elaboration, is still a category of
abstract and subjective, since its parameters
are determined by the picture of the world and
the value system that dominates in a certain
society and state. There appear various
interests of states such as economic,
environmental, humanitarian and so on.
Realists argues that national interest are basic
category that is based on calculation. Before
the choosing or accounting as national interest
there state make clear calculation, analyzing.
For instance, for South Korea as national
interest energy diplomacy in Uzbekistan. There
Uzbekistan is alternative energy exporter
country, but after some period it would be
main partner in this sphere, because it depends
on situation in energy resource rich countries
such Arabic countries and Iran. To account
worst situations in these areas, South Korea
choose Central Asian countries as energy
exporter partner. We know that, nowadays
USA and Iran’s relations are in stage of down,
in this case South Korea do not against to USA
and start decrease of amount of export energy
recourses from Iran, which means South Korea
need to other alternative partner. In the same
time, it appears of national interests of
Uzbekistan where government made project
of attract foreign investment for achieving
economic growth. From this cooperation both
sides satisfy, because national interests of both
side are accepted and act to realize on this way.
National interests differ in their importance
and influence in the international arena.
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According to these characteristics, they are
divided into vital (main) and secondary;
constant
and
variable;
long-term
and
conjunctural. Vital and permanent national
interests are determined by the most
important geopolitical parameters; place and
role of this state in the system of interstate
relations, its potential, prestige, the ability to
defend its sovereignty and guarantee the
security of its allies. Each state assesses in its
own way the relative importance of each of the
objectives pursued by it, the ability to realize
them depends on many factors, but the arsenal
of means of ensuring interests has remained
unchanged for centuries: political, economic,
diplomatic, military. The main component of
national interest is the imperative of the state's
self-preservation, which is complemented by
security
issues
from
external
threats,
protection of the state's economic and political
positions in relations with other states, and
expansion of state influence in world politics.
In realistic approach rationalism plays main role
with national interest norms. Rationalism is
used in decision theory. Decision making
theory emerged at the junction of several
sciences:
mathematics,
mathematical
economics, sociology and psychology. The
theory of rational choice has come to political
science from the economy. It proceeds from
the fact that in the sphere of power and
decision-making about common goods, a
person behaves rationally, as well as in
economic life. The one who makes the decision
pursues a certain goal or goals. If there are
several goals, they are structured, based on
their importance or preferences of the subject.
Information on the current situation and how
the situation affects the subject's goals is
accessible to him and known. The state
considers possible alternatives to achieving a
goal or goals, evaluating them in terms of a
combination of price and win, and likelihood of
success. Then he chooses the best of the
alternatives in terms of balance of price and
win, as well as the probability of success.
Liberalism in international relations
In fact, this school is opposition of political
realism, and not only in terms of explaining the
world order, but also in understanding what it
should be like. Achieving the maximum
possible freedom of man is the main goal of
liberalism, but it can be achieved only in the
absence of war and the prerequisites for its
emergence. And since conflicts and wars are an
integral part of the existing system in which
sovereign states seek to maximize power, the
circumstances necessary for the realization of
human freedom can arise only on the condition
of "governance or transcending the policy
principle from the position of strength"
(governance or transcendence of power
politics). This argument is supported by four
main provisions:
Rational
and
ethical
point
view,
international
cooperation
helps
to
international regulation;
For effective managing of international
relations, the rational policy is necessary
norm;
International
organizations
help
to
contribute to the spread of peace and
stability by pacifying stronger states
toward the creation of international norms
and new rules for the conduct of
multilateral policies; in addition, they have
the necessary tools to prevent or manage
interstate conflicts;
After
making
gradual
reforms
or
domestication of international relations
where means legal state, universal human
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rights, the position of power is not seen as
primary tool for maintaining interstate
order.
Liberals believe to power of human mind and
interstate wars is not right or rational way to
solve problems. To achieve direct result or
resolution or solve differ kinds of problems,
one group of liberals offer idea of civil society
and other group refer mercantilist idea, it’s
about concept of free trade. Scholars conclude
that in order to prevent wars firstly it is
necessary reorganize and do reforms inside
states and after that it can be possible to enter
international relations. From these ideas
comes the core concepts of liberalism and
there we have mention about Immanuel Kant,
Jeremy Bentham and Adam Smith. Immanuel
Kant and Jeremy Bentham believed that if
governments are override to the will of public
opinion, wars would be avoided. However,
they emphasized that reforms inside states
and appearing of civil society and same time
they pointed out the importance of
international
law
where
should
be
“cosmopolitan rights” directed guaranteeing
peace by defining rights and responsibilities of
citizens and states that is established refuse of
war policy by states. From these cosmopolitan
ideas comes such modern order of collective
security, states become more interdependent,
they strengthen democracy where are peace
and stability.
The key moment is a social contract, according
to which laws are issued with the consent of
society for its good and protection of social
norms, and every citizen obeys these laws.
Particular emphasis is placed on the rule of law,
in particular, liberalism proceeds from the
assumption that the state has sufficient power
to provide it. Modern political liberalism also
includes the condition of universal suffrage,
regardless of gender, race or property status;
the most preferred system is considered.
Although states are recognized as the main
participants in international relations under a
liberal approach, they are by no means the only
players in this field: the interaction of states,
according to the liberals, must necessarily be
regulated by intergovernmental organizations
and international regimes. Along with them,
non-governmental organizations are also
called upon to play an active role in human
rights,
environmental,
transnational
corporations and others. According to the
liberal model, states are oriented not only to
maximizing profits, but also to mutually
beneficial cooperation. The force factor in this
model gives way to other, more effective
means of influencing economic and legal levers
and mechanisms.
To understand and analyze the modern
international relations by approach of
liberalism there should be some work of this
approach. One of the such kind of work is the
theory of complex interdependence. Robert O.
Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, JR on their book
“Power and Interdependence” they argued
about complex interdependence and this is the
most challenging idea against to realism. In a
complex interdependence, they try to find
differences between realism and complex
interdependence
where
complex
interdependence is closer to reality than
realism. For realists three assumptions are
most important: the status of state, in
international relations state is only and
dominant actor; power is effective instrument
of politics; hierarchy issue, it relates to military
security where means that powerful states by
military security outstanding the low states of
economic and social affairs. Include these
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assumptions complex interdependence gives
three challenging characteristics. Where
explains with current and modern examples.
First one is multiple channels, it consists of
different kind of informal ties. They are
interstate, trans governmental, transnational
relations. Interstate relations is classic and
normal channels in international relations
especially
assumed
by
realists.
Trans
governmental relations include informal ties
between nongovernmental elites, it would be
face
to
face,
by
telecommunications.
Transnational
relations
ties
between
transnational
organizations
such
as
multinational
banks,
corporations.
Transnational organizations influence to
domestic and interstate relations and active
participation of international organizations in
foreign affairs are becoming normal condition
and these actions do not controlled by
governments. Their activities not only consist
of pursuing interests but also, they make
transmission belts. Domestic affairs are
becoming broadening and different kind of
corporations, banks, trade unions are making
decisions which related to set up relations with
other foreign partners without government. It
may include such kind of activities economic,
trade, environmental regulation, technology
sphere
and
so
on.
Under
complex
interdependence, there questions will appear:
by exercising policy and relations among trans
governmental, transnational level, they do
which self and which interest? Certain
government agencies follow its own interests
under the national interest.
The second is absence of hierarchy among
issues, it means interstate relations include
different kind of issues and problems do not
solve by military or politics. Many issues should
be considered various government agencies,
departments and different levels. For instance,
departments of agriculture of two or other
countries will consider among water problem
or environment issues other and other
different kind of issues should consider certain
organizations or institutions. With the complex
interdependence
can
affect
to
the
international
and
domestic
problems
originated by economic growth and growing
interdependence. Separate domestic parts will
politicize issues and push more problems into
interstate agenda. Also, agendas is affected by
the distribution of force resources with the
different kind of issues.
Third one is minor role of military force, the role
of military force is emphasized by political
scientists and state with higher military forces
is powerful. Especially, it relates to security
issues and it will be guarantee of survival.
However,
in
modern
industrialized,
democratic, countries fear of attacks by other
states declined and almost not existed. Thus,
military power become less important and
ineffective instrument in international policy.
Nowadays, more important issues appeared
such as economic, trade, environmental, social,
educational relations. In this case, military
force is unnecessary tool to resolve among
these issues and it considered certain ways of
resolving and regulated by governmental and
nongovernmental, transnational level. Military
force will be necessary in a protect and defence
situation, in other conditions it will be
ineffective. It means that scale and mean of
military force as political instrument become
shrinker.
So, there was detected that scholars by put in
challenge realism and giving theory of complex
interdependence, there are big differences.
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The goals of states are differentiated by issue
area and transitional and trans governmental
actors are playing most important role which
pursue their goals. For realist approach military
power is dominant goal. Active participation of
interdependence, international organizations
and transnational actors will be major
instruments. Here state instruments in
exercising foreign policy put in same level with
multiple channels. But contrast this realist
approach put state in dominant place and
other instruments may be used. agenda plays
an important role in changing, distribution of
power clearly means distribution of power
resources with issue areas, linkages from other
issues and polarization, international regimes
and its status, the actors’ importance of
transnational relations. On the other hand,
realist thinking argues that agenda is
influenced by balance of power, security and in
high politics simultaneously affect to other
agendas. There is also difference among
linkages, one side approve that linkage will
diminish the differences in outcomes in
problem
areas
and
strengthen
the
international
hierarchy
and
complex
interdependence pointed out in a strong states
power will be ineffective and linkages will be
more difficult. In weak states linkages by
international organizations will reduce rather
than reinforce hierarchy. And final aspect is
role of international organizations, realism
approach says that role is minor and limited by
state force, instead of this military force is in
dominant place. But contrast this under
complex
interdependence,
international
organizations can act as actor of international
relations and set agendas, make decisions and
act for political actions by weak states.
International organizations able to choose its
forum for an issue and mobilize votes and it will
be an important for policy.
Theory
of
complex
interdependence
eventually changed the view of international
relations and add new approach. It may be
appropriate to modern international area and
to explain relations of countries by this theory
will be more clearly. For instance, relations of
South Korea and Uzbekistan by three
conditions which are absence of force, lack of
hierarchy and contact of multiple channels.
From these criteria we can see that there is no
role of power or force between two countries
relations, the most accent has made in
different kind of cooperation between them
which is appropriate with multiple channels are
playing significant role in this condition. If we
take lack of hierarchy, there is same with
condition of absence of force.
CONCLUSION
In this work we discussed about foreign policy
and realism, liberalism approaches. In foreign
policy relations two countries are so
complicated and nature, ways their relations
should explained by proper theory of
international relations. That is why realism and
liberalism approaches are chosen to define this
task. Theory of realism can describe relations
of South Korea and Uzbekistan, but in some
aspects, it is not fit for it. Because values for
realism such as role of power, force and others
cannot be suitable for describing nature of
relations
between
South
Korea
and
Uzbekistan. Between them there is no power
or demand of using military forces. On the
other hand, most common and well explaining
approach is liberalism. From these analyses we
come to conclusion that most suitable
approach to describe and analyse relations of
South Korea and Uzbekistan is liberalism,
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clearly theory of complex interdependence.
The concept of complex interdependence
defined by three conditions absence of
hierarchy, force and multiple channels.
Because in relations of South Korea and
Uzbekistan we can notice that multiple
relations, absence of force and hierarchy. To
clarifying this theory with our case study we
can give some examples for it. Uzbek-South
Korean relations have acquired a mature, fully
thought-out and mutually beneficial character
at the interstate and intergovernmental levels,
in terms of cooperation between economic
and commercial structures, companies and
firms, including in the humanitarian sphere,
and meet the vital interests of the peoples of
our countries. The commonality of political and
economic goals, the proximity of cultures and
ways of life, the relentless pursuit of achieving
their goals - these qualities will always bring
Uzbek and Korean peoples closer, strengthen
friendship and cooperation.
According to analyses of theoretical aspects of
work, we can give some proposals for case
study part of our work. For more effective
development of bilateral and multilateral
relations between the Republic of Korea and
Uzbekistan:
1.
In order to more effectively coordinate
activities in the framework of bilateral and
multilateral
cooperation,
the
establishment of a regular format of
meetings between interested agencies,
enterprises and organizations can be
considered.
2.
In order to further develop friendly
mutually beneficial relations between
states, it is possible to work out
cooperation projects in the field of science,
culture and education.
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