THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
97
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
PUBLISHED DATE: - 14-07-2024
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume06Issue07-10
CHINESE EXPERIENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE
REFORM
Elyorbek Otajonov
Doctoral student, Institute for Research of the Youth Problems and Training Prospective
Personnel, Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
Reform is the process of transitioning from an
existing system to a new one. It is believed that
reforms can be implemented through traditional
methods of public administration, but they also
depend on market self-regulation. The People's
Republic of China was established on October 1st,
1949, and the establishment of a socialist system
led to the need to learn how to create new forms of
administrative governance. In 1951, the
Administrative Council of the government issued a
resolution to reform organizations and reduce
staff, as well as optimize administrative work for
the first time after the establishment of New China.
Later, in 1954, the National People's Congress
adopted the first constitution and elected a
president, establishing a state council that formed
the basic administrative structure of New China.
Following this, there was a period of central and
local government simplification lasting more than
a year from 1955 onwards. In 1966, a resolution
was passed regarding the authorization of
relationships
between
central
and
local
government bodies[1]. Based on the proposals
presented at the national system conference that
year, the first step towards improving the national
administration
was
the
distribution
of
administrative functions and powers between
central government, provincial, autonomous
region, and municipal levels. Reforms and
openness in China have demonstrated a successful
path for gradual change. Administrative system
reform was an important component of this
process and helped to deepen other reforms,
leading to the creation and improvement of a
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Abstract
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
98
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
socialist market economy and the development of
democratic policies. Administrative reform in
China has followed a path of gradual
transformation. This approach has emphasized
orderly and innovative self-improvement as well as
revolutionary development of the socialist system
within the framework of the political leadership of
the Communist Party and the basic principles of
socialism with Chinese characteristics. China's
administrative reforms were guided by the need to
maintain
a
balance
between
economic
development and political stability. The reforms
were designed to ensure that they do not disrupt
the overall stability of the country. This approach
allowed
for
a
gradual
and
controlled
implementation of reforms, which was successful
in promoting economic growth and social progress.
PURPOSE AND TASK
It is an administrative system designed to maintain
China's core political system and governance
structure. The study suggests that China's
administrative reforms have successfully managed
the balance between socialism and market-based
economic principles. This has been an
unprecedented process, achieved through a series
of steps that involved "crossing rivers and touching
rocks" while adapting to the demands of a socialist-
market economy. Each stage in the reform process
must be implemented correctly, with accuracy and
reliability [2]. Innovation in the context of
administrative reform in China entails not only
significant alterations to the original power
structure and interest model, but also a profound
transformation of concepts and ideological
underpinnings. Practice has demonstrated that
each step of this reform process is the fruit of
preserving freedom of thought, pursuing truth
through reliance on factual evidence, and making
improvements over time. To further advance
administrative reforms, China strives to establish
long-term objectives, comprehensive plans, clear
pathways, and directions for reform. The Chinese
Communist Party and government serve as the
driving force behind these reforms, with the aim of
enhancing citizens' lives and promoting economic
and social development. Since the inception of
China's reform process, the ultimate goal has been
serving the people. This principle is evident in the
country's efforts to promote civil reforms that
uphold the rule of law, protect the rights, and
safeguard the interests of all individuals. The
reforms are designed to benefit the general public
and allow everyone to share in the benefits of
progress. Based on the dynamic nature of
administrative reform in China, the country places
great emphasis on public enthusiasm, initiative,
and involvement, which increase socio-economic
sustainability and creativity. Only through
administrative reform can the interests of the
people be ensured in China, as it reflects popular
support and relies heavily on people to lead
government initiatives. People are satisfied as they
receive sincere assistance from government
propaganda and strong public support. Since 1978,
a number of measures have been implemented
under the "Open Door" policy, which was initiated
in 1978. This policy was an experiment conducted
in a specific region and has since become a
cornerstone of China's government strategy.
Through reforms and openness, China has
experienced increased interaction and cooperation
with foreign nations [3]. The administrative reform
aims to redefine the relationships between
governmental bodies and restructure the
management system. This reform is different from
other reforms in China as it is not simply a
replication of foreign models but rather a response
to evolving trends and developments in global
public administration. Moreover, the reform
considers the vast geographical area and diverse
circumstances of different parts of China, as well as
the
profound
influence
of
traditional
administrative concepts and other factors. As a
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
99
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
rapidly developing nation, healthy economic
growth in China is not only the top priority but also
a significant contributor to global development.
Therefore, economic development direction,
support for economic growth, and adaptability to
change have consistently been the primary driving
forces behind government reforms in China.The
administrative system forms the backbone of the
national structure and is an essential component of
Chinese political governance, serving as the nexus
between economic, political, social, and other
systems. Administrative reforms in China
encompass,
among
other
aspects,
the
establishment and regulation of governmental
agencies, formulation and implementation of
national economic policies, decision-making
processes, industrial development initiatives, and
various other facets of public life. These reforms
also entail significant interactions between central
and regional governments, governmental entities
and civil society, the government and business
sectors, common interests, and regional interests.
Consequently, administrative reform initiatives are
carefully planned to ensure the seamless operation
of governmental functions and the continued
growth of the economy [4]. Many of the core
policies and practices of the Chinese Communist
Party (CCP) and the Chinese government are
rooted in public innovation and implemented at the
grassroots level. As part of the process of
administrative reform, it is crucial to encourage
and support local governments and agencies. We
believe that gaining experience, adapting to local
circumstances,
learning
boldly,
fostering
innovation, and deepening reform are all essential.
In recent years, numerous local government bodies
have actively studied the organizational structure,
hierarchy,
management
system,
working
mechanisms, service procedures, and other aspects
of government activities. They have also promoted
reforms in the overall system and studied direct
management
systems.
The
province
is
implementing reforms aimed at revitalizing
district, city, and administrative management
systems, standardizing public services, and
comprehensively reforming the law enforcement
system.
These reforms differ from self-liberalization in that
they are being led by the pragmatic hand of the
government. There will continue to be discussion
about these reforms.
RESULTS
In 1991, Jiang Zemin emphasized that if the reform
process was not implemented, the country's ability
to maintain its economic stability would be
threatened. He further cautioned that if socialist
ideology was not followed during the reform, all
the progress achieved through the 70 years of
struggle by the party and the people could be
undone. Therefore, while reform should free the
mind from preconceptions, it should also be guided
by certain principles.
The process of reform and opening in China can be
divided into three stages:
1. The first stage: addressing critical issues.
2. The second phase: rejecting the dichotomy
between socialism and capitalism.
3. Third phase: Continuing forward towards
development and prosperity
–
In the third phase, in
1997, the government chose not to oppose the
ideas of public and private ownership. However,
this was merely a superficial approach. In reality,
both concepts needed to be abandoned. However,
it was not possible to simultaneously discard the
concepts of “socialism,” “capitalism,” “public,” and
“private.” It is surprising that these concepts are
still used today to define the essence, direction, and
primary path of reform [5] Various scholars have
reached similar conclusions regarding the
economic reforms in China. For example, Professor
Zhang Yu argues that these reforms seek to
establish a market-oriented economy within the
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
100
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
framework of the socialist constitutional system.
The aim of this process is to enhance the socialist
system, promote post-industrialization, and
modernize the country. The constitutional order in
this context refers to the political and institutional
framework of socialism. Despite the passage of
time, the fundamental principles of China's
economic reform have remained unchanged. The
current economic reforms initiated in the early
21st century continue to adhere to this approach.
These reforms are implemented through
continuous study, and in terms of transforming the
economic system and its operational mechanisms,
the trajectory is clear: a gradual shift from a
planned economy to a market-driven one. The
reform was not originally proposed by the leaders
of the People's Republic of China (PRC), but it was
rather an unavoidable choice for each economic
entity wishing to generate profit. The aim of the
reformers was to make decisions in a timely
manner that aligned with development trends. The
standard description of China's economic model is
based on terms such as the "Chinese economic
miracle" and the "socialist market economy." In the
past 15 to 20 years, these phrases have gained
widespread usage and have acquired the status of
a guiding principle. Another significant reform in
China is the implementation of the Family
Contractor system[6]. The family contract system
is a complex social institution with a significant
impact on millions of people's lives. A reform has
been implemented, which has affected farmers'
interests and led to historic changes in the
economic, political, and ideological landscapes of
rural areas. This has helped Chinese agriculture
break out of a period of stagnation and created a
favorable environment for rural economic growth.
As a result, villages have shifted to commodity
farming, specialization, and modernization
through a comprehensive or complete reform.
During the early stages of the reform, the
government has encouraged farmers' productivity,
primarily through increased purchase prices for
agricultural products, promotion of various
farming methods, stimulation of specialization in
production, selection of crops based on regional
comparative advantages, and expansion of
agricultural land.The designation of the family as
the main unit of agriculture was merely a
reorganization of farming, involving collective,
centralized management and distribution. Peasant
households remained as consumer units. Following
the allocation of production tasks to peasant
households and the distribution of the entire
workload among them, peasant farmers became
producers and accumulators. This undoubtedly
played a significant role in enhancing rural
productivity. After peasant families began
functioning as relatively independent economic
entities,
significant
changes
occurred
in
regulations regarding the preservation of rural
property and the division of labor. Overall, the
reforms implemented in Chinese rural areas serve
as a clear example of the enormous potential for
comprehensive development possessed by small
farms. In the specific case under consideration, the
reform of the agricultural sector contributed to the
growth of other sectors and ensured political and
societal stability during challenging times for
China. By 2004, there were more than 22 million
businesses in rural China, employing 138 million
people. It is worth noting that the reform of the
countryside required almost no effort on the part
of the Chinese government, as collective farms
were exhausted and land was distributed among
families. Positive changes occurred through the
activation of farmers. Following the Sal, a series of
measures known as the “peasant farm
responsibility policy” were implemented. Under
this policy, farmers were permitted to sell some of
their products at discounted prices. Agricultural
markets emerged in villages, but this was only the
beginning. By 1981, more than 98% of arable land
in China belonged to peasant families. The Chinese
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
101
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
Constitution recognized citizens’ rights to private
ownership, which supported private initiative in
the countryside. Peasants voluntarily united into
small cooperatives and larger associations to
protect their interests.In 1985, China began to feed
its growing population and export grain due to this
new policy. The Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping,
emphasized the importance of agriculture. The
positive results of the Chinese agricultural reforms
later prompted the government to introduce
similar reforms in other sectors. These positive
outcomes were achieved through an increased
focus on agriculture, reduced administrative
oversight, and liberalization. This led to the
realization that other sectors could also be
reformed in a similar way. In response, the
"Responsible Industrial Policy" was published as
part of the "Peasant Farm Responsibility Policy." By
1992, all businesses in China had been transferred
to an economic system, and as a result, the number
of privately owned industrial enterprises increased
from 100,000 to 5.8 million in just five years[7]. It
has become feasible to establish joint ventures
involving foreign investment. The Chinese strategy
is to base decisions on reality: to establish a small
number of peasant farmers while taking into
account the needs of the populace, increase their
financial interests, liberate peasants and
entrepreneurs from administrative constraints,
and remove administrative oversight over them.
This is a promising path, which in our case
represents the only means forward. We must
pursue this route.
CONCLUSION
The results of China's recent administrative reform
efforts have been encouraging. In recent years, the
country
has
implemented
a
series
of
comprehensive changes to its civil service system.
These changes have had several positive outcomes,
including:
1. Reduced corruption: China's anti-corruption
efforts have significantly reduced the level of
corruption among civil servants.
2. Improved efficiency: The reforms have
streamlined the work of civil servants, resulting in
faster service delivery and increased efficiency.
3. Strengthened accountability: New systems hold
civil servants accountable for their actions,
allowing citizens to file complaints when
necessary.
4. Promotion of merit-based service: Reforms focus
on rewarding civil servants based on ability and
performance.
5. Increased citizen satisfaction: All these changes
have contributed to an increase in citizen
satisfaction with public services due to reduced
corruption, improved efficiency, and strengthened
accountability.
Negative outcomes: Increased competition. The
transition to a service-based system has resulted in
increased competition among highly skilled and
experienced civil servants, leading to stress and
pressure in certain areas. Bureaucratic challenges:
In some cases, new systems and procedures have
led to an increase in bureaucracy, slowing down
the decision-making process. Political interference
concerns: Reforms have reduced the Communist
Party's control over civil service appointments,
causing concern among some officials.
Resource limitations: Certain parts of China lack
sufficient resources to fully implement the reforms,
leading to varied outcomes. Implementation
challenges: There have been difficulties in fully
implementing the reforms, and some local
governments have resisted change. Overall, China's
civil service reform efforts have generated both
positive
and
negative
impacts.
Positive
developments, such as decreased corruption,
improved efficiency, and enhanced accountability,
have been noted. However, there were also some
unintended consequences, such as increased
THE USA JOURNALS
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X)
VOLUME 06 ISSUE07
102
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei
competition and decreased bureaucracy. The
Chinese government continues to address these
challenges in order to continue improving its civil
service system.
REFERENCES
1.
Xincheng Zhou. Economic reform in China:
achievements and goals problems of
Management Theory and practice.1997.
2.
Ostrovsky A. Chase America. New21st century
horizons of the Chinese economy political
journal 2004.
3.
Pivovarova E. Social transformation of Chinese
society in the process of market changes,
Russian Economic Journal 2002.
4.
Ostrovsky A. Chase America. New21st century
horizons of the Chinese economy political
journal 2004.
5.
Fedorovsky A. Institutional changes in China:
conditions, characteristics, prospects, world
economy and international relations. 2003.
6.
Malov V. Yu., Tarkhov S. A. The Railways of
China as the basis of the integration of its
regions are eco. 2003.
7.
Ma Ke, Lee Jun. Trade in China is China's
Intercontinental publishing house. 2004.
