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THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF EDUCATION AND
EDUCATIONAL SERVICES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
UZBEKISTAN’S ECONOMY
Mansurova Muzaffarra Makhsudovna
–
Lecturer at the Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service
Email: mansurovam1919@gmail.com
Axrorov Zafar Mubinovich
–
student of the Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service, group MK-k-224
Abstract:
The article examines the main aspects of the influence of
education on the economic development of Uzbekistan, including the role of
educational services in the formation of a qualified workforce, improving the
country's competitiveness and raising the standard of living of the population.
Particular attention is paid to the strategic initiatives of the Government of
Uzbekistan in the field of education reform, such as the introduction of new
educational standards, the development of the private sector in the field of
education, as well as the introduction of information technology in the educational
process.
Key words:
Education, educational services, human capital, investing in
human capital, investing in the future, skilled labor force, labor market, subjects of
educational services, objects of educational services, personal development, state
educational institutions, paid educational services.
Education has been considered important for humanity throughout the entire
history of human development.
“
The roots of education are bitter, but its fruits are
sweet,”
believed the great ancient Greek thinker and philosopher Aristotle, who
1
Диоген Лаэртский. О жизни, учениях и изречениях знаменитых философов.
-
М.: АСТ, 2020.
-
С. 257.
-
ISBN 978-5-17-119357-7.
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lived from 384 to 321 BCE. Even today, the education system can be viewed as
one of the most essential parts of modern society’s functioning, necessary for the
successful operation of any state.
Education is mentioned in the Quran in about 600 verses. For example, in
verse 9 of Surah Az-Zumar (The Groups), it says:
“
Is one who devoutly observes the hours of the night, prostrating and
standing (in prayer), fearing the Hereafter and hoping for the mercy of his Lord,
(like one who does not)? Say, “
Are those who know equal to those who do not
know?
”
Indeed, only those who possess int
ellect take heed.”
Moreover, quality education can not only reduce a country’s poverty level
and accelerate its economic development, but also nurture a nation that ensures the
country’s security and economic growth. This, in turn, increases its
competitiveness relative to other countries and guarantees its independence.
Additionally, the development of telecommunications technologies, globalization,
expansion of international trade, and similar processes create growing demand for
education.
The Law “On Education” of the Republic of Uzbekistan, adopted by the
Legislative Chamber on May 19, 2020, and approved by the Senate on August 7,
2020, defines education as follows:
“Education is a systematic process aimed at providing learners with deep
theoretical knowledge, skills, and practical abilities, as well as the formation of
general educational and professional knowledge, skills, and the development of
capabilities.”
During the educational process, specific educational levels are attained. The
law divides educational activities into two types:
2
Кулиев Э. Перевод Корана/ https://quran
-online.ru/39/kuliev#ayat-9
3
Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education," adopted by the Legislative Chamber on May 19, 2020, and
approved by the Senate on August 7, 2020.
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The first type is activities carried out according to educational standards
(based on general education programs).
The second type is additional educational services, the scope and content of
which are regulated by state standards, but provider enhancements are welcomed.
Furthermore, the law states that private and public educational institutions
have the right to offer paid additional educational services to those interested.
These include training under supplementary educational programs, teaching special
courses and subject cycles, classes with in-depth study, and other educational
services.
The importance of education and educational services is also reflected in the
numerous normative legal documents recently adopted by the Government of
Uzbekistan to develop and improve the quality of education. For instance, to foster
the knowledge and skills of school students, nurture them in the spirit of devotion
to national and universal human values, raise the prestige of the teaching profession
and the quality of teachers, improve textbooks and teaching materials based on
modern requirements, and build modern models of public education institutions
meeting international standards, the Presidential Decree "On the Strategy for the
Development of New Uzbekistan for 2022
–
2026" dated January 28, 2022 (No. UP-
60) and "On the Approval of the National Program for the Development of Public
Education in 2022
–
2026" dated May 11, 2022 (No. UP-134) were adopted.
Educational activity is often equated with educational services, for which
many definitions of varying content but similar meaning exist. For example, A.
Skalkin in his article defines:
"Educational services are an element of educational activity with specific
goals and subjective composition. The goals of educational services are the transfer
of knowledge, skills, formation of professional competencies, and their mastery by
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learners. The subjects of educational services are educational organizations
represented by teaching staff and learners seekin
g education at a certain level.”
Another important definition, given by V.N. Zotov, states:
“
An educational service is the volume of academic and scientific information
transmitted to a citizen in the form of a sum of public and specialized knowledge,
as well as practical skills, conveyed a
ccording to a specific program.”
Theoretically and practically studying “educational services,” it can be
concluded that they represent a relationship between the person seeking knowledge
and the provider of that knowledge, either paid or free of charge. Educational
services directly contribute to the formation of human capital, as the service
delivery process involves creating spiritual values, transforming, and developing
the learner’s personality.
Educational services have specific characteristics manifesting in both
traditional traits and unique features. One specificity is that they belong to the
category of “public goods.” Another is the impossibility of their direct monetary
measurement. The price mechanism often cannot fully reflect the costs of
producing educational services. This is due to the absence of a physical form and
tangible results, their consumption during the activity, and the fact that they contain
beneficial effects in themselves. While material goods can be relatively easily
measured quantitatively (e.g., units or kilograms per product), educational services
generate intangible benefits. These benefits are not subject to ownership rights; the
result of educational services is achieving a certain educational level, which implies
a paid nature of the services. Services are provided for a fee. However, the
educational process in state educational institutions within the main educational
4
Скалкин
А.Н. Понятие образовательных услуг и правовые основы их оказания // Материалы VIII
Международной студенческой научной конференции «Студенческий научный форум» URL: <a
href="https://scienceforum.ru/2016/article/2016024643">https://scienceforum.ru/2016/article/2016024643</a>
(дата обращения: 30.03.2023 ).</p>
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programs and state standards is free of charge, and no contract for educational
services is concluded for these processes.
Another distinctive feature of educational services is the multiplicity of goals
set before the organizations providing these services. Typically, educational
institutions are not directly profit-driven; many of their interests relate to increasing
welfare, which implies “
earning profits necessary to ensure expanded
reproduction.”
From some theoretical economic perspectives, educational services can be
classified as pure private goods. The significant positive external effect of
educational services also allows them to be considered socially significant private
goods.
Being a type of socio-economic good, educational services are additional in
non-core educational institutions, exceeding state educational standards and costs
required for production and consumption, thus demanding adequate compensation.
Nevertheless, the volume of educational services can be increased by recruiting
qualified teachers, expanding classroom facilities, additional funding, etc.
The knowledge, skills, competencies, and specialties acquired through
educational services motivate consumers entering the educational market.
Individuals strive to use educational services to find the most suitable niche in the
labor market. Under competition among educational institutions, consumers can
choose based on various factors. Educational services are characterized by the
knowledge, skills, and competencies the consumer acquires and the specialty
obtained as the final result.
Factors influencing consumer motivation in choosing educational services
include both primary and additional advantages of an educational organization.
Important for consumers are the duration, type, and form of training, the
qualification level of the teaching staff, and the material base of the institution,
including classrooms equipped with modern teaching aids. To attract potential
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consumers, advantages such as additional advanced training courses, retraining,
diplomas, certificates, free consultations, and certain privileges are offered. From
an economic perspective, concepts like “extended product” and “potential goods”
apply to attract consumers. The desire to acquire knowledge, skills, and
competencies that provide labor market advantages defines another key feature of
educational services - mutual activity of the service provider and the receiver. This
distinguishes educational services from most others, where the client remains
passive.
Paid educational activities of this kind were not considered entrepreneurial.
Researchers of educational legislation identify both positive and negative aspects
of introducing the term “educational services” into normative legal acts. The
positives include:
Legalizing paid forms of education;
Using the term in educational legislation allows applying civil law
regulations to public relations in education;
Promoting competition in the educational services market;
Finding additional non-state funding sources for public educational
institutions;
Granting financial autonomy to some higher education institutions and
certain powers to the Cabinet of Ministers and ministries, such as transferring
foreign students from overseas universities to Uzbek public universities and
defining internal student regulations.
All these measures aim to create conditions for entrepreneurship and
business development and accelerate the implementation of innovations in science
and education. For example, the Presidential Decree "On the Concept for the
Development of Higher Education in the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030" dated
October 8, 2019 (No. UP-5847) outlines plans to improve education and
educational services in Uzbekistan. This concept fosters the internationalization of
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higher education and requires some universities to have international rankings. It
is worth noting that Uzbekistan prioritizes improving the quality of all three
education levels (primary, secondary, and higher), rather than focusing on just one.
Approximately 44.4% of total social expenditures are allocated to finance large-
scale educational policy.
Additionally, in recent years, to improve the quality of educational services,
foreign scholars and specialists from leading global universities and institutes have
been involved in the education system via distance learning and experience
exchange. This positively impacts the development not only of education but also
the country’s economy as a whole.
References:
1.
The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education”,
adopted by the
Legislative Chamber on May 19, 2020, and approved by the Senate on August 7,
2020.
2.
Диоген Лаэртский. О жизни, учениях и изречениях знаменитых
философов.
-
М.: АСТ, 2020.
-
С. 257.
- ISBN 978-5-17-119357-7.
3.
Кулиев Э. Перевод Корана/ https://quran
-online.ru/39/kuliev#ayat-9
4.
Mansurova M.M. (2023). The role of educational services in the development
of the economy of Uzbekistan. International bulletin of applied science and
technology, 3(6), 179
–
183. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8010222
5.
Скалкин А.Н. Понятие образовательных услуг и правовые основы их
оказания // Материалы VIII Международной студенческой научной
конференции
«Студенческий
научный
форум»
URL:
<a
href="https://scienceforum.ru/2016/article/2016024643">https://scienceforum.ru/
20
16/article/2016024643</a> (дата обращения: 30.03.2023 ).</p>
