Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
46-son_1-to’plam_Iyun -2025
298
ISSN:3030-3621
THE EMERGENCE OF STATES IN WORLD HISTORY
Ikromova Marhabo Muzaffar kizi
Student at Fergana Academic Lyceum
of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Abstract
This article analyzes in detail the historical development of the concept of the
state, the process of its emergence and the main factors that influenced its formation.
It is shown that the development of agriculture, social stratification, political
centralization, religious and military factors are of great importance in the early
formation of states. The process of the emergence of states is studied using the
examples of ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese and Indian civilizations. The
article also covers the role of the concept of the state in society, its stages of
development and its impact on the modern era.
Keywords:
state, emergence of states, history, social development, economic
factors, political centralization, ancient civilizations, Mesopotamia, Egypt, China,
India, religious factors, military power
Introduction
The state is one of the most important social institutions in human history, which
performs the function of governing society, establishing laws and ensuring social order.
The emergence of states is an important turning point in the cultural and political
development of mankind. Looking at historical processes, it is clear that the formation
of states occurred as a result of the combination of many social, economic and political
factors. The purpose of this article is to study the emergence and development
processes of the concept of the state based on historical sources and modern research.
The concept of the state not only means a system of power and governance, but
also includes social order, economic relations and cultural values. Therefore, the
emergence of states is closely related to the complexity and specialization of human
society. This article analyzes the early formation of states, their main characteristics,
and stages of development
Methods
The article was written using the method of historical-comparative analysis.
With the help of this method, the processes of state formation in different periods were
compared and their specific and common aspects were identified. Historical sources,
archaeological finds, ancient written documents and modern historiographical
literature were used as the main sources of information. Also, the social and economic
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
46-son_1-to’plam_Iyun -2025
299
ISSN:3030-3621
aspects of the concept of the state were more widely covered through scientific research
in the field of sociology and economics.
The following research sources and methods played a key role in writing the
article:
- Analysis of historical documents and ancient texts
- Results of archaeological research
- Modern historiographical and sociological literature
- Methods of historical-comparative and integrative analysis
Results
1. The development of agriculture and social stratification
The early formation of states is closely related to the development of agriculture. In the
10th-8th millennium BC, people began to transition from a hunting and gathering
lifestyle to farming and animal husbandry. This stabilized food production and led to
an increase in population. Increased population density and the stability of food supply
led to new social relations and specialization.
As a result of the development of agriculture, new classes appeared in society: farmers,
artisans, merchants, and rulers. Social stratification laid the foundation for the
formation of state power. Thus, the change in the economic base led to the emergence
of political structures and systems of governance.
2. Political centralization and consolidation of power
Political centralization was an important factor in the formation of states. As a result
of the centralization of power, a system of governing bodies, laws, and discipline
emerged. Rulers expanded their powers and began to use military force to protect and
expand the territory of the state.
In this process, state administration became more complex and a state apparatus
was formed. At the same time, state power acquired religious legitimacy, and rulers
were often considered divine representatives. This situation contributed to the
strengthening of state power.
3. The emergence of ancient states
In the 4th-3rd millennium BC, the first states appeared in the territories of
Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India. For example:
- Mesopotamia: The Sumerians founded city-states and created a writing system. They
achieved success in state administration, tax system and law development.
- Egypt: The pharaohs strengthened central power and created a powerful state system.
The development of agriculture around the Nile River served the stability of the state.
- China: The centralized imperial system, Confucian teachings and social order played
an important role in the formation of the state.
- India: Political centralization and social systems were formed in ancient civilizations,
including the caste system.
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
46-son_1-to’plam_Iyun -2025
300
ISSN:3030-3621
4. Religious and Military Factors
State power was often based on religious foundations. Rulers proclaimed themselves
divine representatives, strengthening their power. Religious institutions played a major
role in state governance.
Military power was a decisive tool in protecting and expanding state territories. Many
states sought to gain strategic positions in order to increase their military power.
Discussion
The emergence of states is a new stage of social development and an important
turning point in the history of mankind. It arose as a result of the combination of
economic, political and cultural factors. The development of agriculture, social
stratification and political centralization formed the main foundation of states.
Religious and military factors also played an important role in strengthening state
power. Although the process of state formation in different geographical and cultural
conditions is unique, there are common principles.
Today, the concept of the state is taking on new forms under the influence of
global processes, technological progress and political changes. The formation and
functions of states are of great importance in modern world politics and economics.
Conclusion
The emergence of states is a complex and multifaceted process in the history of
mankind, which was shaped by social, economic, political and religious factors. The
formation of states in ancient civilizations marked a new stage in the development of
human society. The concept of the state and its role in society is still relevant today and
continues to evolve.
In the future, states are expected to change and create new forms and systems of
governance to address new global challenges.
References
1. Карпюк В. М. История государства и права. — М.: Проспект, 2018. — 512 с.
2. Тойнби А. История цивилизаций. — М.: Республика, 2001. — 784 с.
3. Спенсер Дж. История человечества. — СПб.: Питер, 2015. — 640 с.
4. Гидденс Э. Социология. — М.: Академический проект, 2010. — 576 с.
5. Фергюсон Н. Цивилизация: Запад и остальной мир. — М.: АСТ, 2012. — 960
с.
6. Earle T. State Formation and Political Economy. — Routledge, 2010.
7. Mann M. The Sources of Social Power. — Cambridge University Press, 2012.
8. Абдураҳмонов А. Ўзбекистон тарихи: давлат ва ҳуқуқнинг шаклланиши. —
Тошкент: "Ўзбекистон", 2016. — 320 с.
9. Қурбонов Ш. Давлат ва жамият тарихи. — Тошкент: "Маънавият", 2018. —
280 с.
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
46-son_1-to’plam_Iyun -2025
301
ISSN:3030-3621
10. Иброҳимов М. Ўрта асрларда Ўрта Осиё давлатлари тарихи. — Тошкент:
"Ўзбекистон", 2015. — 400 с.
11. Назаров Б. Давлат ва ҳуқуқ тарихи. — Тошкент: "Ўқитувчи", 2017. — 350 с.
12. Мирзаев Д. Ўзбекистон давлатчилиги тарихи. — Тошкент: "Ёш гвардия",
2019. — 290 с.
