Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
47-son_3-to’plam_Iyun -2025
30
ISSN:3030-3621
FACTORS AND MAIN RISKS OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES
DISTRIBUTION IN A PRODUCTION PLANT.
Turakulova Gulasal Zohidjon kizi
+9989461790986
Abstract.
In modern industrial production processes, environmental safety is
becoming increasingly important. In particular, the release of harmful substances into
the air during production - chemical compounds in gaseous, liquid and solid states, dust
particles, toxic substances - poses a serious threat to the environment and human health.
These processes have a negative impact on the health of workers, productivity and the
sustainable operation of industrial enterprises in general.
Keywords:
industrial hazards, dust, industrial noise, physical stress, organic
compounds, toxic substances.
The release of harmful substances into the air is associated with the technical
condition of technological equipment, the complexity of production processes, non-
compliance with safety standards, and insufficient ventilation of workplaces. This
creates the need to further strengthen labor protection and environmental control
systems. Therefore, determining the amount and qualitative composition of harmful
substances in the production process, in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of their
distribution, and the development of effective technical and organizational measures
to reduce them are considered important scientific and practical tasks. The general
characteristics of a production facility include: the full name of the production facility,
its purpose, year of commissioning; the name of the research and design organizations
that developed the technological process and implemented the project; the number of
technological lines (flows) and their purpose.
Technical name of products, quality in accordance with regulatory and technical
documents. The quality indicators required for inspection include indicators regulating
the content of components that cause corrosion of metals in raw materials, intermediate
products and finished products.
The explosive hazard and toxicity characteristics of raw materials, reagents,
semi-finished products and finished products are given in the section "Safe operation
of production".
The description of the technological process must strictly comply with the
technological process diagram, which is a graphic appendix to the regulation.
Description of the technological scheme A technological scheme showing the
stages of the technological process, starting from the receipt of raw materials, the main
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
47-son_3-to’plam_Iyun -2025
31
ISSN:3030-3621
technological parameters of the process (temperature, pressure, volume flow rate), the
main equipment involved in the process and included. As the scheme is described, the
main automation and interlocking schemes are shown.
The description of the process includes the main reactions, their parameters,
thermal effects and catalysts. Indicate the use of secondary energy resources
(parameters of steam or hot water obtained as a result of processing secondary energy
resources, the temperature of the exhaust gases after processing the equipment
(recovery boilers, air heaters, economizers).
Technological regime standards for continuous and periodic processes are
presented in tabular form: names of process stages, devices, regime indicators; device
location number on the diagram; permissible limits of technological parameters and
permissible accuracy class of measuring instruments.
Regulated operating parameters: temperature, pressure, volume flow rate,
operating time, number of loaded or delivered components and other parameters
affecting safe operation and product quality are specified for all stages with possible
tolerances or intervals. It is allowed to limit the upper or lower limit values. For
example: “vacuum, not less than ...”, “temperature, not more than ...”.
Analytical control (laboratory, automatic) at all stages of the technological
process is presented in the form of a table: the name of the process stage from which
the analyzed product is obtained, the place of sampling, the controlled indicators,
methods, standards and frequency of control. At the beginning of the table, laboratory
control standards are indicated, followed by automatic control standards.
Process control using alarm systems or interlocks is presented in the form of a
table, which indicates the following: the parameter to be monitored, the name of the
equipment, the value of the specified limit (min, max), and the type of interlock or
signal.
The section provides basic rules for starting and stopping a production facility.
The connection with other technological and auxiliary facilities, the supply of the
installation with raw materials, electrical energy, steam, water, air and other materials
and resources, as well as the direction of product storage are indicated. The operating
conditions of catalysts in catalytic processes are indicated.
When describing the start-up and shutdown of large-capacity combined
complexes and explosion- and fire-hazardous production facilities, the sequence of
start-up and shutdown of individual units, as well as the requirements for compliance
with the regime, indicating the consequences of their violation, should be indicated.
The section "Safe Operation of Production" of the Technological Regulations is
based on the Regulation on the procedure and content of the development of the section
"Safe Operation of Production" of the Technological Regulations and is designed for
the design, operation, expansion and reconstruction of facilities in the chemical,
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
47-son_3-to’plam_Iyun -2025
32
ISSN:3030-3621
petrochemical, oil refining industries and other explosive industries and related to the
handling or storage of chemically hazardous and toxic substances, as well as dust-
forming substances, air or vapor-gas explosive mixtures.
The section provides the following technological information:
-
characteristics of production risks;
-
possible malfunctions and emergencies, methods for their prevention and
elimination;
-
protecting technological processes and equipment from accidents and
protecting workers from injuries;
-
safety measures during the operation of production facilities.
Characteristics of production risks.
This part of the section contains the
following basic information:
a)
Characteristics of fire hazard and toxic properties of raw materials,
intermediate products, finished products and production waste.
b)
Classification according to explosion and fire hazard, sanitary
characteristics of industrial buildings, premises, zones and external installations.
c)
Main production hazards: features of the technological process or the
implementation of individual production operations; characteristics of the equipment
used and its operating conditions; violation of safety rules by workers.
Possible malfunctions and emergencies, methods for their prevention and
elimination.
The table of the established form provides information on the nature of
malfunctions and emergency situations that may arise when the requirements for the
conduct of the technological process, the performance of production operations, the
use of equipment and communications are not met, which can lead to fire, explosion,
injury or poisoning of workers, or environmental pollution. The table contains
information on control, regulation and protective devices, the failure of which requires
an emergency stop or a transition to another operating mode (rotation, manual control,
etc.). Production equipment, the operation of which is accompanied by the release of
harmful substances (including fire and explosion hazards) or harmful microorganisms,
includes devices installed for their removal, so that the concentration of harmful
substances and microorganisms in the workplace, as well as their emissions into the
natural environment, do not exceed the established values and sanitary standards. If
necessary, preliminary treatment or neutralization of waste is carried out. If the
combined removal of various harmful substances and microorganisms poses a risk,
their separate removal is ensured. Production equipment is equipped with local lighting
appropriate to the nature of the work. When performing production tasks in chemical
enterprises, workers come into contact with chemicals in the form of primary,
intermediate, by-products and final products, gases, vapors or liquids, as well as dust,
fumes or mists. These chemicals can have a harmful effect on human health when they
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
47-son_3-to’plam_Iyun -2025
33
ISSN:3030-3621
contaminate the air in the workplace, clothing and skin, as well as the surfaces of walls,
floors and equipment.
According to GOST 12.1.007-76 “Harmful substances. Classification and
general safety requirements” “A harmful substance is a substance that, in case of
violation of safety requirements when coming into contact with the human div, can
lead to industrial injuries, occupational diseases or health disorders, both during work
and by modern methods, for the long life of present and future generations.” GOST
also establishes general safety requirements for the production, storage and use of
hazardous substances[8].
Hazardous substances in industry, depending on their properties and exposure
conditions (concentration, dose, time), can lead to the development of acute and
chronic poisoning (intoxication).
Acute poisonings
- diseases that occur during accidents, technological
conditions and violations of safety requirements. Acute poisoning develops
immediately after contact with harmful substances or after a latent period (from 6-8
hours to several days). In this case, harmful substances enter the div in large
quantities: tens and hundreds of times higher than the maximum permissible
concentration in the air of the workplace, as well as with incorrect ingestion or severe
skin contamination.
Chronic poisoning
-
a disease that occurs as a result of prolonged, long-term
exposure to harmful chemicals that enter the div in relatively small quantities.
Chronic poisoning develops due to the accumulation of harmful chemicals in the div.
In chemical enterprises, the combined effects of harmful substances and
unfavorable factors in the production environment are of great importance:
meteorological conditions (temperature, humidity), noise, and physical stress.
Temperature change
enhances and accelerates the effect of harmful substances.
This is explained by a violation of thermoregulation (increased breathing and
accelerated blood circulation). For example, an increase in temperature increases the
likelihood of poisoning with benzene compounds, carbon monoxide, mercury vapor,
and chlorophos.
Air humidity
increases the risk of poisoning, especially from irritating gases.
Physical stress
usually accompanied by increased ventilation of the lungs and
increased blood circulation. Under such conditions, the amount of harmful substances
entering the div through the respiratory system increases, which contributes to the
development of intoxication.
Industrial noise
It enhances the toxic effects of harmful substances and
accelerates their action. This has been proven for carbon monoxide, styrene, alkyl
nitrite, boric acid aerosol, petroleum gases and other substances.
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
47-son_3-to’plam_Iyun -2025
34
ISSN:3030-3621
The nature of the effect of harmful substances on the div depends on their
chemical structure. The toxicity of harmful chemicals can increase or decrease with a
change in chemical structure. This relationship is best studied between the structure
and chemical properties of organic substances.
1.
Thus, the toxicity of organic compounds increases with the number of
unsaturated bonds, for example, from ethane (CH 3 - CH 3 ) to ethylene (CH 2 = CH
2 ) and acetylene (CH
CH).
2.
In organic compounds, increasing the number of atoms in the molecule
and increasing the number of isomers reduces toxicity. For example, benzene is more
toxic than toluene. (C 6 H 6 and C 6 H 5 - CH 3 ). Propyl and butyl alcohols are stronger
drugs than isopropyl and isobutyl, propylbenzenemore toxic than isopropylbenzene,
octane is isooctane. It is known that in the case of cyclic hydrocarbons, compounds
with one side chain are more toxic than their isomers with two or more side chains. For
example, dimethylcyclohexane vapors are less potent than ethylcyclohexane vapors.
3.
The closure of the carbon chain increases the toxicity of hydrocarbons
when inhaled. Vapors of cyclopropane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane and their
homologues are more potent than vapors of propane, pentane, hexane. The transition
from a polymethylene ring to an aromatic ring increases the toxicity by inhalation.
Vapors of benzene and toluene are more potent than vapors of cyclohexane and
methylcyclohexane.
4.
The introduction of a hydroxyl group into a molecule (due to increased
solubility) usually increases the toxicity of the compound. Phenol is more toxic than
benzene. Methocresol is more toxic than toluene, cyclohexanol than cyclohexane, and
methylcyclohexanol than methylcyclohexane. The irritation of amyl alcohol vapor (C
5 H 11 OH) is much stronger than pentane vapor, and allyl alcohol vapor (CH = CH -
CH 2 OH) is stronger than propylene (CH 2 = CH - CH 3 ).
5.
The introduction of halogen, amino acids and nitro groups into organic
molecules usually increases the toxicity of substances. The introduction of organic
compounds of chlorine and fluorine into the molecule gives them an irritant property
and increases toxicity. Thus, toxicity increases from methane to chloroform. The
toxicity of nitro- and amino acids of aromatic hydrocarbons (nitrobenzene,
dinitrobenzene, aniline, toluidine, xylidine) is especially high.
6.
In the homologous series of hydrocarbons, there is an increase in toxicity
(Richardson's rule). The rule applies to substances of the aliphatic series, but has not
been confirmed for aromatic compounds. Thus, the strength of the narcotic effect
increases from pentane (C 5 H 12 ) to octane (C 8 H 18 ) methylincreases from alcohol
(CH 3 OH) to allyl alcohol (CH = CHCH 2 OH).
The physical properties of harmful substances (state of aggregation, volatility,
solubility, dispersion) affect toxicity. In particular, the ability to penetrate the div,
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
47-son_3-to’plam_Iyun -2025
35
ISSN:3030-3621
distribute in it and be excreted. Some harmful substances in the gaseous state are more
toxic than solid and liquid substances, since they enter the div more easily. It is known
that, for example, metallic mercury in the liquid state is not dangerous, but mercury
vapor is very toxic.
Conclusion
The direction and severity of the toxic effects of harmful substances in people of
different sexes are manifested both in specific signs of damage (certain organs and
systems) and in general behavior. Men are more sensitive to some toxic substances
than women. It is known that beryllium, mercury and their inorganic compounds can
cause lung cancer in men. Reproductive dysfunction has been identified in female
workers who have industrial contact with solvents and components of rubber products.
The risk of pregnancy complications is high among workers producing plastics,
styrene, viscose and artificial fibers.
References
1.
Minko V.M. Razvitie upravleniya oxranoy truda v Rossii: monografiya //
Kaliningrad: FGBOU VPO «KGTU», 2015. – 191 s.
2.
KR-09/177.13.02.2023 yildagi Oʻzbekiston Kasaba Uyushmalari Federasiyasining
mehnat muhofazasiga oid tahliliy axborot xati ma'lumotlari.
3.
Oxrana
truda.
MOT:
Nasionalnie
sistemi
oxrani
truda.
https://www.ilo.org/moscow/areas-of-work/occupational-safety-and
health/WCMS_249273/lang--ru/index.htm
4.
Turakulova G.Z “Ishlab chiqarish korxonalarida havfsiz mehnatni sharoitlarini
o‘rganish va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqish” Xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy Anjuman
materilalar to ‘plami.:And 2022. 401-403b/
5.
Turakulova G.Z “ORGANIZING A SYSTEM OF SAFE WORK IN INDUSTRIAL
ENTERPRISES, ORGANIZING A MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” NamTSI Maxsus
son Nam. 2024.285-289b
