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RELIGION AND POLITICS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES.
Dedaxanova Sarvinoz Botirjon qizi
Toshkent Kimyo Xalqaro Universiteti Namangan filiali, English education yoʻnalishi,
2-bosqich talabasi.
Tel: +998 (94) 223-03-27. E-mail:
Дедаханова Сарвиноз Ботиржон кизи
Студент Наманганского филиала
Ташкентского университета Кимё Специальность «Английское образование»,
студент 2 курса.
Тел: +998 (94) 223-03-27. E-mail:
Dedakhanova Sarvinoz Botirjon
qizi
Student of Namangan branch of Tashkent
University of Chemistry English education major, 2nd level student.
Tel: +998 (94) 223-03-27. E-mail:
Annotatsiya
Oʻrta asrlarda salib yurishlari Yevropa xristianlari tomonidan Muqaddas yer,
shuningdek, Quddusni musulmonlardan qaytarish maqsadida bir qancha harakatlar olib
borilgan. Bu harakatlar asosan, Yevropa va Islom dunyosi o'rtasidagi madaniy,
iqtisodiy-ijtimoiy va diniy aloqalarni tobora kengaytiradi. Shunga qaramay, Salib
yurishlari Quddusni egallab oladi va Xudo uyi tashkil etiladi. Afsuski, bu hududlarni
saqlab qolishga qaratilgan rejalar, muvaffaqiyatsizlik bilan yakunlanadi. Shuningdek,
Richard I boshchiligida turli xil yurishlar olib borildi, ammo Quddusni avvalgi holiga
qaytarishga muvaffaq bo'lolmadi. Keyingi
Salib yurishlari esa Konstantinopolni bosib oladi. Natijasida Sharqdagi xristian
davlatlariga zarar yetkazadi boshlaydi. Shuningdek, Salib yurishlari nafaqat diniy
masalalar, balki siyosiy kuchlar tarangligini ham ifodalab, Yevropadagi feodal
tizimning burivojlanishi va savdo-sotiq aloqalarini kengayishiga sabab bo'ladi. Ular
Islom dunyosi bilan Yevropa o'rtasidagi muloqotni kengaytirigan holda, uzoq muddatli
ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy o'zgarishlarga olib keladi va zamonaviy tarixning shakllanishida
ham muhim ahamiyatga ega hisoblanadi.
Kalit soʻzlar
: Quddus, Richard I, monaster, Rim Papasi, Saljuqiy turklar,
Aleksey Kamnin, Mansikert, Muqaddas shahar, genotsidi, Tevton, Gotfird Bulonskiy,
Akra shahri, Tiripoli, Antioxiya.
Annotation
During the Middle Ages, the Crusades were a series of efforts by European
Christians to reclaim the Holy Land, as well as Jerusalem, from the Muslims. These
actions mainly expand the cultural, economic, social and religious ties between Europe
and the Islamic world. Nevertheless, the Crusaders capture Jerusalem and the House
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of God is established. Unfortunately, the plans to save these territories ended in failure.
Also, various campaigns were conducted under the leadership of Richard I, but they
did not succeed in returning Jerusalem to its former state. Next And the Crusaders
conquer Constantinople. As a result, it begins to harm the Christian countries in the
East. Also, the Crusades represented not only religious issues, but also the tension of
political forces, causing the development of the feudal system in Europe and the
expansion of trade relations. They lead to long-term social and economic changes,
expanding the dialogue between the Islamic world and Europe, and are considered
important in the formation of modern history.
Keywords
: Jerusalem, Richard I, monastery, Pope, Seljuk Turks, Alexey
Kamnin, Mansikert, Holy City, genocide, Teuton, Gotthard Bulonsky, city of Acre,
Tiripoli, Antioch.
Аннотация
В средние века крестовые походы представляли собой серию попыток
европейских христиан вернуть Святую Землю, а также Иерусалим, от
мусульман. Эти действия главным образом расширяют культурные,
экономические, социальные и религиозные связи между Европой и исламским
миром. Тем не менее крестовые походы захватывают Иерусалим и основывают
Дом Божий. К сожалению, планы по спасению этих территорий закончились
провалом. Также под руководством Ричарда I проводились различные кампании,
но вернуть Иерусалим в прежнее состояние не удалось. И крестоносцы
захватывают Константинополь. В результате это начинает вредить
христианским странам Востока. Также Крестовые походы представляли собой
не только религиозные вопросы, но и напряжение политических сил,
вызывающее развитие феодального строя в Европе и расширение торговых
отношений. Они приводят к долгосрочным социальным и экономическим
изменениям, расширяют диалог между исламским миром и Европой и считаются
важными в формировании современной истории.
Ключевые слова
: Иерусалим, Ричард I, монастырь, Папа Римский,
турки-сельджуки, Алексей Камнин, Мансикерт, Священный город, геноцид,
тевтонцы, Готард Булонский, город Акра, Тириполи, Антиохия.
We know that there have been thousands of bloody wars in human history.
Including such military conflicts in history that these battles lasted for several centuries
and left an indelible mark on the history of mankind. Starting from the end of the 11th
century, European barons and knights, in pursuit of wealth, carried out various military
campaigns in the Muslim lands of the Middle East. These military campaigns were also
called “Crusades” and “the struggle against the idol - the crescent”. The Crusades are
the powerful and, of course, large military campaigns of European feudal lords for
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several years, more precisely from the end of the 11th century to the end of the 13th
century, to the Middle East, as well as Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the Balkan Peninsula
and other regions
1
.
This military campaign is actually also called an armed expedition in a religious
spirit. Because the Catholic Church declared this campaign “the struggle of Christianity
against the idol - the crescent, mainly against Islam”. One of the main reasons for this
military campaign was to free the city of Palestine from the "infidels" and return the
Christian faith, as well as the "tomb of Jesus Christ" in Jerusalem to the Christians. In
fact, this invasion was considered a military campaign, in which Europeans, mainly
barons, knights, peasants, and even rulers, laid the foundation for this campaign.
One of the main reasons for the Crusades goes back to the great changes that
took place in the Middle East and Europe in the second half of the 11th century. Various
major factors were responsible for the Crusades. In Europe, in the 11th century, the
rise of cities was accompanied by the development of internal and external trade. The
spread of the system of majoritarianism in Europe (the custom of leaving property to
the eldest son to prevent division of land) caused many knights to become unemployed.
In addition, the unemployed knights got involved in various conflicts, sometimes
resorting to violence, despite the fact that it was daytime, robbing merchants, and even
attacking monasteries. And of course, in such conditions it was important to divert the
attention of the knights to something else.
The Crusades benefited all European cities, especially from trade with Byzantium
and the countries of the East. In turn, the Western markets were in great demand for
silk fabrics, expensive weapons, natural, shiny and unique glass products, and, of
course, spices. Also, a single successful caravan of merchants from the East brought
great wealth. At this time, various legends about the countries of the East beyond the
sea were popular in many places. The idea that “the East is heaven on earth” also
attracted European rulers
2
Also, in 1054, the Christian Church split into two, namely the Eastern
(Orthodox) and the Western (Catholic). In the 11th century, the Popes of Rome were
demanding the supreme arbitration among the rulers of Europe. In particular, the
weakening of the Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 11th century increasingly
increased the Pope's interest in restoring his rule over the Eastern Christian Church. In
the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks launched an invasion of the territories of the
Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) in the Middle East and occupied some territories. As
a result, this situation began to frighten the Byzantine emperors. Shortly after this, the
Seljuk Turks captured the city of Nika, adjacent to Constantinople, and made it their
capital. And in 1071, the Turks defeated the Byzantines near the city of Mansikert. In
addition, the Byzantine emperor Alexios Kamenin repeatedly sent letters to the Pope
and the German emperor asking for help in a military campaign against the Turks.
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These letters served as a rallying cry for the rulers of Europe and the Pope. As a result,
in early 1099, the Crusaders began their campaign to capture Jerusalem. And of course,
the Knights' army arrived in the Holy City in the summer of 1099. On July 15 of that
year, the Crusaders captured the city of Jerusalem. The European knights put all the
Muslims and Jews in the city to the sword, regardless of age and gender. Even the so-
called Christians of the eastern city were accused of "aiding the enemy" and expelled
from their homes due to slander. The streets of this great and Holy City were washed
with a sea of \u200b\u200b the blood of innocent people for no reason. These actions
were not due to military necessity, but simply to instill terror in the hearts of people,
forcing them to shed the blood of every innocent person.
Nowadays, historians have called this terrible event the "genocide of the Middle
Ages." This serious and terrible event was not only due to the unheard-of barbarity of
the Europeans of that time, but also due to their fanaticism. Of course, after this
atrocity, the Muslims rightfully wanted revenge, and after about a hundred years they
achieved this goal. Nevertheless, the capture of the Holy City was celebrated with great
joy in the West. As a result, the Crusaders established the Kingdom of Jerusalem in
this city. The lands of Palestine and Southern Syria were included in its territory. The
royal throne was occupied by Godfrey of Boulogne under the title of "protector of the
coffin of the prophet". Also, after the capture of the great city by the Crusaders,
thousands of knights, peasants and some people began to move to the East. Meanwhile,
the Lombards (French) captured the city of Acre from the Seljuk Turks. In 1101-1109,
the cities of Haifa, Caesarea, Acre, Tripoli, Sidon and Beirut were added to the
Kingdom of Jerusalem. After some time, the Crusaders established the County of
Tripoli. And as a result, the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea between Egypt and
Cilicia falls into the hands of the Europeans. Taking advantage of this situation, the
Crusaders, taking advantage of the conflicts among the Turks, seize the provinces of
Asia Minor one after another. Soon after this, the Europeans gradually begin to
establish their own states in the East. First of all, they form the counties of Edessa and
Tripoli, and later the principality of Antioch. They also submit to the Kingdom of
Jerusalem
3
After the end of the First Crusade in 1099-1100, some parts of the knights return
to Europe. As a result, only a few thousand warriors remain in Palestine. As a result,
the Crusaders are forced to create their own standing army to defend the conquered
lands. After that, three religious and chivalric orders are created to help the knights.
And in 1199, the first French order, the Templars, was proclaimed, also known as the
"Templars", or "People of the Temple". According to popular legend, the building of
the order may have been located near the ancient Jewish temple of King Solomon.
After the establishment of the Templars, a similar Italian order, the "Hospitalists" or
"Ionites" (named in honor of St. John), was created not long after. Members of this
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order treated pilgrims and knights in hospitals. And in 1190, a third religious order, the
"Teutonic" was founded.
The recipients of these orders were honored to serve as both monarchs and
knights at the same time. They also had special monarchical laws and military
commanders. In addition, the owners of the religious-knightly order were directly
subordinate to the Pope. And the Knights Templar were the most powerful and
cohesive force in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. Unfortunately, their
independent actions led to internal conflicts with large landowners. As a result, this
conflict led to the weakening of the Crusader state. In the 12th century, the Muslim
emirates of Asia Minor united and began to reclaim lands previously occupied by
Christians. The Emir of Mosul seized the county of Edessa in 1144 and began to
threaten the Principality of Antioch. This led to the next Crusade.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:
1. Jahon tarixi; Salimov T. U.; Toshkent-2014
2. O'rta asrlar tarixi; Semyonov V. F.; Toshkent-1973
3. Jahon tarixi; Uslubiy majmua; Denov-2019
4. Jahon tarixi; Hasanov F. S.; Toshkent-2017
5.
https://qalampir.uz/uz/news/urta-asr-genotsidi-yekhud-k-uddus-uchun-
musulmonlarga-k-arshi-ochilgan-urush-46063
https://zenodo.org/records/6379194
