Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025
ISSN: 3030-3621
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THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITIES IN EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST.
Xudoyqulova Diyora
A student of Kimyo International University in Tashkent, Samarkand branch
Gmail: xudoyqulovadiyora451@gmail.com
Instructor:
Khujayorova Sadokat
Abstract
:This article provides brief information about the Oxford university and
Ulugbek Madrasahs, which were among the first universities and madrasahs in Europe
and Central Asia. Also, the article provides data on active construction of educational
institutions, on the subjects that were taught at these universities, on multidisciplinary,
higher educational and scientific institution in the Middle Ages. Clear data are provided
comparing European universities and Central Asian madrasah.
Keywords
: University, madrasah, Oxford, Central Asia, Europe, Ulugbek
Madrasa, Astronomy, geometry, mathematics, Samarkand, research,
University (Latin universitas - assembly, complex) - a multidisciplinary, higher
educational and scientific institution aimed at training highly qualified specialists in
natural, social and humanitarian directions. It provides its graduates with in-depth
theoretical preparation for future scientific, practical and pedagogical activities.
It makes a significant contribution to the integration of educational and scientific
research work. It was the main distinctive feature of education. It corresponded to the
highest (Madrasa or madrasa aliya (see: Madrasah) in the Muslim East. In the Middle
East it was called dorilfunun.
1
The first university in Europe was usually considered to be the University of
Bologna (Italy). This university was founded in 1088 and was known as one of the
oldest higher education institutions in Europe. The University of Bologna played a
major role in science, law and other fields and made a significant contribution to the
development of scientific activity at that time.
One of the most famous and early universities in Europe was the University of
Oxford.
The University of Oxford (English: University of Oxford; informally Oxford
University or Oxford) was a large and ancient university located in England. It was the
oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second oldest continuously
existing university in the world. It was founded in 1096 in Oxford. John Wycliffe,
Thomas More, John Locke, and Robert Boyle taught at various times at the university.
1
Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005). P.(56 -58).
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
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It trained specialists in theology, law, medicine, classical literature, modern and
contemporary history, English language and literature, medieval and modern European
languages and literature, oriental studies, physics, mathematics, biology, agricultural
sciences, psychology, anthropology, geography, art history, and music.
It had a number of specialized institutes and laboratories, and museums. The
main library was founded in 1602. The year of the university's foundation is not known.
In 1167, Henry II forbade foreign students from studying at the University of Paris. As
a result, many English students were forced to leave France and study at Oxford
University. The head of the university was the chancellor. Many officials contributed
to the development of the university. The first of them was William Durham, who
founded University College in 1249. He founded Balliol College in honor of the father
of the future king of Scotland, John I de Balliol.
The English Lord Chancellor, Walter de Merton, developed regulations for
colleges. This college served as a model for Cambridge College and other colleges in
Oxford. At the same time, several universities were founded in Central Asia, which
were called madrasas.
The University of Oxford in history also had its own motto, which distinguished
it from other universities in history. The unique motto of this university is: Dominus
illuminatio mea (The Lord is light).
Madrasah was an institution of higher learning. An educational building where,
in addition to religious sciences, mathematics, rhetoric and logic, linguistics, law,
philosophy, calligraphy, music, medicine, geography, astronomy and other sciences
were taught.
From the Arabic language, madrasah a place where lessons were held. This term
refers to educational buildings specially built for teaching. The first madrasah in
Central Asia was the Ulugbek Madrasah in Samarkand. This madrasah was built in the
1420s by Mirzo Ulugbek. Ulugbek Madrasah served as an important center in the field
of science, astronomy, mathematics and other sciences in its time. Scientific work was
carried out in the madrasah, famous scientists studied, and many of those who studied
here made a great contribution to the development of Central Asian science. Also, such
qualified specialists worked and created in the Ulugbek madrasah.The Ulugbek
Madrasah also played a significant role in the development of religious and scientific
education in Central Asia. The Ulugbek Madrasah was an architectural monument in
Samarkand. It was located to the west of the Registan ensemble. It was the first
architectural monument built on Registan Square. It was considered a unique academy
of the 15th century.
2
2
F. Abdukhalikov. Architectural epigraphy of Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan today. 2015, P. 9.
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
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ISSN: 3030-3621
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This madrasah also attracted the attention of European scholars. The opinions of
European scholars about the Ulugbek madrasah were highly valued, because it was a
scientific and cultural center of great importance in its time. The achievements of the
Ulugbek madrasah in astronomy, mathematics, geometry and other scientific fields
also attracted great attention in Europe. Scientists working at the Ulugbek madrasah,
including Ulugbek himself, conducted the most advanced astronomical research of
their time.
Ulugbek established his own observatory in Samarkand in the 1420s and made
very accurate measurements of astronomical objects. European astronomers,
including Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, were inspired by Ulugbek's
astronomical tables and reports. The astronomical table created by Ulugbek - "Zij-i
Ulugbek" - was the most accurate astronomical table of the 15th century, widely
distributed in Europe and recognized in particular by astronomers. This work proposed
a very high-precision measurement of the positions and movements of astronomical
objects and had a great influence on the development of astronomy in Europe.
3
European scientists recognized the Ulugbek Madrasah was a center for scientific
developments and education in its time. Not only religious, but also scientific education
was provided there, which caused an influx of scientists and students from other
countries to Samarkand. Influence in Europe: The educational system and scientific
heritage of the Ulugbek Madrasah especially influenced the scientists of the
Renaissance.
Many of them, for example, Copernicus and Kepler, studied the discoveries of
Samarkand scientists and applied them in their work. Thus, the Ulugbek Madrasah had
a great influence not only on the scientific development of Central Asia, but also on
Europe. European scientists appreciated its scientific achievements and were inspired
by it.
The famous poet, scientist and philosopher Abdurakhman Jami studied here.
4
Among the students of the madrasa were the sheikh of the Naqshbandi order Khoja
Ahrar and the poet Alisher Navoi. Lectures on mathematics, geometry, logic, natural
sciences, theology, and philosophy were given at the educational institution. They were
read by such famous scientists as Qadi Zada al-Rumi, Jamshid Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi,
Ali Qushchi, as well as Ulugbek himself. The first mudarris (rector) of the university
was appointed Mawlana Muhammad Khavofi, who had deep scientific knowledge.
5
3
Jaloliddin Akhmedov, teacher of the "Kokaldosh" secondary specialized Islamic educational institution. “Interfaith
dialogue club”. 2025. Students scientific conference. Р.45.
4
Samarkand State University. Departmnt of Samarkand Civilization History.
5
Movarounnahr ilmiy markazlari. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston xalqaro islom akademiyasi, 2022 — P. 480. ISBN 978-9943-
7559-5-6.
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In conclusion
, the first universities and madrasas established in Europe and
Central Asia were a great impetus for the development of today's universities. At the
same time, the introduction of European education serves as a great impetus for the
development of our country today. Ulugbek Madrasah made a great contribution to the
development of science not only in Central Asia, but also in Europe, especially during
the Renaissance. The first universities are the roots of modern science and contributed
to the development of today's universities. The activities of our ancestors were great,
their scientific heritage is priceless.
Reference
1.
Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005) p(56-58).
2.
F. Abdukhalikov. Architectural epigraphy of Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan today. 2015,
P. 9.
3.
Jaloliddin Akhmedov, teacher of the "Kokaldosh" secondary specialized Islamic
educational institution. Kitob nomi, nashriyoti, nashr etilgan yili, betlar
4.
Samarkand State University. Departmnt of Samarkand Civilization History.
5.
Movarounnahr ilmiy markazlari. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston xalqaro islom
akademiyasi, 2022 — P. 480. ISBN 978-9943-7559-5-6.
