Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025
ISSN: 3030-3621
238
THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE ANALYSIS OF TERMINOLOGY AND
TERMS SYSTEM
Juraeva Zarinakhon Bakhodir kizi
English Language Teacher at Interfaculty
Department of the English Language, Faculty of Philology,
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
Email:
Abstract:
“The initial motivation for the study of terminology was both
spontaneous, like the motivation for technology, and theoretical, like the motivation
behind the birth of science. During the simultaneous expansion of knowledge and the
growth of technology and communications in the eighteenth century, terminology was
seen as a necessary tool for overcoming some of the difficulties associated with these
multiple developments. Only in the twentieth century has terminology acquired a
scientific orientation while at the same time being recognized as a socially important
activity.
1
”
Key words:
Terminology, terms system, diachronic approach, synchronic
approach
Introduction:
“Terminology, the discipline concerned with the study and
compilation of specialized terms is not a new field of study, but only in recent decades
has it been systematically developed, with full consideration of its principles, bases and
methodology. Its social and political importance has now also been recognized on both
the national and the international scale.
2
” Although the first step to take shape of
Terminology was taken in 1930s, as an independent field of scientific study it has
recently acclaimed, even the initial practical activities to name the concepts in the field
date from much earlier with the scientific researches of scholar had operated in scopes
not relating to linguistics. In the 18th century research in chemistry by Lavoisier and
Berthollet or in botany and zoology by Linné showed much attention to the process of
naming various scientific concepts. Due to the buoyant proliferation and
internationalization of science a number of scientific works have appeared to meet the
growing need for scholars to have at their disposal a set of rules for formulating terms
for their respective discipline. Botanists (in 1867), zoologists (in 1889) and chemists
(in 1892) expressed this need at their respective international meetings.
1
Rey, Alain. “Essays on Terminology”. - John Benjamins Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1995. P. 49
2
Cabré, M. Teresa. “Terminology: theory, methods and applications”. -
John Benjamins Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
1999. P. 1
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025
ISSN: 3030-3621
239
Literature review:
In the 18
th
and 19
th
centuries scientists were the leader in
terminology; in the 20
th
centuries engineers and technicians have become involved.
The rapid progress and development of technology required not only the naming of
new concepts, but also agreement on the terms used. “The Austrian E. Wüster (1898–
1977), considered the founder of modern terminology and the main representative of
what is known as the Vienna School, came from the field of engineering, as did the
Russian Lotte D. S. (1889–1950), founder of the Soviet School of Terminology. The first
international association of standardization, the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), was founded in Missouri in 1904.
3
”
During the first half of 20
th
century, neither linguists nor scientists paid special
attention to the formulation of new concepts till the middle of century when they began
to show any interest. It is interesting fact that linguists were the experts to become less
curious about the development of Terminology, instead they have been concerned with
developing a theory to account for the principles governing all possible human
languages.
For linguistic research of the XX - XXI century special attention was paid not
only to general vocabulary, but also to special vocabulary, which constitutes a huge
layer of lexical reserve of language. With the development of science and technology,
with the emergence of new concepts in professional activities, a number of special
lexical units is constantly increasing. As the specific vocabulary grows rapidly, the
interest of researchers is also growing.
Analysis and results:
“Terminology is not a completely new field of study, but
rather it has developed out of a basic human need, that of identifying and labelling or
naming things. In spite of that, its exact definition is not clearly stated and the views
on terminology as a scientific discipline vary considerably.
4
”
As stated above, modern terminology emerged by one of the renowned
representative of Vienna school, the Austrian E. Wüster with his dissertational work
("International speech normalization in techniques, especially in electronics") which
presented a number of systematizing working methods in Terminology, establishing a
set of principles working with terms and methodology processing terminological data.
As Rondeau stated E. Wüster was only concerned the practical usage of terms and
methodological standards of technical and scientific communication as the scientist
considered terminology as a tool should be used as effectively as possible. Later he
paid attention to the theory of terminology.
3
Cabré, M. Teresa. “Terminology: theory, methods and applications”. -
John Benjamins Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
1999. P. 2
4
Protopopescu D. Elements of English terminology: Theories and methods. - Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2013, P.42
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025
ISSN: 3030-3621
240
“He was Wüster identified the major problematic area of terminological research
and outlining their role in other disciplines, as he believed that they had a border
between "linguistics, logic, ontology, computer science, and subject matter". He also
argued that terminology should be recognized as a separate discipline, as opposed to
linguistics, because the terminologist is primarily concerned with the concept that for
him the graphic form is more important than the vocal form, and that it affects the
language consciously. He also believed that vocabulary was a priority in terminology,
not vocabulary. It is worth noting that Wüster approached the terminology problem
from a practical point of view, with the task of creating and regulating related systems
of terminology. Modern terminological studies are also focused on this.
“At the opening session of the Infoterm symposium
5
in 1975, Wüster himself
named four scholars as the intellectual fathers of terminological theory: A. Schloman
from Germany, who was the first to consider the systematic nature of special terms; the
Swiss linguist F. de Saussure, who was the first to draw attention to the systematic
nature of language; E. Dresen, the Russian who was a pioneer in underscoring the
importance of standardization and the principal force behind the isa, and, J. E.
Holmstrom, the English scholar who was instrumental in disseminating terminologies
on an international scale from UNESCO and who was the first to call for an international
organization to deal with the issue.
6
”
Following Auger (1988) we identify four basic periods in the development of
modern terminology:
a.
The origins (1930 – 1960)
b.
The structuring of the field (1960 – 1975)
c.
The boom (1975 – 1985)
d.
The expansion (1985 – present)
7
The first period of development of the study of terminology was characterized
by the design of methods for the systematic formation of terms. The first theoretical
texts by Wüster and Lotte appeared at this time. When he wrote the dictionary “The
Machine Tool”
8
published in 1968, Wüster had the opportunity to check the rationale
and suitability of the methods he had presented in his doctoral thesis.
In the second stage of development, advancement in mainframe computers and
techniques of documentations bolstered the most significant rise in terminology. At
this time the first databanks appeared, and the international coordination of principles
5
Wüster, Eugen. 1974.
The Road to Infoterm
. Infoterm Series 1. Pullach/Munich: Verlag Dokumentation Saur K.G
6
Cabré, M. Teresa. “Terminology: theory, methods and applications”. -
John Benjamins Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
1999. P. 5
7
Auger, Pierre. 1988. ‘‘La terminologie au Quebec et dans le monde, de la naissance à la maturité’’. Actes du sixième colloque OLF-
STQ de terminologie. L’ère nouvelle de la terminologie, 27–59. Quebec: Gouvernement du Québec.
8
Wüster, Eugen. 1968. The Machine Tool: An Interlingual Dictionary of Basic Concepts. London: Technical Press.
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025
ISSN: 3030-3621
241
of terminology processing was initiated. During this period the first approaches were
made to standardize terminology within a language.
The third stage – boom of terminology between 1975 and 1985 – is marked by
the proliferation of language planning and terminology projects; some countries like
the former USSR and Israel had begun their language policies earlier. The significance
of the role of terminology in the modernization of a language became apparent in this
period. The spread of personal computers brought a major change in the conditions for
processing terminological data.
In the most recent period of development (1985 – present) some new issues are
worth mentioning. Computer science is one of the most important forces behind
changes in terminology. Terminologists now have at their disposal tools and resources
that are better adapted to their needs, more user-friendly and more effective. At the
same time there emerges a new market – that of the language industries – in which
terminology occupies a privileged position. International cooperation is broadened and
consolidated, an international networks are created to link agencies and countries
which share characteristics or are interested in cooperation. Examples of this are the
exchange of information and the international cooperation in training terminologists.
Finally, the model of terminology inked to language planning, which is necessary for
developing countries, is being consolidated at this time.
We can say that terminological theory arose and is even today developed through
practical experience that is, in its turn, motivated by the need to provide solutions to
language-based problems in communication.
The work carried out in the 1930s, simultaneously but independently by
Austrian, Soviet and Czech scholars, is the basis for the beginning of what the
Austrians would call terminology science. The three classical schools of terminology
– the Austrian, the Soviet, and the Czech schools – all emerge from this work. Looking
at the development of these three schools we can identify three different approaches
that are not mutually exclusive:
A first approach that considers terminology to be an interdisciplinary but
autonomous subject at the service of scientific and technical disciplines
A second approach focusing on philosophy, which is primarily interested in the
logical classification of concept systems and organization of knowledge
A third approach focusing on linguistics, which considers terminology a
subcomponent of a language’s lexicon and special languages as subsystems of
general language.
A general theory of terminology is based upon the first approach in which the
nature of concepts, conceptual relations, the relationships between terms and concepts
and assigning terms to concepts are of prime importance. This focus on moving from
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025
ISSN: 3030-3621
242
concepts to terms distinguishes the methods used in terminology from those used in
lexicography.
A comprehensive study and description of any terminological system should
include both synchronous and diachronic aspects, while a comprehensive analysis of
the history of the development of terminology allows to determine the general
principles of the creation of terms and their operation.
Numerous studies have been devoted to the problem of diachronic study of
terminology (Kutina L.L. 1966; Snetova G.P, 1984; Vasileva N.V, 1991)
9
, In which
the status of network terminology, sources and methods of term formation are studied.
In diachronic research, “it is possible to determine the time and peculiarities of
the birth, emergence and development of terminology, because the terminology that is
being formed today largely repeats their stages of development: general trends in
terminology development and the factors determining this development tendencies can
be identified .
10
”
Thus, terminological diachrony is a specific aspect of research, the essence of
which is the study of the historical sequence of development of individual terms and
the development of the term system in general. In view of these considerations, the
study of the history of the establishment and development of tourism terminology will
be a necessary condition for its full description.
“Terminology studies terms which can be defined as linguistics expressions that
designate items of knowledge within special subject fields. Terminology considers
linguistic units from the point of view of special subject fields or domains (such as
chemistry, computer science, cycling, environment or law). The notion of “special
subject fields” is defined rather loosely in terminology and often corresponds to a
scientific discipline (biology, economics or linguistics) or technology (e.g. internet,
imaging or auto-mechanics). Economic sectors can also be considered special subject
fields in terminology (recycling, steel machining) as well as schools of thought
(cognitive or structural linguistics Even sets of objects have been defined as subject
fields).
11
” The delimitation and classification of subjects fields are usually linked to
the objectives of those who carry out these delimitations or classifications. The subject
field sets boundaries within which terminologists analyze linguistic expressions: only
those units that can be connected to a domain are considered relevant.
Important features of terminology are:
1)
semantic features: specialization, connection to concept, systematization,
clarity, motivation, mono-semantic, contextual independence;
9
Кутина Л.Л. Формирование терминологии физики в России. — Л.: Наука, 1966, С. 287., Снетова Г.П. Русская историческая
терминология: Учеб. пос. — Калининград: КГУ, 1984, С. 86., Васильева Н.В. Терминоведение: исторический и
диахронический аспект // Терминологические чтения (Цикл 2): Проблемы языков для специальных целей, научной и
профессиональной коммуникации. 4.1. — Киев, 1991. -С.19-20.
10
Гринев C.B. Введение в терминоведение. М.: МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, 1993, C. 106
11
Marie Claude L’Homme, “Lexical semantics for Terminology” John, Benjamins Publishing, 2020, P. 5
Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi
43-son_3-to’plam_Aprel -2025
ISSN: 3030-3621
243
2)
formal features: systematization, invariance, brevity in terms of expression;
3)
pragmatic features: characterization, established.
4)
Touristic term is an element of terms systems and a word or word-phrase to
express a specific concept in the field.
Terminology is deeply rooted in applications, such as specialized dictionary
compilation, specialized translation, document indexing and/or classification,
knowledge modeling, language planning and standardization. This means that
terminology (its theoretical and methodological principles) aims first and foremost to
provide answers to the questions raised by these applications. This firm grounding in
applications distinguishes terminology from other branches of linguistics, such as
lexicology or lexical semantics that can study words regardless of possible
applications. Thus, lexicologist can analyze the words or selected subsets of words
without ever thinking of compiling a dictionary. A terminologist, on the other hand,
considers terminological data within at least one of the applications mentioned above.
We can see that applications in which terminology principles are used are diverse.
Knowledge modeling seeks to represent knowledge in a formal manner and aims to
label items in knowledge structures unambiguously.
Conclusion:
Today Terminology has become fashionable in certain linguistic
circles. Being bored the attractions of transformational, structural and generative
grammar a number of scholars are looking for escape ways out of the blind alley in
which they have got trapped and in which they were starting to get exhausted. So they
discovered Terminology (as others turned to translation, teaching methodology, the
language industry, etc.) as a way out of their theoretical ghetto and to engage in applied
linguistics. But these beginners retain their prejudices and fiercely try to convert
terminology into a branch of linguistics, depriving it of its cognitive and social
dimension which are its foundation stones.
References:
1.
Alain Rey. Essay on Terminology, 1995, John Benjamins Publishing Co. The
Netherlands, Amsterdam.
2.
Arana J., Leon С. The Impact of Terrorism on Tourism Demand // Annals of Tourism
Research. 2008.
3.
Asian A., Kula F., Kaplan M. International Tourism Demand for Turkey: A Dynamic
Panel // Research Journal of International Studies.
4.
BD Beaver A. A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology. Second edition. Oxon:
CABI Publishing.
5.
Cabré, M. Teresa. “Terminology: theory, methods and applications”. - John Benjamins
Publishing Co. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1999.
6.
Ceballos-Lascurain H. Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas: the state of nature-based
tourism around the world and guidelines for its development. Gland: World Conservation
Union.
