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практическая конференция
«Современные тенденции при обучении
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183
LANGUAGE AS A NECESSARY FACTOR
Davletyarova Nazokat Ijodovna
Tashkent pediatric Medicine Institute, Foreign language department
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Annotation:
Langue is a coherent, analyzable object for linguistic study.
Saussure is the first person who distinguishes language, langue and parole and
clears the object of linguistics which is very important to the foundation of modern
linguistic theory and the selection of methodology.
Keywords:
language, psychological, community, synchronic, diachronic,
approaches concepts, communicate, element, theory.
RELEVANCE
One of the most distinctive features of Saussure
’
s theory on language is the
division of language, parole and langue. In his lecture, Saussure distinguishes the
different items and describes their relations. “Language in its entirety has m
any
different and disparate aspects. It lies astride the boundaries separating various
domains. It is at the same time physical, physiological and psychological. It
belongs both to the individual and to society. No classification of human
phenomena provides any single place for it, because language as such has no
discernible unity.” Therefore, Saussure thinks that the study of language
comprises two parts. “The essential part takes for its object the language itself,
which is social in its essence and independent of individual. This is a purely
psychological study. The subsidiary part takes as its object of study the individual
part of language, which means speech, including phonation. This is a psycho-
physical study.” Saussure explains that speech is the su
m total of what people say
and it comprises (a) individual combination of words, depending on the will of the
speakers, and (b) act of phonation. There is nothing collective about speech. Its
manifestations are individual and ephemeral. It may be represented by the
formula: (1+1
’+1”+1’’’…).
PURPOSE
On the contrary, the essential part of language is the social part of language,
external to the individual, who by himself is powerless either to create it or to
modify it. It exists only in virtue of a kind of contract agreed between the members
of a community. This mode of existence of a language may be represented by the
formula: 1+1+1+1…=I (collective model). From the description, we can
understand that langue is the system of a language which is the arrangement of
sounds and words that speakers of a language agree to use. Parole, on the other
hand, is the actual use of language and is the executive side of language. Saussure
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describes the relations between langue and parole like this, “These two objects of
study are doubtless closely linked and each presupposes the other. A language is
necessary in order that speech should be intelligible and produce all its effects.
But speech also is necessary in order that a language may be established.
Historically, speech
always takes precedence…A language accumulates in our
brain only as the result of countless experiences. Finally, it is speech which causes
a language to evolve…Thus there is an interdependence between the language
itself and speech”.
RESEARCH MATERIALS
By distinguishing langue and parole, at the same time, we distinguish what
is social from what is individual and what is essential from what is ancillary and
more or less accidental. Saussure argues that the task of the linguist is to study
langue. If we study the phenomena of parole we will find so many things relevant
to our study and the work end up in confusion. If we concentrate on langue, then
every aspect of language and speech fall into place within it. The other distinctive
feature of this book is the theory of sign and system. Saussure regards a language
as a system of signs expressing ideas. He thinks that “the linguistic sign is a two
-
sided psychological entity” and “a sign is the combination of a concept and a sound
pattern”
. In order to avoid the ambiguity of the term, Saussure proposes to keep
the term sign to designate the whole, but to replace concept and sound pattern
respectively by signification and signal. Therefore, sign is the unity of signification
and signal. The linguistic sign has two fundamental characteristics.
The link between signal and signification is arbitrary. Since a sign is the
combination of signal and signification, we can express this more simply as: the
linguistic sign is arbitrary. Saussure explains that arbitrariness does not mean
that a signal depends on the free choice of the speaker. “The term implies simply
that the signal is unmotivated: that is to say arbitrary in relation to its
signification, with which it has no natural connation in reality.” In order to
understand arbitrariness completely, we should know that speakers are not
consulted about its choice. Once the language has selected a signal, any other
cannot freely replace it. That means linguistic sign is conventional. “No individual
is able, even if he wished to modify in any way a choice already established in the
language. Nor can the linguistic community exercise its authority to change even
a single word. The community, as much as the individual, is bound to its language.”
According to Saussure, the linguistic signal, being auditory in nature, has
temporal characteristics: (a) it occupies a certain temporal space, and (b) this
space is measured in just one dimension: it is a line. This principle is obvious and
fundamental. Its consequences are incalculable. Its importance equals that of the
first law. The whole mechanism of linguistic structure depends on it.
Connected with the two characteristics, language sign has two features:
invariability and variability. Saussure gives four essential reasons for the
invariability. The first reason is the arbitrary nature of the linguistic sign. The
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arbitrariness of language sign makes it impossible to change because of the
lacking of reasonable basis for discussion. The second reason is the great number
of signs necessary to constitute a language. The inventory of signs in a language is
countless. The next reason is the complex character of the system. A language
constitutes a system which is a complex mechanism. The community is unable to
change it at will. What
’
s more, collective inertia resists all linguistic innovations.
This is the last reason. When elaborating the variability of linguistic sign, Saussure
explains like this, “the passage of time, which ensures the continuity of a language,
also has another effect, which appears to work in the opposite direction. It allows
linguistic signs to be changed with some rapidity”.
RESEARCH RESULTS
Language sign is a system. Only within this system, has linguistic unit a
value. All the terms in a language form a unity and each term has its value through
its contrast with all the other terms. For example, the value of word is not decided
by the signification but by its relations with other words and its place in the
language. The English word sheep has a different value with the French word
mouton, because the two words have different places in their own languages. In
English, there is another word mutton to refer to the meat of the sheep on one
’
s
table. However, in French mouton refers to not only the meat on table but also the
animal in the field. Saussure
’
s theory of sign is the foundation of modern
semiology. He absorbed the idea of system from the research of the natural and
social science. Saussure was the first people who regarded language as a system
of sign in his linguistic study.
Saussure argues that the study of linguistics can be divided into two
directions. One is synchronic study, the other is diachronic study. He explains,
“everything is synchronic which relates to the static aspect of our science, and
diachronic everything which concerns evolution. Likewise synchrony and
diachronic will designate respectively a linguistic state and a phase of evolution”.
He thinks that the two approaches are opposites and their importance is not the
same, because “synchronic lin
guistics will be concerned with logical and
psychological connections between coexisting items constituting a system, as
perceived by the same collective consciousness. Diachronic linguistics, on the
other hand, will be concerned with connections between sequences of items not
perceived by the same collective consciousness, which replace one another
without themselves constituting a system”. Synchronic linguistics is the study on
langue and, on the contrary, diachronic linguistics is connected with parole.
Therefore, Saussure thinks that synchronic linguistics is more important than
diachronic linguistics because only the synchrony is the nature of a language. His
purpose of the proposal of this view was to criticize the New Grammarian School
who emphasized the diachronic study on linguistics, ignoring static description of
language. His idea later promoted the development of American structuralism.
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In a linguistic state, everything depends on relations. Saussure elaborated
the relations in two distinct kinds. One is syntagmatic relation, the other is
associative relation. Saussure defines syntagmatic relation like this, “words as
used in discourse, strung together one after another, enter into relations based on
the linear character of language. Linearity precludes the possibility of uttering
two words simultaneously. They must be arranged consecutively in spoken
sequence. What is associative relation? Outside the context of discourse, words
having something in common are associated together in the memory. In this way
they form groups, the members of which may be related in various ways. Saussure
defines it like this, “this kind of connection between words is of quite a different
order. It is not based on linear sequence. It is a connection in the brain. Such
connections are part of that accumulated store which is the form the language
takes in an individual
’s brain”. Saussure argues that all language items work in the
two relations. He criticizes the division of lexicon and syntax by traditional
grammar and thinks this division violates natural law of language.
CONCLUSION
It should be said that all the researches show that one of the most distinctive
features of Saussure
’
s theory of language is the division of language conditional;
the development of the communication process in a person is the ability to work
on oneself. It means that the person is mature to a certain extent.
In order to understand Saussure
’
s linguistic theories, you have to be able to
grasp the basics of his psycho-linguistic terminology and his explanation of the
nature of language units. Understanding the basic concepts of his linguistic theory
is not only essential for linguistic students, but for anyone studying semiotics, or
the use of various types of signs to communicate. Semiotics is also a basic element
in film theory studies. Let
’
s take for example the fairly new concept of
‘
Google.
’
The sound image, or impression in our minds is of the logo representing Google,
and through our language system we know how that image sounds mentally. We
know the concept or meaning associated with this
‘
sound impression
’
that
‘
’
is a large search engine on the Internet. The connections between the two
elements are made mentally without uttering or writing the word
‘
Google,
’
and
the two parts formed are joined and become united as a mental linguistic unit.
Saussure calls this two-part linguistic unit a sign.
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