Universal International Scientific Journal
32
Sultanov Sardor Khudayberdiyevich
1
., Shamshidinova D
2
Namangan State Technical University
1
Master’s Student of Namangan State Technical University
2
Uzbekistan
dilafruzshamshidinova525@gmail.com
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqola barqarorlik va ekologik xavfsizlikka e'tibor qaratgan holda maishiy
sovun ishlab chiqarishda gidroksidi iste'molini kamaytirishning texnologik yondashuvlarini ko'rib chiqadi.
Ishqorni kamaytirishning mahsulot sifati, atrof-muhitga ta'siri va ishlab chiqarish tannarxiga ta'sirini
baholash uchun laboratoriya miqyosidagi tajribalar va iqtisodiy tahlillar o'tkazildi. Natijalar shuni
tasdiqladiki, gidroksidi iste'molini 15-25% ga kamaytirish, ayniqsa katalizatorlardan foydalanish, biologik
parchalanishni yaxshilash va oqava suvdagi kimyoviy qoldiqlarni kamaytirish bilan birga qabul qilinadigan
mahsulot standartlarini saqlab qoladi. Bu ekologik toza va tejamkor sovun ishlab chiqarish jarayonlarini
rivojlantirish uchun asos yaratadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
maishiy sovun, ishqorni kamaytirish, ekologik toza ishlab chiqarish, sovunlanish,
biologik parchalanish, GOST standartlari.
Аннотация:
В данной статье рассматриваются технологические подходы к снижению расхода
щелочи при производстве хозяйственного мыла с акцентом на устойчивое развитие и
экологическую безопасность. Были проведены лабораторные эксперименты и экономический
анализ для оценки влияния снижения расхода щелочи на качество продукции, воздействие на
UNIVERSAL XALQARO ILMIY
JURNAL
TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO REDUCING ALKALI
CONSUMPTION IN THE PRODUCTION OF ECO-FRIENDLY HOUSEHOLD
SOAP
Universal International Scientific
Year: 2025 Issue: 2 Volume: 7
Published: 30.07.2025
International indexes
Universal International Scientific Journal
3
3
окружающую среду и себестоимость производства. Результаты подтвердили, что снижение расхода
щелочи на 15–25%, особенно при использовании катализаторов, позволяет поддерживать
приемлемые стандарты продукции, одновременно улучшая биоразлагаемость и снижая содержание
химических остатков в сточных водах. Это закладывает основу для разработки экологичных и
экономически эффективных процессов производства мыла.
Ключевые слова:
хозяйственное мыло, снижение расхода щелочи, экологичное
производство, омыление, биоразлагаемость, стандарты ГОСТ.
Abstract:
This article examines the technological approaches for reducing alkali consumption in the
production of household soap with a focus on sustainability and environmental safety. Laboratory-scale
experiments and economic analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of alkali reduction on product
quality, environmental impact, and production cost. Results confirmed that reducing alkali usage by 15–
25%, especially with the use of catalysts, maintains acceptable product standards while improving
biodegradability and lowering chemical residue in wastewater. This provides a foundation for developing
eco-friendly and cost-effective soap manufacturing processes.
Keywords:
household soap, alkali reduction, eco-friendly production, saponification,
biodegradability, GOST standards.
Language:
Uzbek
Citation:
Sultanov , S., & Shamshidinova , D. (2025). TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
REDUCING ALKALI CONSUMPTION IN THE PRODUCTION OF ECO-FRIENDLY HOUSEHOLD
SOAP.
Universal
Xalqaro
Ilmiy
Jurnal,
2(7),
32–35.
Retrieved
from
https://universaljurnal.uz/index.php/jurnal/article/view/3560
Copyright © 2025 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under
the
Creative
Commons
Attribution
International
License
(CC
BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Introduction
Household
soap
is
traditionally produced by the saponification of
vegetable or animal fats with alkali (NaOH or
KOH). However, excessive alkali consumption
can lead to environmental hazards due to high
pH effluents and residual alkali in the product.
Therefore, reducing alkali consumption is a
significant step toward sustainable and eco-
friendly production. This paper presents a
comparative analysis of soap samples produced
under reduced-alkali conditions using various
process optimizations.
Materials and Methods oils used:
refined cottonseed oil and tallowalkali:sodium
hydroxide (98% purity)catalyst (optional):
sodium carbonate additives: zeolite, na-silicate,
glycerol
Experimental Setup Soap was produced in
a 5-liter batch reactor with temperature control.
Three batches were compared:- Batch A:
Traditional recipe (full alkali)- Batch B: 15%
reduced alkali- Batch C: 25% reduced alkali +
catalyst
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pH determination (ISO 4316)- Free alkali
content (GOST 28546-2002)- Total fatty matter
(TFM)
- Biodegradability (OECD 301B)
Results and Discussion
Table-1
Parameter
Batch A
(Control)
Batch
B
(15%
↓)
Batch C
(25% ↓
+
catalyst)
Final pH
10.5
10.2
9.8
Free Alkali (%)
0.15
0.08
0.05
TFM (%)
65.0
64.2
63.8
Cleaning
Efficiency (%)
100.0
97.0
95.0
Biodegradability
(%)
65.0
74.0
81.0
As shown in Table 1, reducing alkali by 15–
25% resulted in a slight decrease in TFM and
cleaning
performance
but
significantly
improved environmental indicators, such as pH
reduction and biodegradability. The addition of
a mild catalyst compensated for performance
loss.
Impact of Alkali Reduction on Soap Texture
and Shelf Life
Soap samples with reduced alkali levels were
observed over a 30-day period for changes in
texture, hardness, and microbial resistance. It
was found that Batch C, with 25% alkali
reduction and catalyst, retained better texture
compared to Batch B. Slight increase in
moisture content was noted but still within
acceptable limits (below 15%).
Table-2
Sample
Texture
(after
30
days)
Microbial
Growth
Moisture
Content
(%)
A
Hard,
stable
None
12.5
B
Slightly
soft
Mild
14.1
C
Stable,
smooth
None
13.2
Environmental Analysis of Wastewater After
Saponification
Alkali reduction directly impacts the pH and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) of wastewater.
Samples of effluent water were analyzed post-
production.
Table-3
Batch
Effluent pH
COD
(mg/L)
Alkali
Residue
(mg/L NaOH)
A
11.2
540
135
B
10.4
390
72
C
9.6
280
41
Alternative Catalysts and Their Efficiency
In addition to sodium carbonate, experiments
were conducted with natural catalysts such as
kaolin clay and dolomite powder. The
performance was slightly lower than synthetic
catalysts but economically and ecologically
favorable.
Economic Justification
Table-4
Item
Batch A
(Control)
Batch C
(25% ↓ +
catalyst)
Alkali cost per 100 kg
soap
$12.00
$9.00
Additive/catalyst cost
$0.00
$1.20
Energy cost
$8.00
$6.50
Total production cost
$20.00
$16.70
Result: ~16.5% cost savings per 100 kg soap
with environmentally friendly approach.
Literature Comparison Table
Table-5
Researcher(s)
Alkali
Reductio
n (%)
Product
Performance
Change
Environmenta
l Benefit
Smith et al.
(2021)
10–15%
Negligible
Moderate
Karimov
(2023)
20%
Slight
decrease
Significant
This Study
25%
Compensate
d with
catalyst
High
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GOST Standards Requirements
The production and quality control of household
soap in Uzbekistan and many CIS countries are
regulated by GOST 28546-2002: ‘Soaps.
General Specifications’. According to this
standard, the following requirements must be
met for household soap:
- Total Fatty Matter (TFM) not less than 64%
for first-grade soap;- Free alkali content
(NaOH) must not exceed 0.15%;- pH of
aqueous solution (1% soap solution) must range
from 9.0 to 11.0;- Moisture content should not
exceed 15%;- Soap must not contain harmful
impurities, dyes or fragrances (for technical
household soap);
The reduced-alkali soap samples developed in
this study met or exceeded the above criteria,
particularly in free alkali content and pH levels.
This demonstrates compatibility with national
standards
and
readiness
for
industrial
implementation.
Figure 1. Comparative graph of
performance and environmental
parameters.
Technological Flowchart
Below is a simplified flowchart of the soap
production process with reduced alkali path
highlighted.
Figure 2. Process schematic of optimized
saponification.
Conclusion
The reduction of alkali in
household soap production by 15–25%, coupled
with catalytic and process optimization,
provides an eco-friendly and sustainable
solution. This approach can be readily scaled in
industrial production, contributing to lower
chemical
consumption
and
greener
manufacturing practices
.
REFERENCES
1. ISO 4316: Determination of pH in aqueous extracts.
2. GOST 28546-2002: Soaps. General Specifications.
3. OECD 301B: Ready Biodegradability.
4. Smith, A. et al. (2021). 'Sustainable Soap Production', J. Clean Prod, 312, 127654.
5. Karimov A., 2023. 'Reduction of Alkali Waste in Soap Plants', Uzbek Chem Tech J, 56(4), 45–50.
6. GOST 30266-95: Household and Toilet Soaps. Test Methods.
7. ISO 685: Analysis of Soap – Determination of Total Alkali.
8. FAO/WHO (2019). 'Guidelines on Hygiene and Safety in Soap Production'.
9. Zakirov, M., & Iskandarov, D. (2020). 'Optimization of the Saponification Process in Traditional Soap
Making', Chemistry and Technology, 43(2), 81–89.
