World scientific research journal
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Volume-39_Issue-1_May-2025
112
COURSE, PREVENTION AND MEASURES AGAINST EPIDEMICS OF
BACTERIAL DYSENTERY DISEASE IN CHILDREN
Isroilov Shahzod A’zam o’g’li
Bukhara Innovative University of Education and Medicine
Abstract:
Shigellosis (
bacterial dysentery)
is an anthroponotic infectious
disease with a fecal-oral transmission mechanism. It is caused by bacteria of the genus
Shigella, and occurs in acute and chronic forms. It is characterized by manifestations
of general intoxication with fever and signs of inflammation of the gastrointestinal
tract (mainly the distal colon in the form of spastic hemocolitis).
This article describes the general description of shigellosis, their etiology,
epidemiology, diagnostic and treatment methods, as well as ways to improve
preventive and anti-epidemic measures. The article analyzes the main trends in
reducing the spread of infectious diseases based on world experience and modern
approaches.
Keywords:
Shigellosis, infectious diseases, etiology, epidemiology, prevention,
anti-epidemic measures.
Content of the article.
Introduction:
Shigellosis (
bacterial dysentery)
is an anthroponotic infectious
disease with a fecal-oral transmission mechanism. It is caused by bacteria of the genus
Shigella, and occurs in acute and chronic forms. It is characterized by manifestations
of general intoxication with fever and signs of inflammation of the gastrointestinal
tract (mainly the distal colon in the form of spastic hemocolitis).
Etiology:
The causative agents of shigellosis are non-motile gram-negative bacteria of
the genus Shigella of the family Enterobacteriaceae, which belong to facultative aerobes; they
grow well on conventional nutrient media, forming S- and R-colonies.
All shigella grow well on differential diagnostic media. The temperature
optimum is 37°C, shigella Sonne can reproduce at 10-15°C. Pathogens are
distinguished by antigen structure, biochemical activity, pathogenicity and virulence.
Bacterial virulence is quite variable. It is quite high in Shigella flexneri,
especially subserotype 2a, and is least expressed in Shigella sonnei. One of the most
important indicators of bacterial virulence is invasive proteins, which determine the
ability of pathogens to intracellular parasitism in colonocytes, enterocytes (to a lesser
extent) and macrophages. The degree of biochemical activity of shigella is inversely
proportional to their virulence. The deficiency of virulence in shigella sonnei is fully
compensated by their high enzymatic activity, unpretentiousness to the composition
of nutrient media and the rate of reproduction in the infected substrate.
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The mechanism of development of the epidemic process
The reservoir and source of infection is a person (patient with acute or chronic
dysentery, a convalescent or transient carrier). The greatest danger is posed by patients with
mild and latent forms of dysentery, especially those working in the food industry and
persons equivalent to them.
Period of infectiousness. Shigella begin to be excreted from the human div at
the first symptoms of the disease; the duration of excretion is 7-10 days and the period
of reconvalescence (on average 2-3 weeks). Sometimes the excretion of bacteria is
delayed for several weeks or months. The tendency to chronicity of the infectious
process is most characteristic of Flexner's dysentery, and least characteristic of
Sonne's dysentery.
The transmission mechanism is fecal-oral Transmission routes and factors: water,
food and contact-household. In Grigoriev-Shiga dysentery, the main route of
transmission is contact-household, which ensures the transmission of highly virulent
pathogens. In Flexner's dysentery, the main route of transmission is water, in Sonne's
dysentery - food. Sonne's Shigella have biological advantages over other types of
Shigella. Inferior to them in virulence, they are more resistant in the external
environment, under favorable conditions they can even multiply in milk and dairy
products, which increases their danger. The incubation period for acute dysentery
ranges from 1 to 7 days, averaging 2–3 days.
Preventive and epidemic control measures
The widespread occurrence of shigellosis, as well as other intestinal infections,
is due to people living in unsanitary housing conditions, customs and prejudices that
contradict basic sanitary standards, poor-quality water supply, poor nutrition against
the background of an extremely low level of general and sanitary culture and medical
care for the population.
For preventive purposes, clinical laboratory examinations and restrictive
measures are carried out among certain groups of the population. A single laboratory
examination is required for persons applicant for work in:
1) food production enterprises,public catering establishments and trade facilities
selling food products, milk kitchens, dairy farms, dairy plants and others directly
involved in the processing, storage, transportation of food products and delivery of
prepared food, as well as the repair of inventory and equipment;
2) organizations for the education and training, recreation and health
improvement of children and medical organizations involved in the direct service and
nutrition of children;
3) organizations operating water supply structures, delivery and storage of
drinking water.
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