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CONSEQUENCES OF BIOTECHNOGENIC AND COEVOLUTIVE
DEVELOPMENT IN THE PROCESS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION (in a socio-philosophical perspective)
Shermanov Isobek Chilmamatovich
Associate Professor of the Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute
Jumanov Hasan Nasritdin o’g’li
Student of the Uzbek-Finnish Pedagogical Institute
Annotation:
This article analyzes the socio-philosophical consequences of
biotechnological evolution, biotechnogenic and coevolutionary development. The
historical formation of biotechnology, genetic engineering, artificial biosystems, and
synthetic biology are examined. Particular attention is paid to the economic,
environmental, and social aspects of biotechnology, as well as its current and future
prospects.
Keywords:
Biotechnological
evolution,
biotechnogenic
development,
coevolution, genetic engineering, artificial biosystems, synthetic biology, socio-
philosophical reflection.
Introduction.
Today, rapidly developing biotechnology shows that it has a place
and role in many areas of the world, from economic, social, political, environmental,
health care, agriculture and industrial production. In developed countries of the world,
scientific research is being carried out in a number of prestigious research institutes
aimed at developing this area, and social proposals and recommendations are being
made. It is no exaggeration to say that interest in this area was very high in the former
Soviet period. In particular, a number of scientific research laboratories were
operating in animal husbandry, horticulture, cotton growing, cocoon growing and
even the development of biological weapons. For example: The city of Arol-7 or
Kantubek was built on one of the islands in the Aral Sea, which was then full of water
- Revival Island. The plan to build a biochemical test site on the island was already in
the 1930s. World War II accelerated this process. To prevent it from falling into
German hands, the Soviets evacuated the biological laboratory on Gorodoml Island
in Lake Seliger, Tver Oblast, first to Kirov, then to Saratov, and finally to the Island
of the Resurrection.
Today, it may seem that research on biotechnology has slowed down a bit in our
country. However, since the years of independence, a number of scientific research
works have been carried out in this area. The Institute of Microbiology, established
under the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, conducts research in
the field of microbiological biotechnology. Scientists of the Institute of Genetics and
Experimental Biology of Plants, established under the Academy of Sciences of the
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Republic of Uzbekistan, have developed and successfully tested a biotechnology for
growing winter wheat without mineral fertilizers.
Department of Biotechnology, Jizzakh Branch of the National University of
Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek: This department, which has been operating
since 2020, is becoming one of the basic specialty departments in the republic in
training qualified biotechnologists for various sectors of the economy.
Also, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan No. PQ-4899 dated November 25, 2020, a comprehensive set of measures
was established to develop biotechnology and improve the country's biological safety
system. As a result, international standards in the field of biotechnology were
approved and implemented.
Literature review.
Several foreign scientists have conducted research on
coevolutionary development and its transformation into biotechnological evolution.
In particular, Thomson conducted scientific research on the topic of “The
Geographical Mosaic of Coevolution”, and Konin conducted scientific research in his
works entitled “The Randomness of Logic: The Nature and Origin of Biological
Evolution”. Pimentel presents his views on genetic engineering in the field of
biotechnological evolution in his work entitled “The Economic and Ecological
Benefits of Biological Diversity”. The scientific achievements of Church and Regis
in the field of artificial biosystems and synthetic biology are worthy of praise.
M.A. Aitkhozhin, A.A. Bayev, R.G. Butenko, G.P. Gorgiyev, Yu.Yu. Gleba,
V.G. Debabov, G.K. Skryabin, J.A. Musayev, O. Toshmuhamedov, A.F.
Kholmurodov and others have made a great contribution to the formation and
development of biotechnology as a science, but no significant Uzbek scientists have
conducted scientific research on the biotechnogenic consequences of biotechnology
and its philosophical observation.
Research Methodology.
The research used methods of historicity, objectivity,
period consistency, comparative, critical, logical and chronological, semantic and
pragmatic analysis.
Analysis and results. Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that integrates
knowledge from science, health, biology, chemistry, engineering, and the sciences,
encompassing fields such as agriculture, industry, and physics. Modern genetic
engineering and molecular biology have their roots in ancient developmental practices
such as fermentation and selective breeding.
By studying the growth of mining in different regions, including Europe and
Iran, he explains how biotechnology has adapted to solve local problems, as well as
its scientific aspects, such as contributing to global advances in health, food security,
and environmental sustainability.
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Today, modern biotechnology blends biology, chemistry, physics, and
engineering, and has become a driving force for innovation in medicine, sustainable
agriculture, and a source of ecological solutions.
The origins of biotechnology date back to ancient human practices, namely the
manipulation of biological processes for practical purposes. Early forms of
biotechnology are believed to have emerged through the manipulation of
microorganisms, particularly in the production, preservation, and use of food. One of
the oldest biotechnological methods dates back to the era of fermentation.
About 6000 BC, ancient civilizations used it to make bread, alcohol, and
beverages, and to produce dairy products such as yogurt and cheese.
These early practices laid the foundation for future advances in the use of natural
biological processes to improve food products.
In particular, Jared Mason Diamond's work "Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate
of Human Societies" [3:46] explains this in its positive and negative aspects as
follows: first, the main reason for the rise of industrial societies in the field of
biotechnology is the increasing needs and the reasons for their satisfaction.
Storage and production, although their molecular mechanisms were not yet
known, also showed the early roots of agriculture, in the early application of
biotechnology in selective breeding and farming. By selectively breeding plants and
animals, desirable traits such as increased productivity and increased disease
resistance were developed by ancient societies without knowing the genetic makeup
of organisms [2:41]. The next important stage in the evolution of biotechnology has
come, namely the contribution of microbiology and genetics, which provided the
necessary scientific understanding, in connection with the improvement of early
practices. This process was initiated in the 19th century by scientists such as Louis
Pasteur.
Pasteur's work revolutionized the production of food and beverages through
microbial fermentation. The development of pasteurization, the process of heating
liquids to kill harmful microorganisms, prevented spoilage. The discovery of DNA in
the early 20th century, followed by the discovery of its double-helix structure by
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, marked another important scientific
development, setting the stage for a paradigm shift in the history of biotechnology.
This led to the understanding of the molecular basis of heredity and the advancement
of molecular biology and genetic engineering.[4:32] The transition from these early
practices to modern biotechnology was a giant leap forward.
The independent socio-economic development of Uzbekistan is a humanistic
economy that acquires new qualitative products based on the production, distribution,
consumption and exchange of material goods in accordance with the laws of a socially
oriented market economy. As Professor Sh. Negmatova said: “A humanistic economy
is a socially oriented economy based on healthy competition, satisfying all human
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needs for material and spiritual goods, and preventing sharp stratification of society”
[11].
With the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the mid-20th century,
methods for isolating and manipulating DNA were developed. It allows combining
different genetic materials and creating recombinant DNA molecules.
Coevolutionary development is - “In biology, coevolution occurs when two or
more species interact with each other's evolution through the process of natural
selection. This term is sometimes used for two traits of one species that affect each
other's evolution, as well as for the coevolution of gene culture” [5].
First gen culture is defined in context as “Culture”, “Socially learned behavior”,
and “Social learning” is defined as acquiring behavior by copying observed behavior
in others or by being taught by others.
In social philosophy, understanding and explaining education is like a system of
repeating a certain pattern by an artist, and is a means for various socially learned
cultural tools to find their place in society and achieve high performance in various
fields. For example, Charles Darwin's "Origin of Species" posits that "every evolution
must be superior to the superior in intellectual capacity, or rather superior in
intelligence, in order to destroy the inferior" [1:50]. This has led to the acceptance of
coevolution as one of the main factors that create coevolutionary development.
First, the evolution of biotechnology is deeply shaped by different regional
contributions, developing unique approaches to solving local problems and promoting
global development. It plays a crucial role in the early history of genetics, in particular
in understanding the laws of heredity, and later in the development of the field of
molecular biology. In particular, the discoveries of Gregor Mendel were the main
foundation for the development of biotechnology. He is considered the father of
genetics and had a great influence on biotechnology with his laws of heredity. Along
with Gregor Mendel's discoveries, the work of German biochemists and
microbiologists laid the foundation for the development of biotechnology.
All of the above are discoveries and paradigms that led to the emergence of
biotechnology today. It is no exaggeration to say that biotechnology has reached its
peak, surpassing all previous achievements. This is because, as a result of the
coevolutionary development of biotechnology, it has penetrated not only the plant
world in nature, but also the animal and human nature. For example, let's turn to the
reports of the grandviewresearch research center: The global market for artificial
insemination was estimated at $ 2.26 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a
CAGR of 8.6% from 2024 to 2030. The prevalence of infertility, increasing awareness
and social acceptance are increasing the demand for artificial insemination. Sperm
freezing and other Advances in technology are making the procedure more effective,
and as disposable incomes increase, more couples are able to afford this treatment,
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further fueling market growth [6]. This means that advances in genetic engineering, a
new field in biotechnology, have become an integral part of all of humanity today.
The development of biotechnology itself is causing biotechnogenic
consequences. Although modern biotechnology has created a number of
conveniences for humanity, its improper or uncontrolled use is causing significant
environmental and biological problems. Biotechnogenic consequences are negative
situations that arise as a result of the impact of biotechnology on the natural
environment, biodiversity and human health. We can cite the following as negative
consequences of biotechnology:
firstly, the reduction of genetic diversity, that is, as a result of the widespread
spread of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), natural genetic diversity is under
threat. For example, genetically modified plants can mix with wild species, disrupting
their natural genetic pool. This increases the likelihood that ecosystems will reduce
their ability to adapt in the future;
secondly, the disruption of ecosystems, biotechnological interventions can affect
ecosystems and disrupt the natural balance. In particular, GMO crops that produce
insecticides can lead to a decrease in the population of pollinating insects. This
threatens the stability of the entire food chain;
third, genetic engineering and the overuse of antibiotics used in biotechnology,
as a result of the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, increase drug resistance
among bacteria. This situation poses a serious problem for modern medicine and
makes it difficult to treat some infectious diseases;
fourth, the uncontrolled spread of artificial organisms, when genetically
modified organisms (for example, microbes or plants) are released into the natural
environment, their ecological consequences may not be fully assessed in advance.
Artificially created organisms can adapt to the natural environment and harm wildlife.
Conclusion/Recommendations
Based on the above ideas and considerations,
the following conclusion was made:
Firstly, biotechnology is a field of knowledge that is emerging as a result of the
purposeful impact on nature and humans to create useful products for them, as well
as new chemical technologies and a number of other practical achievements in the
field of natural sciences.
Secondly, biotechnology, in the process of its formation and development as a
science, encompasses various areas of science. As a result of coevolutionary
development, biotechnological evolution occurs, and great achievements are achieved
in the fields of agriculture, medicine, industry and ecology. However, the rapid
development of biotechnology can also cause biotechnogenic consequences, which
requires a careful approach to the environment and human health.
Thirdly, studies show that coevolutionary development can be seen as an
impetus for the development of biotechnology. Thus, biotechnological evolution
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leads to the formation of such areas as genetic engineering, recombinant DNA
technology, microbiology and synthetic biology. The processes of genetic
manipulation and the creation of artificial biosystems will lay the foundation for the
next stage of biotechnology, which will be based on common features such as
sociality, healthy competition between forms of property, continuity, and systematic
action as the main factor of social development of society in production.
Fourth, biotechnology has caused revolutionary changes in the fields of
agriculture, medicine and ecology. Artificial insemination, genetic engineering and
the production of biotechnological drugs today serve to facilitate human life. At the
same time, in order to prevent the side effects of biotechnology, it is necessary to
thoroughly study its impact on the environment and society.
Fifth, biotechnological innovations can have both positive and negative effects
on the environment. On the one hand, technologies that ensure environmental
sustainability are being developed, including biofuels and biological cleaning
methods. On the other hand, genetically modified organisms and biotechnological
waste can pose a threat to the ecological balance. Therefore, controlling the
environmental impact of biotechnology is essential for its sustainable development.
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