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RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Jalilov Jahongir Abduroziqovich
Bukhara Innovative Education and Medical University.
assistant of the Department of clinical and pre-clinical sciences
Аnnotation.
The article examines the main clinical aspects, analyzes
perinatal risk factors for cardiovascular pathology, and explores the impact of low
birth weight (due to prematurity or intrauterine growth restriction) on the risk of
subsequent cardiovascular diseases. A relationship has been identified between
typical perinatal disorders in preterm infants (such as hypoxic maladaptation of
the cardiovascular system, persistent fetal circulation, and others) and subsequent
structural and rhythmic abnormalities of the heart. The influence of perinatal
factors has a global impact on all future risks of cardiovascular diseases, including
the development of myocardial infarction and strokes in adulthood.
Keywords:
Preterm newborns, cardiovascular system, low birth weight.
Preterm birth is the result of the disruption of the "fetus-mother" system,
caused by external or internal factors. The most significant factors contributing to
pathological processes in preterm infants include the necessity of obtaining
oxygen through pulmonary gas exchange and hypoxic-ischemic damage or
immaturity of the nervous system, which subsequently leads to the development
of chronic bronchopulmonary and neurological pathologies, as well as delays in
cognitive and neuro-sensory development [1]. An important aspect of the
development of complex pathology is also the functional and structural
immaturity of the cardiovascular system, leading to varying degrees of
hemodynamic disturbances during intensive care and neonatal management, as
well as during subsequent follow-up observations.
The adaptation of the cardiovascular system in preterm infants has certain
distinctive features. In particular, the heart of such an infant operates with
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minimal reserve capacity, meaning that any adverse impact on the myocardium
can lead to functional decompensation [2].
Low birth weight is associated with a reduced number of cardiomyocytes,
which can be explained by low levels of tissue growth factors in the fetus due to
nutritional deficiencies and impaired uteroplacental blood flow. Additionally,
there is a direct correlation between the concentration of growth factors in the
blood and tissues and the gestational age. Increased myocardial workload against
the background of low reserve capacity, combined with comorbid conditions,
disrupts the autonomic regulation of the heart and coronary vessels and impairs
energy metabolism in the cardiac muscle [3].
These factors contribute to cardiovascular maladaptation in newborns,
leading to various hemodynamic disturbances that can significantly affect the
prognosis for life and health in infants with very low and extremely low birth
weight [4].
Hypoxia plays a key role in cardiovascular damage in preterm newborns,
with the incidence of myocardial ischemia increasing in proportion to the severity
of respiratory pathology in neonates [5]. According to various studies, the
prevalence of post-hypoxic cardiovascular maladaptation in children ranges from
40% to 70%, making it one of the leading conditions in neonatal pathology [6].
Moreover, preterm infants tend to experience prolonged disturbances within this
spectrum
The frequency of transient myocardial ischemia is influenced by gestational
age. According to I.V. Vinogradova, this condition occurs in 58% of infants with
extremely low birth weight and in 46.1% of infants with low birth weight. In
addition
to
hypoxic
maladaptation,
contributing
factors
include
hypercatecholaminemia, carnitine deficiency, and a dispersed type of coronary
vessel arrangement [7].
Conclusion.
Preterm birth and low birth weight increase the risk of
cardiovascular maladaptation in newborns, primarily due to hypoxia-related
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myocardial ischemia and structural immaturity. Impaired autonomic regulation
and energy metabolism contribute to long-term complications. The high
prevalence of post-hypoxic cardiovascular dysfunction underscores the need for
early monitoring and targeted interventions to improve outcomes in preterm
infants.
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