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MODERN ASPECTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE HEART UNDER
LOCAL AND GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Turniezov Azamat Askarovich
Bukhara State Medical Institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13340693
Accurate and correct description of morphological changes in the myocardium in
experimental animals is of great importance for understanding the pathogenesis, the
mechanism of the relationship between changes in structure and function. The heart is
located in the thoracic cavity and is almost completely surrounded by the lungs and is free
only in the anterior-inferior region. Heart rate and rhythm are regulated by the autonomic
and endocrine systems, hemodynamic factors [15]. Blood supply to the heart is carried out by
the left and right coronary arteries; they do not have numerous collaterals. The left coronary
artery passes in the groove between the left atrium and the pulmonary artery,
intramyocardially. Rats do not have a true circumflex artery of the heart [3].
Cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells
are the main cellular components of the heart. Cardiomyocytes in the myocardium of rats are
located in the form of tightly packed parallel bundles or in bundles with different orientations.
Atrial cardiomyocytes are smaller in area and more freely located. The myocardium of rats is
mainly represented by binuclear cardiomyocytes [11]. Structural changes in the rat heart
associated with age are characterized by a decrease in the number of cardiomyocytes, the
development of left ventricular hypertrophy, and a change in the diameter of the ventricular
chambers. Left ventricular hypertrophy in rats is caused by interstitial fibrosis [20].
Cardiac hypertrophy. An increase in the mass and size of the heart can be associated
with amyloid deposition, proliferation of connective tissue, edema, infiltration by cellular
elements, an increase in the size of myocytes (volume, length and thickness, area).
Cardiomyhelia can be local or diffuse; the cytoplasm of enlarged cardiomyocytes is
hypereosinophilic with huge hyperchromic nuclei, often combined with fibrosis in the
myocardium [5]. Dystrophy, apoptosis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes. 1. Hyaline drop
dystrophy - hyaline-like protein droplets appear in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes, merging
with each other and filling the cell div, while the ultrastructural elements of the cell are
destroyed. It is rare in the human myocardium [11]. 2. Hydropic dystrophy - is characterized
by the appearance of vacuoles in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes. Hyaline drop dystrophy
and hydropic dystrophy often represent successive stages of cytoplasmic protein metabolism
disorders depending on the predominance of denaturation and coagulation or hydration and
colliquation of the cytoplasm [11]. Hyaline drop dystrophy was diagnosed in the myocardium
of rats in experiments with an overdose of catecholamines [13]. Hydropic dystrophy was
noted in the myocardium of rats with the introduction of doxorubicin [10]. Apoptosis of
cardiomyocytes is manifested by changes in the nucleus - chromatin margination
(condensation of chromatin along the periphery of the nucleus in the form of hemispheres or
lumps), chromatin condensation (manifested by pycnosis of the nucleus), uneven contours
(the nucleus acquires a lobed appearance with disintegration into micronuclei); changes in
the cytoplasm - changes in staining (basophilia in the early stages and eosinophilia at the
stage of apoptotic bodies), vacuolization (develops due to dilation of the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum), changes in contours and fragmentation (indentations and protrusions appear on
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the cell surface, after which the cell disintegrates) [5]. With the combined administration of
ephedrine and caffeine, both apoptosis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes were detected in the
myocardium of rats [16].
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