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RISK FACTORS AND METHODS OF PREVENTION OF NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTION
Masharipova Sh.S.
Karimova U.M.
Oltiyeva H.S.
Urgench Branch of Tashkent Medical Academy, Urgench, Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14865364
Annotation:
Nosocomial infections (NI) remain one of the most pressing healthcare
issues worldwide. Their significance is determined by high morbidity and mortality rates,
prolonged hospital stays, and the economic costs associated with treating complications.
They can be caused by various bacterial, viral, and fungal agents, often exhibiting
multidrug resistance. This study analyzes data from 102 patients who acquired infections in a
hospital setting. The main risk factors, prevalence of different pathogens, and preventive
measures are identified. The analysis revealed that the most common pathogens are Klebsiella
pneumoniae
,
Escherichia coli
,
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
and Candida
spp. The primary risk factors include prolonged hospitalization, use of invasive medical devices,
immunodeficiency conditions, and irrational antibiotic therapy.
Keywords:
Medical instruments, hospital, infection, patient, immunity, resistance, risk
factors.
Introduction
Nosocomial infections are infections that develop in patients during their hospital stay or
shortly after discharge. According to WHO, VBI affects 7-10% of hospitalized patients in
developed countries. The main pathogens are fungi and antibiotic-resistant viruses, as well as
bacteria transmitted through medical instruments, devices and personnel. Worldwide, VBI is
one of the main reasons for increasing the length of hospital stays. According to international
studies, the largest number of cases of VBI are registered in intensive care units, surgery and
obstetrics and gynecology.
The purpose of the study
is to analyze the risk factors of VBI, modern methods, their
prevention and control, as well as the impact on the health protection system.
Materials and methods
The study was conducted on the basis of a multidisciplinary hospital with the
participation of 102 patients who were diagnosed with BI. The data of medical records, the
results of microbiological studies, the duration of hospitalization and the treatment received
were analyzed. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software.
Results
• Frequency of occurrence:
38% of 102 patients had urinary tract infections, 25% had
pneumonia, 20% had surgical wound infections, and 17% had sepsis.
• The main pathogens are Klebsiella pneumoniae (30%), Escherichia coli (25%),
Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), Candida spp. (10%).
• Risk factors:
Prolonged hospitalization (>10 days), the use of invasive procedures
(catheters, ventilators), broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, the presence of chronic diseases.
Prevention methods
• Strict hand hygiene among medical staff.
• Limiting the unnecessary use of antibiotics to prevent the growth of resistant strains.
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• Sterilization of medical equipment and regular disinfection of premises.
• Screening of patients for the presence of resistant microorganisms upon admission.
• Use of infection control protocols in intensive care units.
Discussion
The most common pathogens of VBI are gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria. The
risk of infection increases with the use of invasive devices and prolonged use of antibiotics.
Reducing the duration of hospitalization and strict monitoring of compliance with sanitary
standards significantly reduce the likelihood of infection.
Nevertheless, despite significant efforts aimed at preventing VBI, challenges continue to
exist. One of these problems is the rapid development of antibiotic resistance, which makes
standard treatment regimens ineffective and increases the risk of adverse outcomes. To solve
this problem, it is necessary to implement antimicrobial resistance programs and further
scientific research in this area. An important aspect of the fight against VBI is an
interdisciplinary approach that includes the interaction of clinicians, epidemiologists and
specialists in infectious diseases. Such collaboration allows not only to improve infection
control, but also to increase the level of education and awareness among medical staff and
patients.
In addition, technologies such as automated infection monitoring systems and the use of
big data data can significantly improve the effectiveness of infection control. These tools can
help identify patterns of infection spread and allow for a more rapid response to outbreaks.
Effective antibiotic resistance management requires the active involvement of all participants
in the healthcare system, including pharmacists and hospital administrators.
They play a key role in the development and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship
programs that focus on the rational use of antibiotics. Such programs help to reduce
unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics and, as a result, slow down the development of
resistance. The education of medical personnel also remains an important element in the fight
against VBI. Regular trainings and seminars can raise awareness about infection prevention
methods and the proper use of antibiotics. It is important that doctors and nurses are able to
identify risks and make informed treatment decisions based on current recommendations and
clinical protocols.
A key aspect in the effective management of antibiotic resistance is the monitoring and
evaluation of the use of antibiotics in medical institutions. Systematic data collection makes it
possible to identify trends and problems related to antibiotic prescribing, as well as to develop
strategies for their optimization. It is important that this information is available to all
clinicians, which will ensure a more informed approach to prescribing therapies. Collaboration
between various healthcare professionals, including infectious disease specialists,
microbiologists, and pharmacists, is necessary to create multidisciplinary teams. These teams
are able to combat antibiotic resistance more effectively by implementing comprehensive
treatment algorithms and standards aimed at improving patient care and minimizing
unnecessary antibiotic use. Equally important is the active participation of patients in the
treatment process.
Educating patients about the risks associated with the misuse of antibiotics and the
importance of following prescriptions helps to improve treatment outcomes and reduce cases
of resistance. Thus, the joint work of all participants in the healthcare system creates conditions
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for a sustainable and effective fight against VBI.
Finally, it is important to explore innovative approaches such as the use of bacteriophages
and the development of new vaccines. These alternative methods can provide additional means
to fight infections by reducing reliance on traditional antibiotics and providing safer treatment
options for patients in the hospital setting.
Conclusion
The results of the study confirm the high prevalence of VBI and the need for
comprehensive preventive measures. The introduction of modern infection control strategies
will reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections and improve the prognosis of hospitalized
patients.
Thus, in order to successfully combat nosocomial infections, it is necessary to combine
efforts within the framework of a multidisciplinary approach aimed at improving the quality of
medical care and optimizing preventive measures.
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