American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
69
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue 06 2025
PAGE NO.
69-73
10.37547/ajast/Volume05Issue06-14
Soil Pollution by Industrial Waste
Saydaliyeva Nodira Kaxxarovna
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (PhD), Senior Lecturer, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural
Sciences, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan
Akhmadjonova Mumtozbegim Mirkomil qizi
Student of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Fergana State University, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection,
Uzbekistan
Received:
22 April 2025;
Accepted:
18 May 2025;
Published:
20 June 2025
Abstract:
This article covers the types of chemical soil pollution and the causes of their occurrence, the negative
impact of industrial waste on soil composition, sources of pollution, and consequences. In particular, the influence
of heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum products, and other toxic substances on the soil composition was analyzed.
Also considered are the levels of pollution, environmental standards, and criteria for assessing the state of soils.
Information is provided on the negative impact of these pollutants on agriculture, the environment, and human
health, as well as on preventive measures.
Keywords:
Soil pollution, industrial waste, heavy metals, radioactive contamination, environmental hazard,
chemicals, degradation, monitoring, environmental protection, human health.
Introduction:
The role of land resources in ensuring sustainable
development and the well-being of the people in the
Republic of Uzbekistan is of strategic importance.
Today's generation, especially young people, are
responsible for the scientific preservation and
rational use of natural resources, in particular soil
cover, in order to preserve ecological stability.
Although economic and social problems were
balanced in many regions at the end of the XXth and
beginning of the XXst centuries, environmental crises,
especially soil degradation, await a serious solution.
The main determinants of this process are the
decrease in soil fertility, the compression of the land
fund, anthropogenic pressure, and excessive
amounts of chemicals.
In recent years, a number of important decisions and
decrees have been adopted in our country to protect
the environment, especially soil resources, prevent
pollution, and ensure environmental safety. In
particular, the “Uzbekistan
-
2030 Strategy” of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan №P
P-300
dated September 11, 2023, defines the need to take
strict
measures
to
radically
improve
the
environmental situation in our country, eliminate
environmental problems that directly affect human
health, preserve the natural composition of soil,
water resources, and the atmosphere, and prevent its
pollution. At the same time, issues of improving and
effectively organizing the environmental monitoring
system are also among the urgent tasks .
METHOD
For accurate assessment and monitoring of the level
of soil contamination by industrial waste,
scientifically based sampling and laboratory analysis
methods are of great importance. These methods
allow for the determination of the type, level,
location, and distribution characteristics of pollution.
The processes from sampling to final analysis are an
integral stage of environmental monitoring.
RESULT
Unlike other natural environments, soil has the
property of accumulating environmental pollution
products and retaining them for a long time. The final
destination of harmful substances from the
atmosphere is precisely the soil layer. Therefore, the
conservation of land resources and ensuring their
natural regeneration has become a pressing issue on
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
70
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
a global scale.
In the history of mankind, more than 2 billion
hectares of fertile land have been degraded. Every
year, 3-7 million hectares of land become unsuitable
for economic activity due to salinization, erosion, soil
compaction, and other anthropogenic factors.
Irrigated agriculture, intensive livestock farming, and
incorrect agricultural practices accelerate this
process.
In our country, the Law “On Nature Protection” has
been adopted on environmental protection and
rational use of natural resources. This indicates the
high level of attention paid to environmental safety
and land resource management issues in state policy.
Although the rapid development of industrial
production in the 21st century has become one of the
integral factors of human development, the negative
impact of this process on the ecological balance is
becoming an increasingly urgent issue. Soil is not only
a natural resource, but also one of the main ecological
elements of the biosphere, and its composition and
fertility ensure the continuity of life on Earth.
Therefore, the soil's resistance to anthropogenic
factors, especially pollution caused by industrial
activity, and the degree of its response to this
influence require separate scientific analysis and
monitoring [4].
Although the changes in the physicochemical and
biochemical properties of soils contaminated with
industrial waste are widely covered in the scientific
literature, due to the fact that this problem manifests
itself in various forms depending on geographical
regions, industries, and types of waste, its in-depth
analysis and territorial study remains one of the
urgent scientific tasks.
The impact of waste from industrial enterprises of the
Fergana Valley on air and soil was analyzed, and an
excess of heavy metals in groundwater and soil was
noted [7;10].
Soil monitoring in areas contaminated with industrial
waste, the influence of industrial waste on the
concentration of heavy metals in the soil based on
sample
analyses,
environmental
hazard
characteristics and changes in the soil based on the
analysis of waste from regional industrial enterprises
were thoroughly studied, and the results were
highlighted with data on the Fergana region [8;9].
The environmental hazard of the amount of heavy
metals measured in laboratory analyses is shown,
which leads to heavy metal contamination of the soil
by the waste of the Fergana Oil Refinery [5;6]..
DISCUSSION
Chemical soil contamination occurs under the
influence of various factors, and damage to the soil
cover is observed over the years. Soil pollution varies,
mainly from industrial enterprises, household and
other waste, as well as during various processes.
It is known that in each republic and region there are
organizations for the protection of land resources,
which are considered natural resources, which
constantly monitor the state of chemical pollution of
soils and determine the necessary measures.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, issues such as the state
of land resources and their protection are addressed
by the territorial administration of the Ministry of
Ecology, Environmental Protection and Climate
Change of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the
Hydrometeorological Center, and research institutes.
In these, such properties as pollutants, their
composition, and quantity are studied in laboratory
conditions, and appropriate conclusions are drawn
regarding pollution.
Chemically contaminated soils are classified
according to their chemical composition, quantity,
and toxic properties:
1. Radioactive contamination.
2. Contamination with heavy metals and chemicals.
3. Pollution by various wastes.
According to the results of the conducted research,
radioactive contamination is the most dangerous,
which causes serious damage to living organisms, has
the property of affecting in a large radius, and most
importantly, has a dangerous effect on human health,
causing various hereditary diseases with genetic
changes in offspring.
Heavy metal pollution is dangerous, and the sources
of this pollution are transport and industrial
enterprises. The retention period of heavy metals in
the soil is several thousand years.
Soil pollution by waste The amount of the above-
mentioned pollution series is very large. Various types
of waste accumulate in large quantities in the soil
cover due to human impact and industrial
enterprises. “Cemeteries” where special waste is
buried have a negative impact on the environment
and soil cover for years.
Waste mainly differs from each other in chemical
composition and nature of action. Soil cover is most
directly polluted by industrial (e.g., chemical,
metallurgical, oil refining, and construction materials)
and
household
(household,
utilities)
waste.
Processing industry and other types of waste come in
less. These wastes may contain heavy metals, toxic
substances, radioactive elements, plastics, inorganic
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
71
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
waste,
and
other
harmful
components.
Contaminated soils are divided into the following
categories (1-table).
Categories of chemical soil contamination
1-table
Categories of
soil pollution
Contamination
description
Use
state
Suggested events
Category I
uncontaminated
Chemical
substances in the
soil do not exceed
the MPC value.
All crops can
be planted.
Reduce impact on soil
pollution
Category II
moderate
danger
The amount of
chemicals is in the
state of the general
sanitary norm,
reaching the soil
through water and
air.
By controlling
the qualitative
composition, it
is possible to
plant some
plants.
Control over the
boundaries of water and
airways, water sources
on agricultural lands
Category III -
high risk
The amount of
chemical substances
in the soil exceeds
the MPC and is
harmful to
transcasion
indicators.
It is allowed to
use only for
sowing
industrial
crops. Planting
agricultural
crops is
prohibited.
1. Strict application of
Category I measures
and control of the
content of toxic
substances, composition
of plants, products
2. Transfer of
productive plants to
clean soil conditions,
control.
3. Green plants
limit the use of masses
Category IV
Extremely
Dangerous
Chemical
substances in the
soil exceed the
MPC and are
harmful to all soil
parameters.
Planting all
types of crops
is prohibited.
Application of measures
to reduce the level of
contamination of
contaminated soil cover.
Control over the
composition of water
used in agriculture and
the formation of natural
protection factors.
When
classifying
the
levels
of
chemical
contamination of soils, they are not determined
uniformly for all types of chemical contamination, but
are expressed separately depending on the chemical
composition of a particular pollutant, its content in
the soil, the toxicity of DMs, and other properties. For
chemically contaminated soils, pollution levels and
coefficients are adopted (2-table).
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
72
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
Degrees of pollution of chemically contaminated soils
coefficients.
2-table
Level of pollution
Degree of soil
contamination
Pollution coefficient
1
Contaminated
0
2
Weak
0,3
3
Middle
0,6
4
Strong
1,5
5
Very strong
2,0
Protection of soils from chemical pollution is one of
the most pressing tasks on Earth today. Therefore,
serious attention should be paid to this problem.
In terms of the hazard of chemical substances, stress
index indicators are established, such as pesticides
140, heavy metals 135, nuclear power plant waste
120, toxic solid waste 120, metallurgical materials 90,
untreated wastewater 85, sulfur (II) oxide 72, oil 72,
chemical fertilizers 63, organic household waste 48,
nitrogen oxides 42, stored radioactive waste 40,
alkaline waste 40, volatile carbohydrates 18, carbon
monoxide 12 [1;2;3;].
Conclusion
The peculiarities of the activities of various branches
of production play an important role in the chemical
pollution of soils. Each industry is distinguished by the
pollutants released into the soil cover, and they are
distinguished by their unique chemical composition,
physical state, and degree of impact. Among the
types of chemical soil pollution, the most widespread
is pollution associated with toxic chemicals and
technogenic waste.
Constant monitoring plays an important role in
preventing chemical pollution of soils. By observing
the level of pollution over the years, the mechanisms
of its formation, patterns of distribution, and factors
of influence are determined. Based on this
scientifically substantiated data, it is possible to
develop and implement specific preventive and
rehabilitation measures.
In order to prevent soil contamination with toxic
technogenic waste, it is recommended to control
these wastes from the stage of their formation,
neutralize them by environmentally safe methods,
and store or bury them in special landfills that meet
the established sanitary standards.
Soil pollution from oil and its products is more
common. The presence of various carbohydrates
(naphthenic, aromatic), as well as heavy metals such
as Ni and Pb, significantly impacts the soil
cover.Tuproqlarni kimyoviy ifloslanishini oldini olish
uchun sanoat korxonalarini zamonaviy texnologiyalar
bilan ta’minlash ekologik uskunalar o‘rganish.
1. Establishing strict state control, defining various
types of collectives.
2. Conducting large-scale monitoring of scientific,
practical, and legal measures aimed at solving the
problem of chemical pollution.
3. Protection of soils from the effects of chemical
pollution, solution of the problem in contaminated
areas, development of new methods and
technologies for their purification.
4. Neutralization and processing of industrial waste,
achieving a reduction in chemical soil contamination.
When eliminating soil contamination by industrial
waste, we consider it necessary to pay attention to
the following:
- Purification of soils contaminated with oil and oil
products and restoration of their ecological condition
- a technology for soil purification has been
developed, which is determined based on the
properties and characteristics of the soil.
- Achieving physical, chemical, and biological soil
purification.
- Conducting reclamation measures in soils
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology
73
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast
American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745)
contaminated with oil and oil products.
- Plowing the soil to a depth of up to 30 cm, using
cotton humus to regulate the air regime, and using a
biopreparation rich in bacteria to halve the
concentration of fuel oil and petroleum.
- Conducting biological treatment of contaminated
soils using preparations containing microorganisms
that decompose hydrocarbons.
- Establishing environmental monitoring, monitoring
the results of cleaning works, and conducting regular
laboratory analyses to assess changes in the soil.
REFERENCES
Azobskaya A. O‘zbekistonning sanoat zo
nalarida
tuproq monitoringi. Geoekologiya 2009.
Davidov S.L., Tagasov, T.I.
—
Tuproq va atrof-muhit
muhofazasi Moskva, 2014.
Rasulov I.
—
Tuproq muhofazasi va ekologiya
Toshkent, 2015.
Sobirova M.
—
Tuproq ifloslanishi va ekologik holati
Moskva, 2015.
Saydaliyeva N., Axmadjonova M.
—
Tuproqlarning
zaharli moddalar va texnogen chiqindilar bilan
ifloslanishi. “Iqlim o‘zgarishi, tabiatdan oqilona
foydalanish muammolari va istiqbollari” mavzusidagi
Xalqaro ilmiy-
amaliy anjuman. Farg‘ona. 2024
-y.
Saydaliyeva N., Axmadjonova M.
—
Tuproqni zaxarli
moddalar va texnogen chiqindilar bilan ifloslanishning
oldini olish tadbirlari. Ekologik ta’lim tizimini
rivojlantirishning dolzarb masalalari mavzusidagi
Respublika ilmiy-amaliy konferensiya materiallari
to‘plami. 2025 y.
Karimova D.
—
Tuproq muhofazasi va ekologiya.
Toshkent, 2015.
Xolmatov A. “Farg‘ona vodiysida texnogen ifloslanish
zonalarida tuproq holati”. Farg‘ona. 2011.
Jabborov Z.A.
—
Neft va neft mahsulotlar fraktsion
tarkibining ta’siri O‘zbekiston neft va gaz jurnali,
2006, №1.
Yusupov A. Farg‘ona vodiysi tuproqlarining ifloslanish
darajasi Ekologiya va tabiatni muhofaza qilish jurnali
2011.
