Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
107
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Sports; If we look at the transition from primitive societies to today's modern societies, it can be seen that social life
has many characteristics, such as being a way of life for individuals, acquiring and/or preserving aesthetic and physical
beauty, being a source of entertainment for individuals, and self-education. for wars and as a weapon of the cold war,
it appears before us as an integral phenomenon. Psychology has many subfields. One of these subfields is sports
psychology. Sports psychology is a subfield that involves applying the principles of psychology to the sports
environment. Sports psychologists work as both academics and practitioners. Today, sports psychology is gaining
importance with the changing meaning of sports and athletes. As practitioners, sport psychologists strive to improve
team performance and create a positive team environment. Although there is still no real sports psychology
department in our country, the need for this field is increasing day by day. Nowadays, sport psychology seems to be
a field whose nature is not easily explained due to the many different perspectives. This complexity arises not only
from conceptual definitions, but also from the roles that sport psychologists must fulfill. Researchers have been
studying sports and sports psychology for a long time. Many studies have developed hypotheses about how the team
consciousness of athletes develops and what sports psychology is. But these hypotheses actually reveal a
phenomenon, and this phenomenon is called sports psychology. This situation strengthens the position of sports
psychology within sports sciences.
KEYWORDS
Sports, psychology, sports psychology.
Research Article
APPLICATIONS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY IN THE WORLD
Submission Date:
November 15, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 20, 2023,
Published Date:
November 25, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume03Issue11-14
Sirojev Shoxrux
Asia International University Physical Culture Chair Manager, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
108
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
INTRODUCTION
Sports; Today, it appears before us as a social-
integrative phenomenon that includes other meanings
besides its literal meaning. This sport takes its place in
the balance of power struggles; It was strengthened by
guiding countries and peoples. Winning is an important
goal in both individual and team sports. At this point, it
doesn't matter if the goal is to win or to activate the in-
game dynamics. These are interconnected processes.
The paucity of sports research has begun to change
with the increasing importance given to sports today.
New research in sports aims to close the gap in the field
and bring new perspectives. One of the most
important subfields of sports psychology, which has
many fields, is the examination of the psychology of
the game, players, and fans. However, if we consider
all these areas as a whole, we can talk about sports
psychology. Sports psychologists should not only work
on improving the performance of players in the game.
Today, it can be seen that this concept is beginning to
change and that learning about the athletes' family,
environment and themselves has gained importance,
that is, being evaluated within the framework of the
system. This article aims to provide an overview of all
of these studies and is a collection of studies in this
area.
Sports and sports psychology
If we look at the dictionary meaning of the word sport,
it can be seen that it comes from the word "dysport".
It is derived from the words "dis" and "portare". This
word means "getting away from work, not hard work,
but fun." In general, it is an activity that follows certain
rules and technical methods for sporting purposes,
satisfies the needs of the participants as well as the
spectators, such as pleasure and enthusiasm, and
unites athletes and spectators.
In its most general definition, sports; It can be defined
as all div movements performed in the form of
individual or team games, usually leading to
competition, where certain rules apply and which are
expected to be beneficial in later life.
Fishek defined sport as follows: It is a technical and
physical effort by an athlete (athlete) to win. It is a
competitive aesthetic process for the spectators of a
sports event. It is a mirror (or dependent variable) that
reflects the contradictions and characteristics of that
society within the framework of socially created
integrity, as well as an effective goal and a very
important social institution that can direct it depending
on the situation.
This definition is the most realistic definition that takes
into account the social aspect of sports without
neglecting other aspects of sports. Because sport is a
living social structure with its own social rules, values,
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
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ISSUE
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SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
signs and processes of interaction. Sport has several
roles in human life. In addition to competitive sports,
sports for exercise also take their place in our daily
lives. Here, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to
the definition of physical exercises. Exercise is physical
activity that can be done alone, such as walking,
running, swimming, or cycling, to improve physical and
mental health. The purpose of exercise is to increase
metabolism, strengthen muscles, burn fat and reduce
div fat, and make joints flexible. Although they are
sometimes used interchangeably, sports and exercise
are different concepts.
Among these changes taking place in the world and in
the field of sports sciences, sport has been opened to
scientific research since the 20th century, and with the
change of social conditions, it began to have an
economic aspect. In addition to training good athletes
or trying to adapt to competition in social life and
develop technical life, scientists saw sports as a means
to improve people's quality of life, overcome stress
and depression, and they started working on this.
Subject. During his early years of study, he worked in
areas such as sports training, sports biomechanics and
sports medicine. Due to the developing structure of
sports in the following periods, a new branch of
science, called sports sciences, began to be formed,
which includes areas such as sports psychology, sports
sociology, sports pedagogy, sports philosophy. Many
sources on sports psychology state that this field of
science is as old as human history. It is said that as soon
as sports began to participate in human life, the field of
sports psychology also began to participate in human
life.
The sport has gone through various stages to reach its
current point. But since the advent of the modern
Olympic Games in 1896, it has become an event with
important advertising and economic aspects. As part
of the need for scientists to achieve faster, stronger
and higher levels, sports psychologists are needed to
solve many problems of athletes, such as competition
anxiety, competitive stress, motivational elements,
concentration. The emergence of sports psychology in
the United States dates back to the early years of the
20th century. It can be said that the first research in the
field of sports psychology began in the 1880s on
"movement perception". The first research on sports
psychology was conducted by Norman-Triplett in 1895.
Prior to 1938, research in the field of sports psychology
focused primarily on motor learning, reaction time,
personality, and the psychology of sports play. The first
sports psychology laboratory in the United States was
established in 1925. Graduate studies in sports
psychology began in 1939. In the 1960s, sport
psychology began to be considered both as an
academic discipline and as a separate discipline.
Laboratory research on the subject has accelerated.
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
There are different definitions of sport psychology. In
the 1980s, Alderman defined sport psychology as "the
influence of sport on human behavior."
This definition was modified by Gill in 1986 as follows:
"Sport psychology is a subfield of sport and exercise
science that attempts to answer questions about
human behavior in a sporting environment." In 1994, a
different definition from all these definitions was put
forward by Cox: "Sport psychology is the field that
involves the application of psychological principles to
the sports environment." Based on all these
definitions, sports psychology; Attempts have been
made to divide it into subfields such as developmental
sport
psychology,
psychophysiological
sport
psychology, and cognitive sport psychology, but more
conceptual confusion has emerged.
Especially in the 20th century, new developments in
the field of sports psychology began with the growth
of sports activities, the development of rules applied in
these activities and the increase of expectations from
athletes. The perception of athletes as individuals who
perform physical activities has changed and the athlete
is seen as a physical and spiritual whole.
The starting point in the sociology of sport is sport, in
other words, the sport itself. With the emergence of
sport in society and the fact that it is a phenomenon
depending on its location, it is appropriate to look at it
as a whole within society. Sport is a phenomenon that
has deeply penetrated into the social life of people of
our time and is formed according to the social
structure. Sociology of sport is a specialized social
science that studies sport from the perspective of a
social institution and social system. We should not
forget the power of sports to unite peoples. From a
sociological perspective, it is true that sports create a
sense of belonging in athletes and fans, and that this
feeling affects all people equally.
Whether sport psychology is viewed as a subfield of
psychology or exercise and sport science, the point
reached or to be reached from both perspectives is
important. This idea can be briefly expressed as
follows: If sport psychology is considered as a subfield
of psychology, the application of theories and
principles of sport and exercise psychology becomes
important. Considered as a subfield of exercise and
sport science, it focuses on defining and explaining
behavior in a sporting environment. Sports psychology
is defined as "a network of sports sciences that strives
to achieve the goals of improving the effectiveness of
training athletes, speeding up the learning process,
and eliminating psychological obstacles to achieving
the desired result." This definition also indicates the
study areas of sport psychology. In this context, the
areas of study in sport psychology can be classified
under three main headings: practices to increase
performance, practices that accelerate technical
learning,
and
practices
aimed
at
removing
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ISSUE
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SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
psychological barriers to performance. Nideffer et al.
In a 1976 study, they stated that the practical role of
the sports psychologist is to develop programs that
improve performance, use psychological assessment
techniques, provide depression prevention services,
develop programs, and provide counseling for coaches
and others directly involved in sports. they emphasized
that it is to provide services. The practical role of a
sports psychologist is to improve performance and
help create a good team environment. In this role, the
sport psychologist must teach athletes strategies to
deal with competitive stress and competitive anxiety,
improve focus, increase team motivation levels, and
ensure continued motivation and increased self-
confidence.
There are many areas in which a sports psychologist
can work. Each field should have its own sections.
Anxiety, fear of failure, motivational disorders and
depression of the athlete before the competition
affect his performance. A sports psychologist should
provide psychological counseling if he or she believes
it is related to the athlete's mental health. Depression,
eating disorders, substance abuse, and relationship
problems can occur in athletes with inadequate coping
skills. It would be an advantage to have a sports
psychologist with clinical experience to advise on these
issues. In such a situation, the sports psychologist must
assume the roles of assessment, psychological
counseling, group counseling, and psychotherapist. A
sports psychologist assumes the role of a teacher in
applying and/or teaching mental training and
psychoregulation methods to athletes. A sports
psychologist should assume the role of researcher in
research in areas such as motivation, performance
enhancement, and the elimination of performance
barriers. When we look at all these roles that a sports
psychologist must take on, we see the existence and
necessity of basic psychological knowledge in sports
psychology.
Knowledge of the areas of sports psychology defines
the role of a sports psychologist. Sports psychology
conducts research to help athletes and examine the
mental state of individuals participating in or after
participating in physical exercise. It is noteworthy that
the fields and topics discussed under the name of
"modern sports psychology" since 1978 were the times
when the task of sports psychology was clear. It is
argued that sport psychology, along with new
approaches in the field, fulfills two main tasks. The first
is sport psychology applications that focus on exercise
and participation in movement and its causes, which
are often used in elite sports and involve helping
athletes. Research in this area is grouped under three
main headings. There are sports psychology programs
that help improve physical performance and recovery.
These applications include the study of athlete
personality and research in this area, motivation,
concentration, focus and self-confidence; There are
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
112
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
mental training focused on learning skills that
accelerate the technical knowledge of athletes, mental
training to prepare for competition and imagination
exercises for competition. Competitive anxiety,
competitive stress, stress, burnout, and various
psychological problems are among the researches
conducted to address the psychological factors that
hinder performance. Studying and succeeding in these
issues in sport psychology depends on addressing the
two subheadings mentioned above. At this point,
clearly stating the role of the sports psychologist
shows what the sports psychologist is capable of.
A sports psychologist's client is an athlete, and his
responsibility as a psychologist, in addition to being a
sports psychologist, is to help the client protect,
maintain, and develop his personal and spiritual
integrity. At this point, physiotherapists must work in
collaboration with their coaches, family and
teammates. Practitioners with a clinical background,
May psychology background in the physical sciences,
those with a background in sports and exercise in
clinical and psychological counseling, and those with a
background in psychiatry insists that they should
undergo sports training. and exercise. In this approach,
the
education
provided
should
not
include
undergraduate education, but postgraduate and
doctoral studies.
In this regard, A.A.A.SP (Association for the
Development of Applied Sports Psychology) makes the
following recommendations for the training of sports
psychologists: Sports psychology includes clinical or
psychological
counseling,
social
psychology,
psychophysiology,
experimental
psychology,
developmental
psychology,
and
personality
psychology. fields such as cognitive psychology and
psychopathology
are
needed.
Knowledge
of
biomechanics, training, movement science, exercise
physiology, sports medicine, sports pedagogy, sport
sociology,
motor
learning,
and
movement
development is required for sports and exercise.
Viewed in this way, sport psychology is reminiscent of
the field of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s.
Social scientists and psychologists have put forward
different definitions in this area. In recent years, there
has been agreement in this area. It should not be
forgotten that despite all the changes, there will be
very different assumptions and deep divisions about
the nature of society and the impact of sport on human
societies. In this context, the consideration of sport
psychology as a younger field and its current
conceptual confusion and efforts to find its place in the
field of sport science should be taken for granted and
welcomed. Today, it is scientifically accepted that
behavioral and cognitive techniques play an
extraordinary and important role in sports psychology.
Especially since the understanding of sport psychology
is developing and changing, the use of such
approaches and their functionality in emergency
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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(ISSN
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VOLUME
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ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
interventions are not discussed. Initiating research that
can improve existing sport performance and/or help
determine potential effectiveness in the development
of sport psychology programs should be evaluated in
this context.
There is a problem area that arises in the research of
Borkovec, Shadik and Hopkins in the field of sport
psychology. This problem area is a concern of athletes
and a sports psychologist should work in this area. This
condition is part of the athlete's unwanted,
uncontrollable,
negative
thoughts.
A
sports
psychologist should certainly conduct research on the
concerns of athletes. The important thing here is that
it helps athletes understand the situations in which
they experience anxiety and how to overcome it. There
are many areas in which a sports psychologist can
work. Each field should have its own sections. Anxiety,
fear of failure, motivational disorders and depression
of the athlete before the competition affect his
performance. A sports psychologist should provide
psychological counseling if he or she believes it is
related to the athlete's mental health. Depression,
eating disorders, substance abuse, and relationship
problems can occur in athletes with inadequate coping
skills. It would be an advantage to have a sports
psychologist with clinical experience to advise on these
issues. In such a situation, the sports psychologist must
assume the roles of assessment, psychological
counseling, group counseling, and psychotherapist. A
sports psychologist assumes the role of a teacher in
applying and/or teaching mental training and
psychoregulation methods to athletes. A sports
psychologist should assume the role of researcher in
research in areas such as motivation, performance
enhancement, and the elimination of performance
barriers. When we look at all these roles that a sports
psychologist must take on, we see the existence and
necessity of basic psychological knowledge in sports
psychology.
Knowledge of the areas of sports psychology defines
the role of a sports psychologist. Sports psychology
conducts research to help athletes and examine the
mental state of individuals participating in or after
participating in physical exercise. It is noteworthy that
the fields and topics discussed under the name of
"modern sports psychology" since 1978 were the times
when the task of sports psychology was clear. It is
argued that sport psychology, along with new
approaches in the field, fulfills two main tasks. The first
is sport psychology applications that focus on exercise
and participation in movement and its causes, which
are often used in elite sports and involve helping
athletes. Research in this area is grouped under three
main headings. There are sports psychology programs
that help improve physical performance and recovery.
These applications include the study of athlete
personality and research in this area, motivation,
concentration, focus and self-confidence; There are
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
114
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
mental training focused on learning skills that
accelerate the technical knowledge of athletes, mental
training to prepare for competition and imagination
exercises for competition. Competitive anxiety,
competitive stress, stress, burnout, and various
psychological problems are among the researches
conducted to address the psychological factors that
hinder performance. Studying and succeeding in these
issues in sport psychology depends on addressing the
two subheadings mentioned above. At this point,
clearly stating the role of the sports psychologist
shows what the sports psychologist is capable of.
A sports psychologist's client is an athlete, and his
responsibility as a psychologist, in addition to being a
sports psychologist, is to help the client protect,
maintain, and develop his personal and spiritual
integrity. At this point, physiotherapists must work in
collaboration with their coaches, family and
teammates. Practitioners with a clinical background,
May psychology background in the physical sciences,
those with a background in sports and exercise in
clinical and psychological counseling, and those with a
background in psychiatry insists that they should
undergo sports training. and exercise. In this approach,
the
education
provided
should
not
include
undergraduate education, but postgraduate and
doctoral studies.
In this regard, A.A.A.SP (Association for the
Development of Applied Sports Psychology) makes the
following recommendations for the training of sports
psychologists: Sports psychology includes clinical or
psychological
counseling,
social
psychology,
psychophysiology,
experimental
psychology,
developmental
psychology,
and
personality
psychology. fields such as cognitive psychology and
psychopathology
are
needed.
Knowledge
of
biomechanics, training, movement science, exercise
physiology, sports medicine, sports pedagogy, sport
sociology,
motor
learning,
and
movement
development is required for sports and exercise.
Viewed in this way, sport psychology is reminiscent of
the field of social psychology in the 1960s and 1970s.
Social scientists and psychologists have put forward
different definitions in this area. In recent years, there
has been agreement in this area. It should not be
forgotten that everything changes
One of the important elements of the development of
sports psychology is the change in the attitude of
athletes towards psychologists. Thus, consulting has
become more functional. Athletes now began to trust
psychologists more and sought advice to get new
perspectives on the problems they were experiencing.
All this information obtained by sports psychologists is
being used to improve sports performance, problem
solving and communication skills of athletes. This
method change is the most important change made in
the field of sports psychology. In their research on the
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(ISSN
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:
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SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
development of sport psychology, Partington and
Orlick found that athletes' positive relationships with
psychologists improved their performance in the
game. This growth creates changes that are reflected
in the lives of athletes.
As a result of the past 30 years of research by sports
psychologists on mental processes and mental training
with athletes; It was found that there is an increase in
the performance of athletes.
Developments in this field guide researchers' findings
and research. The utility and positive effects of
performance improvement research with soccer
players, tennis players, and swimmers in particular
reveal a need for sports psychologists. Research
results show that programs created by sports
psychologists using skill development and visualization
techniques are effective. Ensuring the continuity of this
development will be possible with the specialization of
sports psychologists and their application in all sports
fields.
As a result of these studies, it was observed that the
development of cognitive abilities in athletes was
accelerated. Another positive aspect of the research
was the improvement of self-control skills of athletes.
By working with sports psychologists, athletes can
focus more on the game and the processes within the
game. Research has shown that athletes learn to think
about the next game and focus on what they will do in
that match instead of dwelling on the past.
Researchers call this a solution-oriented approach. The
essence of this approach is based on finding solutions
and moving in that direction, rather than thinking
about the mistakes made or making mistakes and
experiencing disappointment.
With the development of sports psychology and the
understanding of its importance in sports, players have
begun to receive counseling services for issues other
than their athletic performance. Although such
counseling services were not functionally used,
management and technical staff, seeing the changes in
players, began to pay more attention to sports
psychologists.
CONCLUSION
Everyone involved in sports activities faces physical
and mental loads. To minimize the effects of this
loading, precautions must be taken against the factors
causing the loading. This work is the responsibility of
sports psychologists. Nowadays, sport psychology
seems to be a field whose nature is not easily explained
due to the many different perspectives. This
complexity arises not only from conceptual definitions,
but also from the roles that sport psychologists must
fulfill. Today, sports psychology has acquired a
meaning other than its direct meaning.
Researchers have been studying sports and sports
psychology for a long time. Many studies have
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
116
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
107-120
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
developed hypotheses about how the team
consciousness of athletes develops and what sports
psychology is. But these assumptions actually reveal a
phenomenon. The name of this phenomenon is sports
psychology. Being part of a group and trying to explain
it in social psychology, group dynamics, the connection
of group members to each other is one of the main
areas of sports psychology.
Today, sport is an economic phenomenon that cannot
be ignored. Sports; It has achieved extraordinary
economic momentum with huge support from
advertisements, the press, industrialists and investors,
spectators, health enthusiasts and competitive
athletes.
Especially in underdeveloped or developing countries
like our country, sport is an important dynamic. Sport
is one of the most widespread institutions in society.
Financial costs are the number of participants and
spectators, films, books, sports can be documented as
time spent, sports equipment, sports documents. In
short, sports units are connected with human social
behavior and social institutions. Therefore, it is
considered and evaluated within the framework of
social sciences. From a psychological perspective,
some motivations emerge for athletes to engage
socially. These motives are their self-identification, self-
improvement, ability to reduce themselves in some
situations, and the use of defense mechanisms to
protect themselves.
Sports psychology should focus on the main thing; The
goal is for athletes to improve themselves, increase
their self-esteem, and most importantly, become
individuals who can control their behavior, i.e. have
impulse control. Unique theories have not yet been
created in sports psychology. A significant part of their
theories are seen as borrowings from theories
developed by subfields of psychology. In this context,
more in-depth, theoretical and experimental research
on sport psychology is needed.
As it stands now, sport psychology appears to be a field
in which academic practitioners from diverse
backgrounds work. It seems that organizations and
associations specific to sports psychology have been
formed both in the USA and in Europe. Sport
psychology societies such as the International Society
of Sport Psychologists (ISSP), the North American
Association for Sport Psychology and Physical Activity
(NASPSPA), the Canadian Society for Sport Psychology
and Psychomotor Learning (CSPLSP), and the
European Federation of Sport Psychologists. FEPSAK)
was born. But the APA (American Psychological
Association), which gathers all the psychologists of the
USA under its umbrella, adopted exercise and sports
psychology as its division in 1986. According to the APA
(American
Psychological
Association),
sport
psychology is "the scientific study of the psychological
factors associated with participation and performance
in sports and physical activities."
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993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
(2023:
7.
164
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
It has two purposes. The first of these goals is to help
the athlete use the principles of psychology necessary
for performance, and the second is to understand how
participation in sports affects an individual's
psychological development and health throughout his
or her life. When viewed within these definitions, sport
psychology is considered to be an applied field of
psychology, or part of sport science, which is today an
interdisciplinary field.
There is still no real sports psychology department in
our country. Although the departments of physical
education and sports are working to eliminate the
shortcomings in this regard, these studies are
insufficient and show a development that lags behind
their counterparts in the world. In today's society,
where sports are gaining importance day by day,
sports psychology needs psychologists with serious
psychological training, who are aware of sports.
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