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ABSTRACT
Football This game has taken a large part of the rest of the sports games as it occupies the first place in terms of
practitioners (amateurs, professionals) and spectators, as well as the abundance of its skills and the diversity of its
plans, so the interest in it was exceptional in terms of its importance on the one hand and because it is the game that
brings pleasure and joy to the hearts of its followers and practitioners on the other hand and has received huge views
whether (inside or outside the stadium), it is natural that the player, coach or fan will be under great psychological
pressure when compared to other sports games.
• Preparing a
training program using the pendulum training method to develop some physical qualities and basic skills
for youth football players.
• Knowing the effect of the pendulum training method in developing some physical qualities and basic skills for youth
football players.
• The researchers used the experimental method (experimental design for two gro
ups, the first control and the
second experimental) using pre- and post-measurement, and the research community identified the young players in
Research Article
THE IMPACT OF UTILIZING PENDULUM TRAINING IN ENHANCING
SPECIFIC PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS FOR
YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Submission Date:
Sep 28, 2024,
Accepted Date:
Oct 03, 2024,
Published Date:
Oct 08, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume04Issue10-04
Lect. Dr. Mahmmad Ali Hussein
Ministry of Education, Babylon Education Directorate, Iraq
Lect. Ali Hashim Hamza
Ministry of Education, Babylon Education Directorate, Iraq
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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the Al-Jawhara Sports Club for football for the season) 2022-2023 (and the research sample was selected by simple
random method, amounting to (20) players, and then they were divided into two control groups containing) 10)
players and an experimental group containing (10) players as well.
The most important conclusions were
• The emergence of a clear development of
the control and experimental groups in the physical qualities and basic
skills of young football players.
• There is an advantage in the development of the physical qualities
and basic skills of young football players in favor
of the experimental group that used the pendulum training method.
• The use of any training method may positively affect the physical qualities and basic skills of young football players
.
KEYWORDS
Pendulum Training, Physical Qualities, Basic Skills, Football.
INTRODUCTION
1. Definition of the research
1-1 Introduction to the research and its importance
Scientific research has played an essential role in
nations' rise, development, and progress at the
(civilizational, cultural, and economic) level and
included other levels, including the sports level. Sports
are essential for people, and interest in them has
increased recently due to the tendency of most
countries to practice various sports. Not only that, but
they are competing to hold tournaments and
competitions at the level of countries worldwide.
There has become a competition among them to win
the organization of these tournaments. This is what
happened in the last World Cup 2022, which the State
of Qatar won to organize, becoming the first Arab
country to host this tournament, which is considered
the most significant event in the world.
The training aspect is a very important aspect that
advances sports because through it you can organize
exercises in a sound and correct manner that is
consistent with the physical and mental abilities of the
players and leads to raising the player's level physically,
skillfully, psychologically, intellectually in an ideal way
and reaching the ideal level for the player.
Football is one of the most critical team games that has
received significant attention, as it is the most famous
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game in the world. That requires physical variables that
differ from other games, as it requires a very high
physical effort, and physical qualities (speed,
endurance, strength, flexibility) must be available, as it
requires the player to perform ideally for 120 minutes,
and this time requires special attention to physical
qualities, so attention must be paid to them and to
their training methods to prepare the player well,
making him perform well on the field because any
defect in these physical qualities will affect the player
and his performance on the field, which in turn leads to
a decrease in the level of performance, and thus he
cannot implement the coach's plans, and the
continuation of this player on the field will make him
vulnerable to injury. The pendulum training method is
one of the methods that help to raise the physical level
and develop it well. Here comes the importance of the
research in order to advance the game of football for
the better, improve the level of physical qualities, and
raise their efficiency in an optimal way in order to
maintain a good level of performance during the
training unit or in the match and to deliver scientific
information to coaches about the critical role of this
method of training and its importance in football and
achieve satisfactory results that serve this game.
1-2 Research Problem
The pendulum training method is considered one of
the practical and successful training methods in team
games, especially games that require high physical
effort that extends for long periods of up to two hours
and in successive competitions that require
maintaining the efficiency of physical attributes for
long periods.
The football player needs to improve and develop
strength, speed, endurance, etc., and this training
method will give good results.
Through the experience of the researchers, as they
worked in the field of training for age groups in
football, they found that the physical level of young
players does not rise to the level of ambition and does
not keep pace with the development currently taking
place in this game, which affects the player's
performance of basic football skills. Therefore, the
researchers decided to use this training method
(pendulum) to know the ability to raise the player's
physical and skill level.
1-3 Research objectives:
• Preparing a program using the pendulum training
method to develop some physical attributes and
essential skills for young football players.
• Knowing the effect of the pendulum training method
in developing some physical attributes and essential
skills for young football players.
1-4 Research hypothesis:
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• The training program (pendulum training method)
has a positive effect on developing some physical
qualities and essential skills for youth football players.
1. 5 Research areas
1-5-1 Human field: Al-Jawhara Club players for youth
football under 19.
1-5-2 Temporal field: The period (1/31/2023 to 4/13/2023)
1-5-3 Spatial field: Al-Hashimiya Sports Club Stadium,
Babylon, Iraq.
2. Research methodology and field procedures
2-1 Research methodology
The researchers used the experimental method
(experimental design for two groups, the first control,
the second experimental, and pre-and post-
measurement).
2.2 Research community and sample
The community (young players under 19) in Al-Jawhara
Sports Club was determined for football for the season
(2022-2023). The research sample was selected using a
simple random method, amounting to (20) players.
They were then divided into two control groups
containing (10) players and an experimental group
containing (10) players.
2-3 Sample homogeneity and equivalence procedures
2-3-1 Sample homogeneity
To control the variables that affect the research
results, the researchers resorted to verifying the
homogeneity of the sample in the variables related to
morphological measurements (age, height, and
weight), as shown in Table (1).
Table (1) shows the homogeneity of the sample.
No
Variables
Unit of
measure
Arithmetic
mean
Standard
deviation
The
loom
Coefficient of
skewness
1 the age
year
18.72
2,30
18,1
0,27
2 height
poison 175,1
2,910
174
0,38
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3 the weight
kg
69,53
2,80
68,2
0,48
4 Training age
year
4,10
1,02
4
0,09
Table (1) shows the values of the skewers coefficient for the studied variables between
(+-1), which indicates that the sample is moderately distributed
.
2.3.1 Sample Equivalence
The researchers should attribute the differences to the
training
factor.
The
two
research
groups
(experimental, control) must be equivalent in the
variables (under study). Before starting the program,
the researchers resorted to achieving the principle of
equivalence between the two groups. The researchers
used statistical means (arithmetic mean, standard
deviation, t-test for independent samples), as shown in
Table (2).
Table (2) shows the equivalence between the two groups (control, experimental) in
the research variables
t
Physical
tests
Control group
Experimental
group
Calculated
value of (t)
Significance
1
Power at velocity
(s)
13.724 0.799
13.483
1.125 0.551
Non-moral
2
Explosive power
(cm)
36.04 4.376
37
3.496 0.339
Non-moral
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3
Force endurance
(m)
44.059 1.684
42.915
2.135 1.33
Non-moral
4
Velocity duration
(s)
27.471 1.704
27.795
2.173 0.371
Non-moral
5 Scoring (number) 6.7
0.948
7.3
1.215 1.208
Non-moral
6 Rolling ball (tha) 12.192 1.002
12.248
0.797 0.823
Non-moral
7
Handling
(number)
5.3
1.494
5.8
1.229 0.817
Non-moral
*Tabular value (t) at (18) degrees of freedom and below (0.05) significance level = 2.10
2.2 Methods, devices and tools used in research
2.4.1 Means of data collection
· Arab and foreign sources
· Objective tests and measurements
· Observation
· Questionnaire Form
2.4.2Devices and tools used
*Tape measure *Medical Scale *Stopwatch *Football
Field * Number of Soccers * Manual Calculator
* Results Registration Form * Recording device.
2.3 Research procedures
2.5.2 Identification of research variables
Through the researchers' training and field experience,
it was found that these variables are very important for
football players and accordingly they have been
selected and measurements have been made around
them.
1- The power characteristic of the speed of the two
legs.
2- The explosive power of the lower limbs.
3- Strength prolongation.
4- Speed prolongation.
5- Scoring.
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6- Rolling with the ball.
7- Handling.
2.5.3 Research variables tests
1- Partridge test maximum distance of 36 m, (18 m)
back and forth for each man separately .
(Kazem Al-Rubaie and Muwaffaq Al-Mawla, 1988, 129)
2- Vertical jump up.
(Muhammad Subhi Hassanein, 2001, 304)
3- Continuous partridge with feet travel the largest
distance per minute .
(Qais Naji and Bastoussi Ahmed 1984, 44)
4- Running 150m
(Qasim Hassan Hussein, 1998, 657)
5- Scoring on goal divided into squares .
(Muhammad Abdo Al-Wahsh, Mufti Ibrahim Hammad,
1994, 190)
6- Rolling the ball between (5) signs fixed on the
ground .
(Zuhair Qasim Al-Khashab et al.,
1999, 189)
7. Handling about three circles drawn on the ground
with half diameters (3) (5)
(Zuhair Qasim Al-Khashab et al., 1999,
214)
2.5.4 Scientific foundations of tests:
The standardized tests have been relied upon, which
have honesty, stability, high objectivity and are
approved by most researchers and from previous
sources .
2.6.1Exploratory experiment
The
researchers
conducted
the
exploratory
experiment on 31/1/2023 on a sample of (10) players
from the Hashemite Youth Forum team, and its
purpose was:
1. Knowing the obstacles during the main experiment.
2. Sequencing tests properly.
3. Ensure the efficiency of the assistant work teams.
4. The validity of the devices used.
2.7 Field experience
2.5.1 Pre-tests: conducted on 7/2/2023
2.5.2 Main experience: period from 8/2/2023 to
13/4/2023
2-5-3 Post-tests: conducted on 12/4/2023
2.8 Training method used
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One of the successful training methods in team games,
games that require consecutive competitions and a
short period and depend on maintaining the elements
of physical qualities, a training program was prepared
using pendulum training for young players at Al-
Jawhara Sports Club in football and this method was
used for the experimental group only, the application
of the program was started (8/2/2023) and continued
until (11/4/2023) and took for two months (8 weeks)
and by (3) training units per week, where the total units
reached (24) units, and the unit's date was at four in
the evening, where The unit starts with a warm up and
takes (10) minutes.
The researchers took into account that the exercises
arranged according to the difficulty of performance
and gradation of the easiest exercises and then the
most difficult and also make efforts and provide the
best tools and supplies and the physical exercises, skill
and tactics at the level that the player understands and
the development of a number of exercises
commensurate with the level of the sample, then the
exercises were given a period of time of (40 minutes)
and were given immediately after warming up and the
training unit takes a time of (95 minutes) for the
training group and the control As for the control group,
the duration of the exercises also (40 minutes) and
used exercises prepared by the trainer (regular
program).
2.9 Statistical Methods
* Arithmetic mean * Standard deviation * Mode .
* Torsion coefficient * Test (t) for independent
samples * Test (t) for correlated samples.
3. Presentation and discussion of results
3-1 Presentation of the results of physical and skill tests
of the control group (pre- and post-)
Table (3) shows the results of the pre- and post-tests of the control group in the
research variables.
t
Physical tests
Pre-test
S A
Post-Test
S A
Calculated
value (t)
Significance
1
Partridge
test
maximum distance of
13.724
0.799 11.062 0.36 8.67
Moral
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36 m (18 m) round
trip for each man
separately
2 Vertical jump up
36.04
4.376 37.7
3.86 2.414
Moral
3
Continuous partridge
with feet travels the
largest distance per
minute
44.059
1.684 49.1
2.558 4.219
Moral
4 Ran 150m
27.471
1.704 23.809 0.945 5.113
Moral
5
Scoring on goal
divided into squares
6.7
0.948 9.4
0.966 6.821
Moral
6
Rolling the ball
between (5) pillars
fixed on the ground
12.192
1.002 11.311 0.221 2.983
Moral
7
Handling about three
circles drawn on the
ground with half
diameters(3)(5)(7)
5.3
1.494 7.5
1.178 2.905
Moral
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Through Table (3), which builds the results of the tests
for the physical and skill qualities of young players in
football and for the pre- and post-tests and for the
control group and through the observation of
arithmetic media and standard deviations for all tests
we find different and there are differences between
the pre- and post-tests and to find out this difference
(differences) the researchers used the test (t for
correlated samples) Hence, the calculated values were
greater than the tabular value amounted to (2.262) at
the level of significance (0.05) and the degree of
freedom (9) so there are significant differences for all
tests of physical and skill characteristics and in favor of
the post-test.
3-2 Presentation of the results of physical and skill tests
for the experimental group (pre- and post-)
Table (4) shows the results of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in the
research variables.
t
Physical tests
Pre-test
S A
Post-Test
S A
Calculated
value (t)
Significance
1
Partridge test maximum
distance of 36 m (18 m)
round trip for each man
separately
13.483 1.125 10.53 0.632 6.746
Moral
2 Vertical jump up
37
3.496 41.3
2.907 6.986
Moral
3
Continuous
partridge
with feet travels the
largest distance per
minute
42.915 2.135 53.8
3.359 12.333
Moral
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4 Ran 150m
27.795 2.173 21.691 1.886 5.874
Moral
5
Scoring on goal divided
into squares
7.3
1.251 10.9
0.994 6.647
Moral
6
Rolling the ball between
(5) pillars fixed on the
ground
12.248 0.797 10.82 0.674 3.9
Moral
7
Handling about three
circles drawn on the
ground
with
half
diameters(3)(5)(7)
5.8
1.225 8,9
0.875 8.908
Moral
Through Table (4), which shows the results of the tests
for the physical and skill qualities of young players in
football and for the pre- and post-tests and for the
control group and through the observation of
arithmetic media and standard deviations for all tests
we find different and there are differences between
the pre- and post-tests and to find out this difference
(differences) The researchers used the test (t for
correlated samples)) Hence, the calculated values
were greater than the tabular value amounted to
(2.262) at the level of significance (0.05) and the
degree of freedom (9) so there are significant
differences for all tests of physical and skill
characteristics and in favor of the post-test.
3-3 Presentation of the results of physical and skill tests
for the control and experimental groups in the post-
tests.
Table (5) shows the results of the post-tests of the two groups (experimental and
control) in the research variables.
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t
Physical tests
Control group
S A
Experimental
Group
S A
Calculated
value (t)
Significance
1
Partridge
test
maximum distance of
36 m (18 m) round trip
for
each
man
separately
11.062 0.36
10.53
0.632 2.31
Moral
2 Vertical jump up
37.7
3.86
41.3
2.907 2.356
Moral
3
Continuous partridge
with feet travels the
largest distance per
minute
49.1
2.558 53.8
3.359 3.52
Moral
4 Ran 150m
23.809 0.945 21.691 1.886 3.175
Moral
5
Scoring
on
goal
divided into squares
9.4
0.966 10.9
0.994 3.421
Moral
6
Rolling
the
ball
between (5) pillars
fixed on the ground
11.311 0.221 10.82
0.674 2.188
Moral
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7
Handling about three
circles drawn on the
ground
with
half
diameters(3)(5)(7)
7.5
1.178 8.9
0.875 3.015
Moral
Through Table (5), which builds tests for the physical
and skill qualities of young players football for the two
dimensional tests and for the control and experimental
groups and through the observation of arithmetic
circles and standard deviations for all tests we find
different and there are differences between the pre-
and post-tests and to find out this difference
(differences) researchers used the test (t For
independent samples) and from it the calculated
values were greater than the tabular value amounted
to ((2.10))at the level of significance (0.05) and the
degree of freedom (18) so there are significant
differences for all tests of physical and skill
characteristics and in favor of the experimental group
.
3.4 Discussion of results
3.4.1 Discussion of the results of pre- and post-tests of
research variables
Through the review of Table (3) and (4) we found there
is a development in the results of the research
variables for the two groups (control, and
experimental), where the training was well regular in
the control group in addition to the proper gradation
in the components of the training load research, which
led to the development of physical abilities and skills,
and that the reason for the development is to take into
account all the conditions for performing exercises
properly and this is what he pointed out (Muhannad
Abdul Sattar 2001) ((There is a scientific fact that must
stand there, which is that the exercises used in the
curricula Training leads to the development of
performance as it was built on scientific foundations in
the organization of the training process, the use of
appropriate load and the observation of individual
differences and under good training conditions and
under the supervision of specialized trainers where the
training programs codified and organized according to
scientific foundations work to develop the physical and
skill level of the players).
There has been a development in the physical and skill
variables of the two groups and the reason is also due
to the regularity of the sample in the application of the
training program (traditional training program,
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training program in the pendulum style) has achieved
the required goal and set by (coach, researchers) and
this is confirmed by each of (Marwan Abdul Majeed,
Mohammed Jassim Al-Yasiri, 2010, 22) ((The goal of the
sports training process is to rise and reach the
individual athlete to a high level of sports achievement
in the event or activity in which the player specializes))
But there was a greater development in the
experimental group and this is because of the method
of training (Pendulum) as a result of the exercises
placed and the training method used and also the
diversity of exercises in physical abilities and skills
(under study) and this is an indicator of the success of
the training process and exercises used and this is
confirmed by (Hanafi Muhammad Al-Mukhtar 1998)
((that proper planning and selection of good and
appropriate exercises enable the coach to develop the
physical abilities used all depend on the player's
mastery of basic skills))
3.4.2 Discussion of the results of post-tests of research
variables
By observing Table (5), it was found that the
experimental group was better in developing physical
and skill qualities in football through the presence of
significant differences in the post-tests.
After presenting the results, it was found that there is
a development in the performance of the control
group in the performance of football skills and this
reason is due to the training used by the coach and this
is confirmed by (Ishraq Ghalib, 2009) ((that modern
sports training based on harmony and harmony
between physical preparation, skill preparation in one
way without separation))
The reason for the development of the experimental
group is to focus on the important physical qualities in
the game of football and develop them properly
through the organized repetition of the exercises and
the gradual increase of repetitions and the number of
repetitions during the training unit and the use of the
pendulum training method and this is an indicator of
the success of the training program subject to contain
the correct training requirements, which is pendulum
training, which indicates that it is a successful training
method and this is what is agreed upon (Sherif Taha:
2000, 118) ((Modern sports training must include
exercises used for devices Membership itself in the
sports activity, as well as the tools used preferably the
same in the particular activity and training for the
physical abilities of the activity in question is under the
same conditions of competition))
The reason for the superiority of the experimental
group is also due to its use for pendulum training as it
focuses on competition and performance in conditions
similar to the match, and this helped this to repeat the
skill and its development, and this is what he referred
to (Ishraq Ali Mahmoud, 2002) quoting (Wajih
Mahgoub, 1998) ((movements that the player must
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perform in all situations, which are similar to the state
of play and required by the game in order to reach the
best results with economy in effort)).
In addition to the repetition in the performance
according to this method of training (pendulum
training) helped the accuracy of the skill because it is
performed continuously according to different
conditions as in cases of play and this is confirmed by
(Mufti Ibrahim, 1994) ((The player reaches the
performance of the skill automatically through
permanent repetition)) .
he researchers used the pendulum training method in
applying the program to develop the physical and skill
aspects related to the physical aspect, and in light of
that, there was a development in the game, which is
confirmed by (Amr Allah Al-Basati, 1998) ((that athletes
in various sports events cannot master the basic skills
that distinguish each event in the event that they lack
the necessary physical qualities specific to the sports
activity, so we find a close link between the skill level
and the physical requirements specific to each
activity).
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
1- 1- The emergence of a clear development for the
control and experimental groups in the physical
qualities and basic skills of young football players.
2- 2- There is an advantage in the development of the
physical qualities and basic skills of young football
players in favor of the experimental group that used
the pendulum training method.
3-2 The use of any training method may positively
affect the physical qualities and basic skills of young
football players.
Recommendations
1- Generalize the results reached by the researchers to
coaches of sports clubs for the game of football for the
youth category.
2- There should be periodic tests on a continuous basis
for the training programs prepared by the trainers, the
purpose of which is to evaluate the work of these
programs in order to address errors if any.
3- Conduct similar studies for other categories and
know the results of these studies.
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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