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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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ABSTRACT
Tourism is one of the most essential elements of the modern service sector and contributes significantly to countries'
economies, including Iraq. It also plays a vital role in increasing national income and improving the balance of
payments in foreign exchange. It aims to provide job opportunities for the workforce and implement development
programs. The research problem is identifying Ecotourism's effects on sustainable development in Iraq.
The main objectives of the research are:
1. What is the meaning and concept of Ecotourism and sustainable development, and what are the requirements for
its application?
2. What is the importance of Ecotourism as the most critical type of modern tourism?
3. How do ecotourism dimensions impact sustainable development in Iraq?
The most crucial search results:
1- The dimensions of sustainable development were represented in the environmental dimensions, social and political
dimensions, economic dimensions
Research Article
THE EFFECTS OF ECOTOURISM ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN
IRAQ
Submission Date:
October 11, 2024,
Accepted Date:
October 16, 2024,
Published Date:
October 21, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume04Issue10-19
Jinan Abdul Redha Hamza
University of Karbala, Faculty of Tourism Sciences / Department of Tourism Studies, Iraq
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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2- The research results showed that ecotourism principles take into account nature - ecological sustainability -
environmental culture - and tourism satisfaction.
3- The environmental impact of Ecotourism on development was represented in (Ecotourism efforts lead to the
continued reduction of energy and natural resource consumption) - The state should be able to reduce the problem
of pollution as long as it has the financial and technical, and human resources to ensure the use of cleaner technologies
and fewer resources - An ethical and ethical approach to Ecotourism.
KEYWORDS
Ecotourism, countries' economies, development programs.
INTRODUCTION
Tourism is one of the most essential elements of the
modern service sector and contributes significantly to
countries' economies, including Iraq. It also plays a vital
role in increasing national income and improving the
balance of payments in foreign exchange. It aims to
provide employment opportunities for the workforce
and implement development programs.
On this basis, tourism is vital to decision-makers in most
countries, especially Iraq. Tourismountries' economic
and social development, requires good thinking about
exploiting them to the fullest extent development,
communication, and continuity strategies must be
followed, which must work to achieve sustainable
development, as this strategy is based on the one hand
on culture of Ecotourism that occurs based on
reactions to tourism and its adverse effects and the
other hand concerns about biodiversity. It examines
the relationship between tourism activities and
environmental sustainability. It also works to achieve
higher levels of fun without compromising the
ecological balance, which is primarily responsible for
Evensan, by not exceeding the absorptive capacity of
tourist destinations, preventing pollution resulting
from tourists and waste resulting from tourist
destinations, as well as protecting cultural,
civilizational and historical heritage.
Problem of the Study
Tourism is mainly related to the environment, and since
the eighties, sustainability has been focused. The new
concept of sustainable tourism is limited to economic
considerations but responds to the requirements of
sustainable development regarding the impact of
tourism activities on the natural and human
environment. As a result, interest in Ecotourism is
growing among various organizations. The decision of
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the United Nations Economic and Social Council to
recognize 2002 as the International Year of Ecotourism
is evidence of the growing global interest in
Ecotourism,
both
at
the
international
and
governmental levels.
Importance of the Study
The importance of research is divided into scientific
importance and applied significance and includes the
following:
Aim of the Study
The importance of research at the scientific level is as
follows:
- There is a lack of Arab and foreign research regarding
the impact of Ecotourism on sustainable development,
so the current research tries to contribute to filling the
research gaps for topics not related to the impact of
Ecotourism on sustainable development.
- Determine the impact of introducing Ecotourism on
sustainable development from an economic and
environmental perspective.
Importance of the Study
The importance of this research at the applied level is
as follows:
1. Ecotourism represents a development alternative
with a significant position in many countries, as it
contributes to the diversity of sources of income and
the revitalization of economic sectors.
2. Research is essential in trying to benefit from
Ecotourism as a tourist attraction that effectively
contributes to revitalizing tourism in Iraq and achieving
sustainable development.
3. Provide a set of suggestions that help in the
behavioral rationalization of the use of resources,
which contributes to maintaining public health and
safety and replenishing resources to maintain the
safety and vitality of society.
Questions of the Study
4. What is the meaning and concept of Ecotourism and
sustainable development, and what are the
requirements for its application?
5. What is the importance of Ecotourism as the most
critical type of modern tourism?
6. How do ecotourism dimensions impact sustainable
development in Iraq?
7. What is the economic and environmental level
necessary for Ecotourism to achieve sustainable
development?
Objectives of the Study
1. Highlight the meaning and concept of Ecotourism
and sustainable development and the requirements for
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its application to reach sustainable political
development standards.
2. Revealing the importance of Ecotourism as the most
critical type of modern tourism?
3. Measuring the impact of ecotourism dimensions on
sustainable development in Iraq.
4. Identify the economic and environmental level
necessary for Ecotourism to achieve sustainable
development
Previous studies:
Study by Rasha Abdullah Sultan (2023)[1] on Designing
a virtual reality for the Saudi environment to develop
sustainable tourism.
The study sought to identify virtual tourism, reveal its
role in tourism activation and sustainability, and review
the tourism potential of the Kingdom and the city of
Jeddah to design virtual tours that reflect its tourist
destinations. To achieve the objective of the study, the
descriptive approach was adopted to identify the most
critical elements of tourist attractions in the Saudi
environment and the city of Jeddah, and the
descriptive analytical approach to identify virtual
tourism and its role in tourism activation and
sustainability, and the work of a questionnaire directed
to the Saudi society, where the study sample reached
600 individuals, to find out the extent of interest of
members of the Saudi society in virtual tourism. Their
most essential desires in this field and the applied
approach were used to design virtual tourist
environments that reflect the archaeological tourist
destinations in the city of Jeddah.
The Results of the Study:
Virtual reality is a promising technological means in
marketing and tourism activation and documentation
of archaeological sites. Unique and diverse
components and a globally civilized tourist site
characterize the city of Jeddah. The study recommends
taking advantage of virtual reality technologies to
document and protect archaeological sites affected by
the accumulation of tourists and the optimal
investment of this technology to enhance the
economic return of tourism, especially in light of the
crises hindering traditional tourism.
Safou Narges (2022)[2]study on The role of
Ecotourism
in
achieving
sustainable
tourism
development
The research paper aims to identify Ecotourism as one
of the most important patterns of modernity and
identify
the
relationship
between
tourism
development and recognition of the role of
development plans as a mechanism to achieve
sustainable development and the evaluation of
environmental values for tourism projects as a
mechanism to achieve sustainable development.
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The search record is a set of results, the most
important of which are:
· Algeria has many diverse ecotourism areas, but this
type of tourism has not received enough attention due
to the lack of environmental awareness and tourism
information in this area.
· The Law on Environmental Protection 10/03 did not
mention tourism clearly but paid attention to sensitive
tourist areas, as it allocated the protection of nature
reserves and biodiversity and the protection of water,
water, and desert environments.
· The Algerian legislator has created an arsenal of
environmental laws that intervene with, care for, and
protect tourism, such as the Law on the Protection and
Valuation of the Coast No. 02/02, the Law on the
Protection of Cultural Heritage Rathm 98/04 and Law
No. 02/11 on protected areas within the framework of
sustainable development.
A study by Wahiba Al-Jawzi Khalifati (2022)[3] on
Ecotourism and its role in achieving sustainable
development in the state of Tizi Ouzou - Algeria
This study aims to highlight the meaning and concept
of Ecotourism and sustainable tourism development
and the requirements for its application to reach
sustainable tourism development criteria through
which tourism development experiences can be
evaluated; it also aims to describe the current state of
Ecotourism in Algeria.
The study found several results:
The concept of tourism development is not a fixed
state of balance between achieving economic benefits
and protecting the environment. Thus, the concept of
best environmental practice may differ from one
region to another in terms of the different problems
and conditions of development in each region,
resulting in a different concept of sustainable tourism
development.
Hanan Saidi’s study, Si’aq (202
2)[4], on Mechanisms
for establishing the foundations of sustainable
Ecotourism in Algeria in light of the Emirati
experience
This study aims to identify the most critical
mechanisms supporting the activation of the
tourism/environment
combination
to
reach
sustainable Ecotourism in Algeria by applying the
Emirati experience in the field of its transformation to
Ecotourism, relying on green hotels, and drawing
lessons learned from them for Algeria.
The study's results indicated that Algeria has the
ingredients to qualify it as a tourist attraction par
excellence and that sustainable Ecotourism is achieved
when activating the elements of the balanced
combination, which links tourism to environmental
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protection and must be within the state's
comprehensive sustainable development plan.
Fawzia Laxie's (2021)[5]study on Ecotourism as a
strategy to achieve sustainable development presents
the experiences of some Arab countries
The research aims to highlight the importance of
Ecotourism, which is one of the essential strategies in
achieving sustainable development, concerning some
of the experiences of Arab countries, and to focus on
the Algerian experience and the various mechanisms
taken by Algeria to protect the environment and
support Ecotourism due to its availability of natural
elements of multiple landscapes and ecosystems, by
presenting the most important possibilities of
Ecotourism from reserves and national natural parks
with rare characteristics and classified globally. It has
been reached through research that there is a
compelling and distinctive role for Ecotourism in
promoting and promoting sustainable development,
especially in the aspect of the environmental
dimension, but there are some reasons and factors
that hinder the embodiment of this; Algeria still has
fragile results in this area compared to some Arab
countries that have achieved very satisfactory results,
such as Jordan and Tunisia, and several suggestions
and recommendations have been made that may
enable the promotion of this type of tourism.
Procedural Definitions
The concept of Ecotourism
Visiting relatively safe natural areas (nature reserves -
the absorptive capacity of each location), benefits to
local communities (equitable distribution of benefits -
partnerships), environmental awareness, alternative
energies (solar energy - wind energy - biofuels), and
green buildings (environmentally friendly materials).
–
Control/reduction of energy and water consumption),
sustainable transport (some electric vehicles), water
management (water reuse
–
rainwater harvesting),
waste management (recycling
–
toxic waste
treatment), land management (organic investment in
the environment in short-term improvements) and
long-term in social welfare, employment, and social
services (environmental conservation).
The concept of sustainable development
Many definitions have been said about sustainable
development, among which:
Classic definition
: Sustainable development is meeting
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs. This
definition is based on balancing development's
economic, social, and environmental dimensions.
United Nations definition: Sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs and focuses on the
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balance between the economic, social, and
environmental dimensions of development. [6]
Definition of inclusive sustainability
: Sustainable
development is a holistic process that aims to achieve
sustainability in all aspects of life, including the
environment, economy, and society. It focuses on
balancing current needs with the ability to meet future
needs [7].
The concept of sustainable tourism development:
Sustainable tourism is defined as "the optimal use of
tourist sites in terms of the entry of tourists in balanced
numbers, provided that they are aware in advance of
the importance of these sites and deal with them in
order to prevent damage." [8]
It is a comprehensive plan for the economic, social and
environmental development of an entire country or
region, combining elements of tourism development,
including natural and cultural attractions. ". It is also
"tourism that meets the needs of tourists and host
sites, as well as the protection and provision of
opportunities for the future, and it represents a set of
guiding rules in the field of resource management, in a
way that meets the requirements of economic, social
and cultural issues, and with it cultural integration,
environmental factors, biodiversity and support for life
systems"[9].
Theoretical Aspect:
Dimensions of sustainable development:
Four
dimensions of sustainable development
(environmental, economic, social).
1) Environmental dimensions:
It is represented in the use of pesticides and avoiding
soil damage, eliminating vegetation cover and
fisheries, preserving natural resources, protecting
water, preserving the climate from global warming,
and reducing the shelter of different biological species
(preserving the earth's richness in biodiversity for
future generations) [10].
2) Social and political dimensions:
The social dimension of sustainable development
focuses on social justice by combating poverty,
providing social services to all those in need, and
ensuring democracy through people's participation in
decision-making. It focuses on the fact that the human
being is the essence of development and its ultimate
goal. The most critical social and political aspects of
development are the stability of population growth,
final population size, population distribution, the
importance of maximizing the use of human resources,
health, education, the importance of the role of
women, and democratic governance.
3) Economic dimensions:
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According to this aspect, national sustainability means
the continuation and maximization of economic well-
being for as long as possible by providing elements of
human well-being at the highest levels of quality,
private consumption of natural resources, stopping
the waste of resources, the responsibility of developed
countries for pollution and cleaning, reducing the
dependence of developing countries, achieving
sustainable development for poor countries, equality
in the distribution of resources and reducing income
inequality[11].
It establishes the concept of sustainable development
and proves the existence of many elements that form
the basis of sustainable development. The most
important are:[12]
It meets people's humanitarian needs and improves
their standard of living. It eradicates poverty. This
requires ensuring sustainable population levels and
rational environmental management that effectively
uses all that is possible and human development.
Because there is no sustainable development without
sustainable human development, it improves health. It
expands
societal
opportunities
(knowledge
acquisition, political freedom, securing human rights)
through community investment in knowledge,
education, health, and acquired capacities.
Environmental economics views economics as the
nervous system of interactions between the
environment
and
development.
Sustainable
development, therefore, depends on a balance
between economic and ecological systems, the use of
environmentally friendly technologies, and, finally,
success in self-sufficiency
—
international support and
cooperation to solve global environmental problems.
Sustainable Tourism Development:
After addressing sustainable development and its
aspects, we will look at ecotourism as a type of tourism
that contributes to sustainable development.
Therefore, in addition to preserving the environment,
it also contributes to achieving the desired goals of
income generation and increasing the working class. I
want to do it. Supporting Ecotourism contributes to
achieving a higher level of enjoyment, but this does not
disturb the ecological balance, and its maintenance is
man's responsibility.
Based on the above, sustainable tourism development
is based mainly on the following basic principles[13]:
· At the level of productivity of tourism resources,
ensuring the continuity of tourist attractions through
pleasure and satisfaction with the services and
opportunities provided.
· Preserving biodiversity and avoiding environmental
variables that have serious consequences.
· Establishing equality between generations and
reaping the benefits of tourism while applying the
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principles of sustainable development. This principle is
mainly based on removing any factors from the
tourism environment that will lead to low productivity
in the future.
· Finding a compromise between the host
community's culture and the visiting tourist through
developing and promoting the local culture, preserving
it, seeking its continuity and delivery, and introducing
the tourist to it.
· Involve local communities in the process of
sustainable tourism development by providing host
areas with tourism characteristics that attract tourists
and investors at the same time.
Despite the diversity of approaches and aspects of
sustainable tourism development, it can be limited to
two main elements: material and moral. This ensures
that the amount consumed today is at most required
to be consumed tomorrow without depriving
posterity. The ethical element of sustainable tourism
means that tourism in social and cultural terms is not
neutral but instead leads to encounters and friction
between two types of cultures (the culture of the host
country and the culture of the country of the tourist).
It generates social communication and creates
connections and relationships that increase the
number of tourists. The social perspective of
sustainable tourism seeks to maximize tourism with a
human face and avoid problems that may arise as a
result of social differences and the different structures
of the state and its cultural heritage, so it is necessary
to respond to the needs and desires of both tourists
and tourism workers [14].
What is Ecotourism:
Ecotourism arose when the eco-movement realized
the possibility of combining people's interest in the
environment with their interest in it. In particular, this
idea has developed in recent years based on the
interest in biodiversity on the one hand and tourism
and its adverse reactions on the other hand because
the environment depends mainly on nature with its
beautiful landscapes, and there are activities
associated with Ecotourism manifested in the
following aspects: Interest in Ecotourism. Biodiversity.
And explore everything inside. This includes visiting
archaeological sites, visiting forests, watching birds
and animals, and exploring valleys and mountains. [15]
Principles of ecotourism
The assessment of Ecotourism is based on several
principles, including:
1) Observance of nature
Based on the natural environment, the essential
biological, physical, cultural, and ecological features of
the natural heritage and the cultural elements present
in it, the protection of natural resources here is
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considered as planning, developing, and managing
Ecotourism. [16]
2) Ecological sustainability:
Ecologically sustainable tourism involves various
resistances, such as respect for the environment and
local culture. This includes administrative and
organizational considerations, such as determining the
capacity of the site and the maximum number of
tourists so that the area can be visited without causing
unwanted changes in the natural environment. It is
consistent with the experience gained by eco-tourists
and the necessary procedures.
Ecotourism means relying on natural resources
without depleting them so that future generations
cannot benefit from them, while sustainability means
that all the money and profits generated by tourism
belong to local people and not to big corporations. [17]
3) Ecological culture:
Environmental education is important for creating
enjoyable Ecotourism. It affects tourists' behavior,
helps them learn about the natural and cultural values
of tourist destinations, and helps them understand the
environment deeply. Comment.
4) Tourism satisfaction:
To ensure the long-term success of Ecotourism, visitor
satisfaction with the ecotourism experience is
essential. Since it differs from traditional tourism goals,
there must be a specialized department in securing the
expected risks during tourists' trips because the goals
of the conventional tourist are entirely different from
the goals of the eco-tourist, as they want to enjoy
nature and enjoy an ecological lifestyle, which
encourages them to participate in sports such as hiking
and trips[18].
Ecotourism and its effects on development:
The commitment of countries and communities to
promote and continuously improve clean Ecotourism
based on ethics and principles ensures the protection
and preservation of the environment. Undoubtedly,
this has excellent intentions to promote tourism and
development that positively benefits various aspects
of sustainable development. The most important of
these benefits are:
Environmental impact:
· Ecotourism efforts continue to reduce energy and
natural resource consumption and contribute to
changing consumption patterns that threaten
biodiversity and the extinction of animal products.
· Due to the predominance of ecotourism culture and
the enactment of its laws, the state should be able to
reduce the pollution problem as long as it has the
financial, technical, and human resources to ensure
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that cleaner technologies and fewer environmentally
friendly resources are used to solve the problem.
· By taking an ethical approach to Ecotourism, in
addition to protecting vegetation and fisheries, by
slowing the extinction process, significantly slowing
the destruction of shelters and ecosystems, and
reducing the use of wasted water without damaging
the soil, the richness of the earth's biodiversity is
preserved for future generations. [19]
Social and political impact
· Reducing population migration to urban areas: To
promote tourism development, it is necessary to
promote rural development, reduce migration to
urban areas, take special policy measures, increase
spending on tourism projects, and increase the need to
provide additional tourism-related services. These
factors help stabilize populations, reduce migration to
large cities, and balance these areas with cities.
· Rational use of human resources and human
resource development: Tourism is developed, basic
human needs are met, social welfare is improved, and
cultural
diversity
is
protected.Relying
on
environmental policy, it is necessary to invest in human
capital through the training of tourism workers to
sustain tourism and achieve tourism development.
· People transmit to future generations a sense of
pride in themselves, their values, and their dignity to
contribute to the development of society and the
preservation of cultural and tourism heritage.
· Tourism expands opportunities for peace and
mutual understanding between peoples and nations,
thus enhancing the country's image and enabling
communication between peoples. Tourism is also one
of the most important means of achieving intimacy
between people and plays a vital role. In addition,
countries that receive tourists can demonstrate their
actual appearance in the eyes of others and achieve
rapprochement between their people and host
countries, allowing people and strengthening ties
between the nation and this country. [20]
Economic impact
· Increasing spending in tourist destinations without
harming the environment: Tourism spending is
expressed in the economic evaluation of the overall
services provided to tourists and represents the
transfer of money from tourists to hotel owners, and
due to the predominance of ecotourism culture, the
transfer of funds and spending is increasing without
any harm to the environment.
· Stimulating economic activity: Other types of
spending by tourist countries rather than tourists exist.
For example, expenditures on tourism projects such as
the construction of cities and tourist vehicles, the
construction of roads, and the construction of
monuments and monuments. This type of spending on
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public utilities expands museums, galleries, and
transport networks. Undoubtedly, this will stimulate
economic activity. [21]
· Positive impact on the balance of payments:
Promoting Ecotourism creates a leading position in
payment mandates, where income received in hard
currency from tourism services is treated as an
intangible export and included in the invisible trade
credit component. Tourism expenditures of citizens
living abroad are also considered imports and are
considered in the debit part of the trade balance.
Through these operations, it was found that the
balance of tourism is the difference between the
expenses of foreign tourists inside the country and the
expenses of citizens abroad, so tourism was used to
determine the net impact on the balance of payments
and know the truth the balance of payments income
and expenses will be prepared. Since the overall trade
balance is maintained, this balance is a deficit or
surplus.
· Job creation: Total investment by tourism-
dependent countries attracts a large workforce, and
tourism is a multisectoral sector that includes many
activities and industries and is closely related to other
economic, social, and cultural sectors, considering that
the tourism industry contributes to job creation. It
contributes directly and indirectly to creating many job
opportunities in the tourism sector[22].
The most crucial search results:
4- The dimensions of sustainable development were
represented in the environmental dimensions, social
and political dimensions, economic dimensions
5- The results of the research showed that sustainable
tourism development is mainly based on the basic
principles, namely
(Ensure the continuity of tourist attractions through
pleasure and satisfaction with the services and
opportunities provided - Preserving biodiversity and
avoiding environmental variables that have serious
consequences - Establishing equality between
generations and reaping the benefits of tourism -
Finding a compromise between the culture of the host
community and the visiting tourist through the
development and promotion of local culture - Involving
local communities in the process of sustainable
tourism development by providing host areas with
tourism characteristics that attract tourists and
investors at the same
—
time research results research
showed that the principles of Ecotourism are
represented in (taking into account the
—
natural -
ecological sustainability - environmental
—
culture -
tourism sat) satisfaction.
7- The environmental impact of Ecotourism on
development was represented in ((Ecotourism efforts
lead to continued reduction in energy consumption
and natural resources - The state should be able to
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reduce the problem of pollution as long as it has the
financial, technical, and human resources to ensure the
use of cleaner technologies and fewer resources -
Following an ethical and moral approach in Ecotourism
(
8- The social and political impact of Ecotourism on
development
was
represented
in
(Reducing
population migration to urban areas - Rational use of
human resources and development of human
resources - Tourism contributes to expanding
opportunities for peace and mutual understanding
between peoples and nations
The economic impact of Ecotourism on development
was represented in (Increasing spending in tourist
destinations without harming the environment -
Stimulating economic activity - Positive impact on the
balance of payments)
REFERENCES
First: Arabic references
1.
Ben Khadija Mansef, Ouled Zaoui Abdel Rahman:
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2.
Hanan Saidi Siqa, Mechanisms for establishing the
foundations of sustainable Ecotourism in Algeria In
light of the Emirati experience, Tahri Mohamed
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and Management Sciences, Al-Bishr Economic
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Khalifa Mustafa Ghraibiya, Ecotourism, Nashiri
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Khaira Al-Arabi, Sustainable Ecotourism: A
Mechanism
for
Emdiving
Sustainable
Development, Abdelhamid Ben Badis University
Mostaganem - Faculty of Law and Political Science
- Real Estate and Environmental Law Laboratory,
Real Estate and Environmental Law Journal, 2022.
5.
Rasha Abdullah Sultan, Designing a Virtual Reality
for the Saudi Environment for Sustainable Tourism
Development, Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman
University - College of Design and Arts - Saudi
Society for Art and Design, Saudi Journal of Art and
Design, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2023
6.
Samia Ibrahim, Safwat Abdel Salam, Hoda Sayed,
Mahmoud
Hamed:
The
Economic
and
Environmental
Impact
of
Ecotourism
on
Sustainable Development in Egypt, Ain Shams
University, Institute of Environmental Studies and
Research, Journal of Environmental Sciences,
Volume 48, Part Three, December 2019.
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Sharif Mohamed Ali, Jihad Ahmed, Aya Adly:
Ecotourism and its role in achieving sustainable
development, University of 6 October, Faculty of
Economics and Administration, Scientific Journal
of Financial and Administrative Studies and
Research, Volume 9, Issue 1, June
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
261
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
248-264
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
8.
Sabah Belkaidoum, Hayat Mamen: Ecotourism is a
link between tourism investment and the
environmental aggregate to achieve sustainable
development, distinguished global and Arab
models from the world of Ecotourism, Journal of
Financial, Accounting and Administrative Studies,
Issue 9, 2018
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Safo Narjes: The role of Ecotourism in achieving
sustainable tourism development, University of
Mohamed Lamine Debaghine - Setif 2 - Algerian
Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, Volume 59,
Issue 3, 2022.
10.
Safou Narjes, The Role of Ecotourism in Achieving
Sustainable Tourism Development, Mohamed
Lamine Debaghine University, Faculty of Law and
Political Science, Algerian Journal of Legal and
Political Sciences - Volume 59, Issue 3, 2022
11.
Issa Ali, Environmental Citizenship and Sustainable
Tourism, Abdelhamid Ben Badis University
Mostaganem - Faculty of Law and Political Science
- Laboratory of Human Rights and Public Liberties,
Journal of Human Rights and Public Liberties, 2022,
p. 115
12.
Fawzia Laksi, Ecotourism as a Strategy for
Achieving Sustainable Development: Presenting
the Experiences of Some Arab Countries,
Abdelhamid Ben Badis University Mostaganem -
Faculty of Economics, Business and Management
Sciences - Laboratory of the Strategy for the
Transition to a Green Economy, Journal of
Economics and Environment, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021
13.
Wahiba Al-Jawzi Khalifati, Ecotourism and its Role
in Achieving Sustainable Development in the State
of Tizi Ouzou - Algeria, Mohamed Khider University
Biskra - Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Journal of Human and Social Sciences, Vol. 11, No.
3, 2022.
Second: Foreign References
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(2019). Sustainability indicators for festival tourism:
A multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Quality
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2.
Sambou, O., Riniwati, H., & Fanani, Z. (2019). Socio-
economic and Environmental Sustainability of
Ecotourism: A Study in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali,
Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and
Development Studies, 7(3).
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Mohamed Salh, (The Assessment of Socio-
economic Impact of Ecotourism on Local People
Zanzibar A Study in Tourism Geography
–
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Study Chumbe Islamic Coral Park and Jozani-
Chwaka Bay National Park, Sudan Open University
Magazine, Sudan,2015.
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Coronado Martínez, Y., Rosas Baños, M., & Cerón
Monroy, H. (2018). Ecotourism as a path to
sustainable development in an isolated Magic
Town: The La Trampa, Mexico case study. Journal
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262
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(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
248-264
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico,
25(1), 23-38.
5.
Liu, C. R., Lin, W. R., Wang, Y. C., & Chen, S. P.
(2019). Sustainability indicators for festival tourism:
A multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Quality
Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(3), 296-316.
6.
Waleed Hussein Ali, "Indicators for Sustainable
Development Strategies and Components of
Tourism Regions in Egypt: A Study of Alexandria
and the Northwest Coast," International Journal of
Environmental Protection and Policy, vol. 3, no. 2,
2015.
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Bonn, M. A., Joseph, S. &Dai, and M. (2015) An
empirical analysis of eco generalists visiting Florida:
1998-2003
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Chunai, X., & Qin, L. (2018, September). The
Sustainable Development of Symbol Consumption
and Cultural Ecotourism. In Fifth International
Conference on Public Management: International
Collaboration for Innovated Public Governance
(ICPM 2018). Atlantis Press
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Chunai, X., & Qin, L. (2018, September). The
Sustainable Development of Symbol Consumption
and Cultural Ecotourism. In Fifth International
Conference on Public Management: International
Collaboration for Innovated Public Governance
(ICPM 2018).
Atlantis Press
1.
Rasha Abdullah Sultan, Designing a Virtual Reality
for the Saudi Environment for Sustainable Tourism
Development, Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman
University - College of Design and Arts - Saudi
Society for Art and Design, Saudi Journal of Art and
Design, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2023
2.
Safou Narjes, The Role of Ecotourism in Achieving
Sustainable Tourism Development, Mohamed
Lamine Debaghine University, Faculty of Law and
Political Science, Algerian Journal of Legal and
Political Sciences - Volume 59, Issue 3, 2022
3.
Wahiba Al-Jawzi Khalifati, Ecotourism and its Role
in Achieving Sustainable Development in Tizi
Ouzou State - Algeria, Mohamed Khider University
of Biskra - Faculty of Humanities and Social
Sciences, Journal of Human and Community
Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2022
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Hanan Saidi Siaq, Mechanisms for Establishing the
Foundations of Sustainable Ecotourism in Algeria in
Light of the Emirati Experience, Tahri Mohamed
University, Bechar - Faculty of Economics, Business
and Management Sciences, Al-Bishr Economic
Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2022
5.
Fawzia Laksi, Ecotourism as a Strategy for
Achieving Sustainable Development: Presenting
the Experiences of Some Arab Countries,
Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University Mostaganem -
Faculty of Economics, Business and Management
Sciences - Laboratory of the Strategy for the
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
263
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(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
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04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
248-264
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Transition to a Green Economy, Journal of
Economics and Environment, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021
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Liu, C. R., Lin, W. R., Wang, Y. C., & Chen, S. P.
(2019). Sustainability indicators for festival tourism:
A multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Quality
Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(3), 296-316.
7.
(Chunai, X., & Qin, L. (2018, September). The
Sustainable Development of Symbol Consumption
and Cultural Ecotourism. In Fifth International
Conference on Public Management: International
Collaboration for Innovated Public Governance
(ICPM 2018). Atlantis Press
8.
Akhira Al-Arabi, Sustainable Ecotourism: A
Mechanism
for
Emdiving
Sustainable
Development, Abdelhamid Ben Badis University
Mostaganem - Faculty of Law and Political Science
- Laboratory of Real Estate and Environmental Law,
Journal of Real Estate and Environmental Law,
2022.
9.
Issa Ali, Environmental Citizenship and Sustainable
Tourism, Abdelhamid Ben Badis University
Mostaganem - Faculty of Law and Political Science
- Laboratory of Human Rights and Public Liberties,
Journal of Human Rights and Public Liberties, 2022,
p. 115
10.
Sambou, O., Riniwati, H., & Fanani, Z. (2019). Socio-
economic and Environmental Sustainability of
Ecotourism: A Study in Ubud Monkey Forest-Bali,
Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and
Development Studies, 7(3).
11.
Mohamed Salh, (The Assessment of Socio-
economic Impact of Ecotourism on Local People
Zanzibar A Study in Tourism Geography
–
Case
Study Chumbe Islamic Coral Park and Jozani-
Chwaka Bay National Park, Sudan Open University
Magazine, Sudan,2015
12.
Sabah Belkaidoum, Hayat Mamen: Ecotourism is a
Link between Tourism Investment and the
Environmental Overall to Achieve Sustainable
Development, Distinctive Global and Arab Models
from the World of Ecotourism, Journal of Financial,
Accounting and Administrative Studies, Issue 9,
2018.
13.
Coronado Martínez, Y., Rosas Baños, M., & Cerón
Monroy, H. (2018). Ecotourism as a Path to
Sustainable Development in an Isolated Magic
Town: The Case Study of La Trampa, Mexico.
Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis
Turístico, 25(1), 23-38.
14.
Liu, C. R., Lin, W. R., Wang, Y. C., & Chen, S. P.
(2019). Sustainability indicators for festival tourism:
A multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Quality
Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(3), 296-316.
15.
Khalifa Mustafa Ghraibiya, Ecotourism, Dar Nashri
for Electronic Publishing, 2018.
16.
Waleed Hussein Ali, Indicators for Sustainable
Development Strategies and Components of
Tourism Regions in Egypt A Study of Alexandria
and the Northwest Coast, International Journal of
Volume 04 Issue 10-2024
264
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
10
P
AGES
:
248-264
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Environmental Protection and Policy. Vol. 3, No.
2,2015.
17.
Safo Narjes: The Role of Ecotourism in Achieving
Sustainable Tourism Development, University of
Mohamed Lamine Debaghine - Setif 2 - Algerian
Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, Volume 59,
Issue 3, 2022.
18.
Sherif Mohamed Ali, Jihad Ahmed, Aya Adly:
Ecotourism and its Role in Achieving Sustainable
Development, University of 6 October, Faculty of
Economics and Administration, Scientific Journal
of Financial and Administrative Studies and
Research, Volume Nine, Issue One, June 2021.
19.
Chunai, X., & Qin, L. (2018, September). The
Sustainable Development of Symbol Consumption
and Cultural Ecotourism. In Fifth International
Conference on Public Management: International
Collaboration for Innovated Public Governance
(ICPM 2018). Atlantis Press
20.
Bonn, M. A., Joseph, S. &Dai, and M. (2015) An
empirical analysis of eco generalists visiting Florida:
1998-2003
21.
(Samia Ibrahim, Safwat Abdel Salam, Hoda Sayed,
Mahmoud
Hamed:
The
Economic
and
Environmental
Impact
of
Ecotourism
on
Sustainable Development in Egypt, Ain Shams
University, Institute of Environmental Studies and
Research, Journal of Environmental Sciences,
Volume 48, Part 3, December 2019.
22.
Ben Khadija Monsef, Ouled Zaoui Abdel Rahman:
Ecotourism as a Modern Approach to Contributing
to Achieving Sustainable Development, University
of Guelma, Annals of Guelma University for Social
and Human Sciences, Issue 14, March 2016.
