210
QARASHLAR: MUAMMO VA YECHIMLAR, 197-199.
9.
Eshchanov, B., Odilov, B., & Khakimov, O. (2019, October). Residential electricity demand in Uzbekistan.
In
Energy Resources of the Caspian and Central Asia: Regional and Global Outlook, 4th IAEE Eurasian
Conference, October 17-19, 2019
. International Association for Energy Economics.
10.
Аззамов, Ю. Р. (2022). ТЕРМИНЛАР ТАРЖИМАСИНИНГ НАЗАРИЙ АСОСЛАРИ. Oriental
renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(Special Issue 24), 518-531.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF ADJECTIVES IN NEW ENGLISH
Mamirova Noila Bahtiyorovna
A teacher of school № 40 in Jambay
Abstract:
In this article we analyze an adjective is a word that defines, qualifies or modifies the
meaning of a noun, or more rarely of a pronoun. It expresses a quality or attribute of the word it qualifies.
Key words:
substantive, conjunction, descriptive words, comparative adjective
Many English words belong to more than one part of speech. Thus
hope, love, sleep,
etc., may be
nouns as well as verbs;
chief; general, vegetable, etc.,
may be nouns as well as adjectives;
clean, dead, wide,
etc.,
are adjectives as well as adverbs;
while
may be either a noun, a verb or a conjunction;
since
may be an
adverb, a preposition, or a conjunction; adjectives as well as verbs. The examples are as follows:
They like
black shoes,
the word
black
is an adjective
,
and in the sentence:
They black their shoes once a week,
the
word
black
here is a
verb.
So it is not so easy to say whether a word is an adjective just by looking at it in an
isolation or form. It should be understood that an adjective is a word which is used with a noun or pronoun to
describe the animate or inanimate things designated by the noun or pronoun. In other words, an adjective is a
word which functions as a modifier to describe a noun or other substantive and traditionally, an adjective has
been considered as a part of speech and used to denote word classes. An adjective has some characteristics
such as follows:
1.
It can freely occur in attributive position as a pre-modifier of a noun, for example: a beautiful park,
naughty boys. 2. It can occur alone after a verb as a subject complement, e.g.: The car is beautiful. My father
looks old.
3.
It can be preceded by very and other intensifying words, for example: The car is very beautiful.
4.
It can take comparative and superlative forms whether it is inflectionally or by the addition of pre-
modifier, e.g.: happy, happier, the happiest, and beautiful, more beautiful, the most beautiful.
5.
Most of
adjectives can be added with –ly to form adverbs, e.g.: happy - happily, beautiful -beautifully. However, not
every adjective has these characteristics. A word can be considered as an adjective when it can function as an
attribute or predicate and it cannot function as a direct object. Descriptive words are the prototypical
modifiers. Descriptive words are moreover one of the foremost troublesome categories to classify, since they
share numerous characteristics of either things or verbs. Descriptive words, being less well-established as a
category, are a more likely target for alter. Descriptive words in English have two unmistakable capacities:
they can be predicative (as within the beat is important) or attributive (as in modern verse). Within the
previous case they are closer to the verbal conclusion of the continuum, because beside the copula verb they
frame the verbal state, and within the last-mentioned case they may (but require not) be closer to the
ostensible conclusion of the cline. There are different formal implies of recognizing between these two
functions: it may be done by position, by pitch or stretch, or by emphasis. Within the history of English,
there have been vital changes. which is able be the most theme of discourse here
OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVE
The period of the Ancient English is from 450 to 1150 and it is now and then portrayed as the period
of full intonations, since amid most of this period the endings of the thing, the descriptive word, and the verb
are protected more or less whole. An imperative include feature highlight of the Germanic dialects is the
improvement of a twofold declension of the descriptive word: one, the solid declension; and the other is the
powerless one. The solid declension is utilized when the descriptive word alone must bear the essential
burden of demonstrating the development of the thing, and the powerless or non-distinctive descriptive word,
or a possessive has as of now performed the office of case, number and sex sign. The Ancient English
descriptive word has three sexual orientations: manly, female and impartial. It too has the same cases as on:
nominative, genitive, dative, with the expansion of an instrumental within the manly and impartial solitary. It
is necessary to mention only such distinctive endings as the masculine accusative singular
-ne,
the feminine
genitive and dative
-re
, and the genitive plural
-ra
as illustrations of this point. In the sense that this
211
inflectional pattern contains such inflections especially associated with certain case and gender forms, it is a
strong
declension. It can be seen clearly in the following table that we find the ending
-a
for a masculine
nominative singular adjective,
-an
for the accusative singular of the same gender, and
– e
for a feminine
nominative singular. In fact, the weak adjective declension corresponds point for point with the weak noun
declension, even to the distinctive
-e
form in the neuter accusative singular. For example: An O.E noun
eag =
eye
becomes
eage
in the neuter nominative singular, and
nam = name
becomes
naman
in the masculine
dative singular. The strong declension is used predicatively and attributively without any other defining
word, or when the adjective is not preceded by a demonstrative or possessive pronoun, such as follows:
Waes
seo faemne geong
the woman was young
Dol cyning
a foolish king The weak declension is used after the
demonstrative and possessive pronoun or after a definite article:
Se dola cyning
the foolish king
Se
ofermoda cyning
the proud king
^ Min leofa sunu
my dear son The comparative adjective was formed of the
suffix
– ra
, and the superlative
- ost
, a few adjectives have
–est
. Examples:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Meaning
eald
ieldra
ieldest
old
earm
earmra
earmost
poor
We also find some words with the comparative formed from an adverb or preposition with the superlative
–
um
, or
–uma
, in Latin loan words: optimus (best), summus (highest). For the word ending in
–m
ceased to
be felt as having superlative force, some words taken by analogy the additional ending
-est
. It makes the
double superlative with the suffix
-umist-
, then becomes
-ymist-
and develops further into
-imest -
,
-emest
-,
and
mest
, such as in formest, midmest, and further examples are:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Meaning
inne
innemra
innemest
within
after
after
aftermest
after
There are also some irregular comparisons in Old English adjectives, such as:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
got
bettra
betst
micel
mara
maest
MIDDLE ENGLISH ADJECTIVE
The English dialect between the year 1150 and 1500 has as of now been characterized as Center English. It
was stamped by pivotal changes in English dialect, changes were broader and more crucial than those that
have taken put at any time some time recently or since. The changes of this period influenced English in both
its linguistic use and its lexicon and the changes in English linguistic use may be portrayed as a common
lessening of emphasis. Endings of the thing and descriptive word checking refinements of number and case
and frequently of sex were so modified in articulation as to lose their unmistakable shape and thus their
usefulness.
The result of the changes was that in Center English the sign of sexual orientation recognizing the manly
shape was misplaced, since the finishing –a (manly nominative) and -e (fix nominative - accusative and
ladylike nominative) fell together in a single shapes as, For example:
Old English Middle English
Se ealdu man
the olde man(masculine)
Se ealde talu
the olde tale (feminine)
Paet ealde swurd
the olde sword (neuter)
The weak adjective ending
-an
and
-urn
had already fallen together as
-en.
And because of the loss of final
-
n
they also became to have only -
e.
But, there are very few sunrivals of the Old English genitive plural in
–ra
as Middle English
-er,
notably in
aller
from Old English
ealra.
Thus , the singular and plural forms of the
weak adjective declension,
-a, -e, -an, :em,
and
-urn,
were reduced to a single ending in
-e.
212
Middle English monosyllabic adjectives ending in consonants remained uninflected throughout the singular
and had
-e
throughout the plural:
Singular Plural
Brod brode
God gode
Glad glade
The ending of accusative masculine singular
-ne,
the genitive and dative feminine singular
-e (-ere)
and a
few isolated forms of the genitive plural were remained unchanged.
The old English comparative ending
–ra
became
– re
, and the superlative suffixes
–est
and
–ost
fell together
as
-est
, as in:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
hard
harder
hardest
fair
fairer
fairest
clene
clener
clenest
In Middle English there was also a process of shortening vowel.It happened when the root of an adjective
was long , for example:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
swete
swetter
swettest
Middle English adjectives also had irregular comparison, for example:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
god
better
best
bade
worse
werst
micel
more(mara)
mest(most,mast)
List of used literature
1.
Abney, Steven. 1987. The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect, MIT: PhD thesis.pp 105.
2.
Ackema, Peter & Maaike Schoorlemmer. 2006. Middles. In The Blackwell companion to syntax,
eds. Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk, 131-203.
3.
Baltin, Mark. 2006. Extraposition. In The Blackwell companion to syntax, eds. Martin Everaert &
Henk van Riemsdijk. Malden, MA/Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.pp 237-271.
4.
Barbiers, Sjef. 1995. The syntax of interpretation, University of Leiden/HIL: PhD thesis. Barbiers,
Sjef, Hans Bennis, Gunther De Vogelaer, Magda Devos & Margreet Van de Ham. 2005.pp 68-70.
5.
Den Besten, Hans. 1978. On the presence and absence of wh-elements in Dutch comparatives.
Linguistic Inquiry.pp 641-671.
6.
Den Besten, Hans & Gert Webelhuth. 1990. Stranding. In Scrambling and barriers, eds. Günter
Grewendorf & Wolfgang Sternefeld, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.pp 77-92.
7.
KUSHBAKOVA, M., Zarina, R. U. Z. I. M. U. R. O. D. O. V. A., & Shahram, A. S. L. O. N. O. V.
(2020). Innovative Methods and Ways to Teach and Learn Foreign Language. ECLSS Online 2020a,
146.
8.
Ахмеджанова, Н., & Аслонов, Ш. (2020). Семантические типы предикатов и фазовая
членимость глагольного действия. Интернаука,(12-1), 27-29.
9.
Yusuf, A. (2022). LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
GASTRONOMIC
TERMS
IN
ENGLISH
AND
UZBEK
LANGUAGES. ILM-FAN
TARAQQIYOTIDA ZAMONAVIY QARASHLAR: MUAMMO VA YECHIMLAR, 197-199.
10.
Eshchanov, B., Odilov, B., & Khakimov, O. (2019, October). Residential electricity demand in
Uzbekistan. In
Energy Resources of the Caspian and Central Asia: Regional and Global Outlook,
4th IAEE Eurasian Conference, October 17-19, 2019
. International Association for Energy
213
Economics.
11.
Аззамов, Ю. Р. (2022). ТЕРМИНЛАР ТАРЖИМАСИНИНГ НАЗАРИЙ АСОСЛАРИ. Oriental
renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(Special Issue 24), 518-531.
THE ROLE OF ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE
Sirojiddinova Shahribonu Sirojiddinovna
The senior teacher of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages;
Abduvokhidova Shakhribonu Akmalovna
Abstract:
This article provides facts and ideas about the international role and importance of the
English language. Each of these points is summarized after some research. There are also some shortcomings
in the spread of the English language.
Key words:
"global village", UN, Dickens, Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, the Beatles, the Rolling
Stones, guru, babu, chorpoy, curry,
Today's world is known as the "global village" and is the result of scientific inventions made in the
second half of the 19th century. Language has played a key role in the development of mankind, in the
dissemination of ideas in the past and will play a more important role in its future growth and development.
Thus, the study of language(s) is of the utmost importance to humanity, and the necessary attention must be
given to ensuring that humanity moves smoothly into the stage of maturity or universal consciousness.
English language is a language belonging to the Germanic group of the Indo-European family.
English is the working and official language of the UN. Every world act, technical publication, book,
instruction, song, poster, letter will be read and understood by different nations and peoples if they are
presented in English.
English is so popular that it has become the standard language of international communication.
Currently, 75% of the world's mail is in English, 60% of radio programs are broadcast in English, and more
than half of the world's periodicals are printed in English. It is estimated that about one billion people in the
world use English as their mother tongue or foreign language. The use of English as an official or semi-
official language is common in more than 70 countries and plays a very important role in another 20 states.
More than 1400 million people live in countries where English is traditionally spoken. About 75% of mail
and information in the world is stored in English. Of the approximately 50 million Internet users, most use
English.
32
This spread of the English language around the world is due to the fact that Great Britain was and is
a world maritime power. She had colonies and then dominions all over the world. Therefore, many countries
now use English on a par with their official language: India, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore,
South Africa, the Federated States of Micronesia and a number of others. Some countries choose this
language as a state language: USA, Antigua and Bahamas, Barbados, Ghana, Dominican Republic, Nigeria,
Solomon Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and others.
English is so popular that it has become the standard language of international communication.
Currently, 75% of the world's mail is in English, 60% of radio programs are broadcast in English, and more
than half of the world's periodicals are printed in English.
The need to introduce new information technologies in all spheres of human life is becoming more
and more obvious. It is difficult to imagine modern life without a computer. It has become as much a
necessity as a calculator, a notebook, a typewriter, a music center, a device for accessing and storing
information. The world of computer science "speaks" English. English became the "new Latin". In the field
of scientific know-how and technological development, everyone needs to know English to be part of the
21st century. It is easy to see why in Italy, for example, English is required for many technical professions.
And in China it is the main language taught in schools.
Nowadays, a huge number of people around the world are learning English, as they realize that only
with knowledge of the language can you become successful in a particular area, if you use it in combination
with your skills. All communication between people is built in English. From elementary school, children
begin to learn English.
Attempts have been repeatedly made to create a replacement for the English language, in order to
simplify the study and equalize the possibilities of all nationalities for mutual interaction. They led to the
formation of several "common" languages, the most effective of which turned out to be Esperanto. But,
having designated a certain circle of admirers, he stopped developing. Numerous experts voiced the idea that
