__
ISCIENCE.IN.UA
«Актуальные научные исследования в современном мире»
___
Выпуск 6(38) ч. 4
ISSN 2524-0986
119
УДК 338.242.42
Muminov Nozim Gaffarovich, Khamraev Olimjon Yahshiboevich
National University of Uzbekistan
(Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
THE CONCEPT OF "NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT" AND FOREIGN
EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP
Abstract: The development of modern approaches and the development of a
model for the new Public Management of the economy is aimed at reducing the low
efficiency of the bureaucratic management system, the state share in the economy,
and improving the efficiency of the public management mechanism.
Keywords:
public
sector,
public
management,
public
services,
decentralization, social partnerships, tripartism, private sector.
Н. Муминов, О. Хамраев
(Ташкент, Узбекистан)
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ «НОВОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ» И
ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЙ ОПЫТ В СФЕРЕ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА
Аннотация.
Развития современных подходов и разработки модели
нового государственного управления экономики, направлен на сокращение
низкой
эффективности
системы
административного
управления,
государственной доли в экономикии и повышение эффективности
механизма государственного управления.
Ключевые слова:
государственный сектор, государственное
управление, государственные услуги, децентрализация, социальное
партнерства, трипартизм, частный сектор.
One of the foundations for the formation of social partnership is the
development of the New Public Management movement, which has engulfed many
developed countries since the 1980s. This movement was widely used in reforming
the public sector in the UK, the USA, New Zealand, Japan, etc. The concept of
"New Public Management" is based on the definition of a number of methods and
programs aimed at reforming the public sector in order to make it more competitive
and efficient in providing services to the population and using resources [1]. In this
sense, the "New Public Management" deals with the commercialization, to the
extent possible, of the role of the state in providing service to its citizens and
introducing a business approach in relations with its citizens.
The main elements of the concept of "New Public Management" are:
-
severe resource conservation and the reduction of budget expenditures,
i.e. getting more value from using less resources;
-
widespread privatization;
-
work on contract (contracting out). This element is primarily aimed at
strengthening the role of public and private organizations;
-
promoting competition in the provision of public services. By improving
competition in this area is expected to increase the quality of services provided to
____
«Актуальные научные исследования в современном мире»
ISCIENCE.IN.UA__
Выпуск 6(38) ч. 4
ISSN 2524-0986
120
the population. This element involves competition not only between organizations,
both private and public, but also between different offices and departments within
the same organization;
-
giving managers the freedom and flexibility to manage;
-
separation of policy from administration, that is, without abandoning the
legal regulation in the activities in the field of public administration which adds
efficient criteria that are applied in the business sector;
-
decentralization. This element involves the transfer of functions and
powers from the Central government to local authorities and self-government of
citizens;
-
performance and accounting;
-
strategic planning at all levels of government;
-
wide use of information technologies in the provision of public services;
-
rationalization and streamlining of administrative structures;
-
democratization and increased citizen participation in governance.
The basic principles of the concept of "New Public Management" refer to the
reform of the public sphere with a view to introducing the experience of the private
sector. This concept or its individual elements can give a tangible impetus to the
development of social partnership. For instance, the principle of decentralization
enables the development not only of the private sector, but also of non-
governmental and non-profit organizations (NGOs). On the basis of the agreement
on social partnership, civil society institutions can assume some of the functions of
the state on the ground, for example, the implementation of various social projects.
For example, NGOs can actively participate in the following areas to provide
employment and create jobs in rural areas:
-
promotion of cooperation between entrepreneurial subjects and local
population, mainly from among women and disabled people, through the
organization of home work;
-
assistance in creating a system for harvesting, storing and marketing the
products of rural residents in order to obtain income from active activities within the
framework of personal subsidiary plots;
-
Assistance in organizing your own business by creating mobile groups to
advise start-up entrepreneurs who would conduct field meetings with beginning
entrepreneurs and two or three day seminars in the field;
-
conducting special studies to learn the requirements of potential employers
in rural areas to hired employees.
Moreover, a good perspective is the creation of special civil services,
following the example of Scandinavian countries, which take on the implementation
of about eighty percent of local government contacts with the population. These civil
services were able to relieve local authorities of labor-intensive work, which gives
them the opportunity to focus on the strategic development of the territories and
contributes to improving the effectiveness of their activities.
Certainly, not all elements of this concept are new and many of them have
long been used in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the reform of the public sector. The
report of the first President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov at the joint
meeting of the Legislative Chamber and Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of
Uzbekistan on 12.11.2010 stresses that: "Great attention was paid to changing the
functions of the administrative structures of the central executive authority and
__
ISCIENCE.IN.UA
«Актуальные научные исследования в современном мире»
___
Выпуск 6(38) ч. 4
ISSN 2524-0986
121
administrative bodies, drastically reducing their power, distributive powers, their
direct interference in the activities of economic structures. In other words, bringing
their powers in line with market principles and, ultimately, reducing the role of the
state in managing the economy. Much attention has been paid to issues of
decentralization of management, the transfer of some functions from the republican
level to the regional, city and district authorities, the formation of such a unique
system of local self-government in Uzbekistan as a makhalla." [2, p. 40]
In the same report, the first President of Uzbekistan, I. A. Karimov,
emphasized the importance of increasing the role of civil society institutions in
addressing various socially significant tasks: "The development of a package of
legislative acts that create the legal framework for the participation of NGOs in the
decision of the most important state programs in the field of health care, protection
environment, employment, especially among young people, social support for
vulnerable segments of the population and other problems of great social
importance." [2, p. 87]
The application of elements of the concept of "New Public Management" can
be a good incentive for the development of social partnership in the health sector
(projects to improve maternal and child health, prevent the spread of harmful habits
among young people, etc.), in education (the formation of a competitive
environment in this area by increasing the number of non-state educational
institutions, projects for the exchange of experience, etc.), in employment projects
(especially among young people and in rural areas).
Social partnership (from the French word
―le partenaire‖ – ―partner‖,
―companion‖) is characterized by a way of regulating public and labor relations
between large groups and segments of the population, in particular between
entrepreneur (employers), employees and the state. Social partnership focuses on
their equal cooperation, on the integration of workers into the system of market
relations. The policy of social partnership is related to the implementation of the
program of cooperation between various forces of society, search and agreement.
In economic terms, social partnership involves material and moral
stimulation of employees
’ interest in the growth of production rates, labor
productivity in ensuring the labor conditions necessary for the growth of employers
profits and the gross product of the society, improving the level and quality of life of
the workers themselves. Social partnership, being a multidimensional process,
involves the search for optimization of relations between the forces acting in
society. The ideology of social partnership was formed during the World War I and
had to be a counterbalance to the doctrine of class struggle that emerged in the
middle of the XIX century and claimed the intensification of social conflicts. The
founders of the ideology of social partnership, based on the ethics of L. Feuerbach,
The ideas of L. Blanc, P. Prudhon, F. Lassal and E. Bernstein, the concept of liberal
reformism (M. Wirth, O. Michaelis), saw solidarity classes decisive form of social
interaction and reform of industrial society [4, p. 41]. At the end of XIX century,
ideology of social partnership denies class character of social conflicts, which
create codified legal form in norms of labor law, organizational forms and
ideological programs of social world.
In the encyclopedia ―Reum Novarum" (1891), there were calls for workers
not to use violence, not to seek to overthrow the social order, to direct their energy
to the evolution and improvement of the way of life society [3, p. 32]. A powerful
____
«Актуальные научные исследования в современном мире»
ISCIENCE.IN.UA__
Выпуск 6(38) ч. 4
ISSN 2524-0986
122
impetus to the ideology of social partnership was given by the scientific and
technical revolution, which created new opportunities to meet the life needs of
different segments of the population and at the same time put forward extremely
high requirements for the quality of the workforce, its professionalism. In the new
conditions, the socio-psychological context was important, that is, the relationship
between the participants in the production process, the humanization of labor and
social relations, blurring the boundaries between social groups, the emergence of
common standards in lifestyle. All this has created additional opportunities for social
peace and cooperation among groups.
The concepts of social partnership draw attention to the monitoring of
economic, political and social development by state institutions and to the
accumulation of positive changes for civil society and the strengthening of social
structures. In modern conditions, the policy of social partnership allows solving
controversial issues at the negotiating table, by mutual consent, search for a
balance of interests of different social groups.
Social partnership focuses on reaching a reasonable compromise, on the
search for harmony and mutual tolerance, on evolutionary reforms. The ideology
and policy of social partnership in industrialized countries plays a stabilizing role,
contributing to the economic and political stability of social relations. There are
different models of social partnership, which express the national specifics of
different countries that have adopted the ideology of partnership (Austria, Germany,
Sweden, etc.) [4].
State interference in the relations between workers and employers, with their
consent to such interference, was called tripartite. Tripartite developed two main
models of state action: "before" and "after" labor conflict [5, p. 145]. Under the first
model, the state seeks to prevent adverse events and to achieve in advance an
agreement between the parties that would allow for social peace, at least for the
duration of the agreement. The first model is more typical of continental European
countries (and others drawing on their experience), where the state has always led
the private sector more decisively. This way allows the parties to conclude
preliminary agreements on pressing socio-economic issues in order to reduce the
possibility of aggravating relations between them in the future and to facilitate the
resolution of conflicts, if they arise. The second model is typical for great Britain, the
USA, Canada and some other countries, where the state traditionally carried out
only minimal regulation of the economy. Under the second model, state intervention
is carried out by law at a stage when the conflict between employers and trade
unions is already evident and is ready to lead to actions that undermine the stability
of society.
State intervention is particularly appropriate in cases where difficulties arise
in reaching an agreement between unions and employers (otherwise bilateral
agreements are more appropriate). It is necessary that the participants were
representative, and the state was able to fulfill its obligations. The most consistent
principle of tripartite is in the Netherlands, where the state bodies responsible for
the sphere of labour and social relations include representatives of trade unions and
employers or create advisory bodies with their participation, for example, these
representatives are included in the Socio-economic Council (where the state has 15
independent experts) In the Central employment Bureau of the Ministry of labour
and 28 of its regional offices, the Council for social insurance. In the Netherlands,
__
ISCIENCE.IN.UA
«Актуальные научные исследования в современном мире»
___
Выпуск 6(38) ч. 4
ISSN 2524-0986
123
General agreements between the three parties have been concluded over the
years. The existence of tripartite consultative bodies does not preclude the
establishment of bilateral organizations. In the same Netherlands, there is a labour
Fund, in which some trade unions and business structures cooperate [6, p. 123].
Tripartite bodies have been established in the Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Hungary, Bulgaria and Poland. They constantly discuss draft labour legislation and
issues related to social and economic policy, draw up annual agreements,
determine the minimum wage, consider collective disputes, restructuring and
privatization of enterprises, and the fight against unemployment. In Japan, minimum
wage rates are set on a tripartite basis, both for individual professions and for
regions of the country. The Ministry of labour of Japan is the leading Agency that
brings together representatives of trade unions and employers in the Central labour
relations Commission [7, p. 156]. In Portugal, such a div serves only as an
exchange of views among the dissenting parties [7, p. 156]. In India and Pakistan,
Advisory bodies representing the three parties meet only as urgent matters arise,
that is, not on a permanent basis. In other countries, where tripartite has shown only
limited advantages over traditional forms of social partnership, there has been a
decline in its use. In Sweden, organizations of entrepreneurs out of some of the
Advisory bodies, acting on the basis of tripartite. There are times when political
parties coming to power involve trade unions and business associations in
negotiations to support the future government; at the same time, the parties agree
on a salary policy, social security and similar problems.
Thus, the above examples from foreign experience confirm that in the world
social partnership is still at the stage of development.
REFERENCES
1. https:/ / www.managementstudyguide.com/new-public-management.htm
2. Karimov I. A. the Concept of further deepening democratic reforms and
formation of civil society in the country.
– Vol. 19. - Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 2011.
- P. 40-41.
3. Simon V. the Omnipotence of the unions of entrepreneurs. - Moscow: 1979. -
P. 32.
4. Dahrendorf, R. Conflict and cooperation. In the book "political Science yesterday
and today." - Moscow: 1990. - 2-issue.
5. A new philosophical encyclopedia. Edited by V. S. Stepin. - M.: Thought, 2001. -
P. 145.
6. Semigin G. Yu. Social partnership in the modern world. - Moscow: 2000. -
P. 123.
7. A new philosophical encyclopedia. Edited by V. S. Stepin. - M.: Thought, 2001.
C. 156.
