ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
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HISTORY OF TOURISM
Sojida Bo’tayeva
The first-year student of The University of World
Economy and Diplomacy
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13902389
In this contemporary world, tourism is becoming a large business which
plays a key role in the economy of many developed and developing countries. It
offers great opportunities especially for developing parts of the globe and
emerging economies. Tourism creates a number of job opportunities for the
residents of the countries, strengthens the local economy, contributes to local
infrastructure development and can help to conserve the natural environment
and cultural assets and traditions, and to reduce poverty and inequality. The
number of jobs created by tourism in many different areas is significant. These
jobs are not only a part of the tourism sector but may also include the
agricultural sector, communication sector, health sector, and the educational
sector. Many tourists travel to experience the hosting destination’s culture,
different traditions ang the gastronomy. This is very profitable to local
restaurants, shopping centres, and stores. But do you know when did tourism
appear?
Keywords
: tourism, Cyriacus, monuments, Hentzner, Uzbekistan, Europe,
travel agencies, foreign travel
Although today we take it for granted that we travel around the world to
admire the monuments and landmarks of the past. We prepare for such trips by
reading about what we are going to see, set out in the journey with a good idea
of how we will get there and where we will stay and have a sense of what we will
encounter on location. Cyriacus Ancona, the first cultural tourist since antiquity,
lacked these advantages when, in the first half of the 15
th
century, he sailed
around the Mediterranean in a search of the remains of Greek and Roman
civilisations.
Cyriacus first became fascinated by ancient monuments while walking in
his home city Ancona and looking at the marble arch, erected in AD 115, to the
Roman Emperor Trajan. He suddenly saw the structure in a new light. He no
longer saw it as just a familiar and generally overlooked landmark, but as a
doorway to the wonders of ancient imperial Rome. Not many people of
Cyriacus’s time were interested in historical travel, they generally ignored old
buildings and structures, or worse, dismantled them for their building materials.
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Cyriacus decided to see the world himself and to record details of whatever
other antiquities remained to be discovered. His training as a merchant did not
prepare him for this vacation.; he did not ancient languages, history or art.
However, he set out to solve these failings, first by learning Latin at the age of 30
and then adding ancient Greek. Having done this, he then set off on voyages
around the Mediterranean to find, investigate and understand ancient cultures
from their buildings, sculptures and inscriptions. Thus, he became the first
archeological and cultural tourist, predating other antiquarians by some 200
years
Travel in the 15
th
century, however, was anything but simple or enjoyable.
Overland journeys by foot or mule along bad roads, under constant threat from
bandits, were bad; voyages by sea were even worse. When the weather
cooperated, sailing went relatively smoothly, ships proceeded along coasts from
one recognizable landmark to another. However, when there was no wind the
ship did not move. Strong winds were no friends either, they drenched the ship
with lashing waves and blew it off course. Water swamped the desk, splashed
into the cabins and soaked mattresses, clothes and food. Remarkably, Cyriacus
never complained about the miseries of travel. Optimistic by nature, he endured
such hardships unafraid and saw opportunities where other people saw
setbacks.
Among many of the important records made by Cyriacus was his crucial
documenting, in 1431, of the remains of the Cyzicus, an ancient Roman city that
had relied on commerce for its financial success. He hired a local person to take
him to site and then had to work out for himself the significance of the ruins he
was looking at because there was no guidebook on ancient architecture to help
him. Indeed, his contemporary knowledge about the ruins. Cyzicus had been a
splendid city in its prime. Unfortunately, the area was highly seismic and in AD
123 the city was so devastated by a major earthquake that, when the Roman
Emperor Hadrian visited it the following year, he was so saddened that he
decided to subsidize a campaign to reconstruct Cyzicus. He made a substantial
donation for anew temple to the Roman go Yupiter. Cyriacus thought the ruining
city was awe-inspiring. He found the remains of the temple and examined it in
great detail, looking for clues in ancient texts to help him understand what he
was seeing. He sketched the great doorway adorned with carved foliage and
mythological characters. Cyriacu’s account of this temple is the only record of
this building as in the following centuries it was entirely stripped of all its
stonework and all that remained is its base.
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Cyriacus also visited mainland Greece, in 1436, when no one went to Greece
in order to see the country’s ancient ruins. One of his destinations was the
sanctuary of Delphi. The ancient Greeks considered Delphi as being situated in
the most beautiful spot in Grece. When Cyriacus arrived at the site of Delphi,
however, he found war, earthquakes and avalanches had all but obliterated its
ruins. Determined to find any ancient traces, Cyriacus spent six days walking all
over the areas, peering at odd stone blocks sticking out of the ground, running
his hands over inscriptions to trace fragments of words, and trying to puzzle out
the few surviving structural remains. Climbing uphill towards the rocks that
tower over the site, he came upon a theatre built into the slope. Soon after his
visit, the site was buried by a rockslide and was not seen again until
archeologists began to excavate the area systematically in the late 19
th
century.
Cyriacus had hoped to visit Egypt and Ethipoia but he never got there.
However, in his life he did record for postery countless ancient monuments
around the Mediterranean, paving the way for future archealogists and cultural
tourists.
A Silesian gentleman, Hentzner by name, who acted as traveling tutor in the
last year of the sixteenth century, acknowledges that the troubles of a travel er
are great, and finds only two arguments to countervail them; first, that man is
born unto trouble; and secondly, that Abraham had orders to travel direct from
God. Abraham, however, did not have to cross the channel. Otherwise, perhaps,
the prospect of sacrificing himself, as well as his only son Isaac, would have
brought to light a flaw in his obedience. There was, it is true, the chance of
crossing from Dover to Calais in four hours three hundred years ago, but in 1610
two ambassadors waited at Calais fourteen days before they could make a start;
and making a start by no means implied arriving─ at least, not at Dover. One
gentleman, after a most unhappy night, found himself at Nieuport next morning,
and had to wait three days before another try could be made. Yet another, who
had already sailed from Boulogne after waiting six hours for the tide,
accomplished two leagues; and being becalmed for nine or ten hours, returned
to Boulogne by rowing-boat, and posted to Dover on Monday between four and
five in the morning. It was naturally a rare occurrence to go the whole distance
by small boat, because of the risk. Lord Herbert of Cherbury was the most
noteworthy exception. The noble lord made three attempts from Brill, and
covered distances varying from a point just outside the harbor to halfway, but
each time arrived at Brill again. eventually, he went by land to Calais, where the
sea was so dangerous that no one would venture- no one except one old
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freshman, whose boat, as he himself acknowledged, was one of the worst in the
harbor, but who, on the other hand, did not mind whether he lived or died.
Increasing the socio-economic effects caused by the tourism development
in the local population, they adopt some attitudes according to the impacts
directly or indirectly perceived. However, some of this impact can be considered
positive or negative, according to the different perspectives. The issue of the
resident-tourist relationship has been much discussed recently. Therefore, many
case studies are being conducted that address the impacts on both residents and
tourists. The goal of this manuscript is to analyze the attitudes of local residents
to the development of tourism in the urban monument zones. Primary date was
collected in a questionnaire survey for residents who have a permanent
residence.
The apex of European tourism began in the 1960s: in response to the
economic situation and strategic innovations in the market economy,
commercial tour operators and travel companies transformed the nature of
competition through increasingly cheaper offers, propelling it in the direction of
mass tourism, introducing new destinations and modes of holidaying. Here,
tourism producing its own structures and secondary systems. Many travel
agencies and tourist organizations were set up, while department stores also
offered package holidays, for example, Neckermann in Germany from 1963s and
Jelmoli in Switzerland from 1972s. The replacement of bus and rail travel with
journeys by car and caravan, and later by air, provided a powerful stimulus.
Charter tourism occupied a flourishing market sector and established itself with
cheap offerings for foreign holidays. Foreign tourism first affected neighboring
countries and then more distant destinations- Austria and Switzerland were
popular among German holidaymakers, but Italy and Spain later gained
increasing prominence: from about 1970, journeys abroad clearly represented
the majority; this trend towards foreign holidays has recently grown even
stronger. In general, the number of teenagers and adults taking foreign holidays
rose more than threefold over the 40 years before 1991 – from nine to 32
million.
Nowadays, tourism represents a substantial and fast-growing sector of the
economy of Uzbekistan. The government of Uzbekistan under President Shavkat
Mirziyoyev has invested heavily in developing tourism as a high-growth
potential industry, resulting in an increase in international arrivals from
approximately 1 million in 2016 to 7 million in 2023.
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Uzbekistan’s most-visited tourist sites are associated with the history of the Silk
Road, particularly the cities of Bukhara, Khiva and Samarkand. The Registan
ensemble in Samarkand, a complex of three madrasahs dating from the 15-17
th
centuries situated around the city’s historic central square., is one of
Uzbekistan’s most-visited landmarks attracting more than 1million visitors in
2022. The government of Uzbekistan continues to invest in both developing
tourism-related infrastructure, and marketing Uzbekistan as a tourism
destination.
Used literature:
1.
Spanish Ministry of Culture and Sports by Carmen Periz
2.
Pablo Delgado, Cezar Lopez, Isabel Ray
3.
SIXTEENTH- CENTURY TOURISTS by E.S. Bates
4.
A Journey is a Fragment of Hell AWLIYAI EFENDI
5.
‘A Study in the Development of Travel as a means of education”
6.
“Europe on the Road” Ruth Elisabeth Mohrmann
