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SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF FORMAL STYLE UNITS IN UZBEK
LANGUAGE
Khayrullayeva Yulduz Jura kizi
An assistant teacher of Information
technologies and management university
E-mail: yxayrullayeva259@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14777907
Abstract:
The formal style is a language style used in communication,
characterized by precise and careful expressions. This style is mainly applied in
official documentation, legal discussions, academic works, political speeches,
and other formal situations. In the formal style, words are precise, concise, and
clear. Every expression and sentence conveys a specific meaning, avoiding
ambiguity. This article provides a semantic analysis of words, phrases, idiomatic
expressions, and fixed word combinations used in the formal style.
Аннотация:
Официальный стиль — это стиль языка, используемый в
коммуникации, характеризующийся точностью и осторожностью
выражений. Этот стиль в основном применяется в делопроизводстве,
юридических обсуждениях, научных работах, политических выступлениях
и других официальных ситуациях. В официальном стиле слова точные,
лаконичные и понятные. Каждое выражение и предложение передает
конкретное значение, избегая неопределенности. В данной статье
проводится семантический анализ слов, выражений, фразеологических
единиц и устойчивых сочетаний, используемых в официальном стиле.
Annotatsiya:
Rasmiy uslub
o'zining aniq va ehtiyotkor ifodalari bilan
o‘zaro muloqotda ishlatiladigan til uslubidir. Bu uslub asosan
ish yuritish,
huquqiy muhokamalar, ilmiy ishlar, siyosiy nutqlar
va boshqa rasmiy
vaziyatlarda qo‘llaniladi. Rasmiy uslubda so‘zlar aniq, lo‘nda va tushunarli
bo‘ladi. Har bir ifoda va jumla aniq ma'noni anglatadi, noaniqlikdan qochiladi.
Ushbu maqolada rasmiy uslubda qo’llaniluvchi so’zlar, iboralar, frazematik
birliklar va turg’unlashgan birliklarning semantik jihatdan tahlili qilinadi.
Keywords:
style, formal style, scientific papers, phrases, word
combinations, government agencies, legislative documents, legal terms.
Formal style is a specific stylistic aspect of the Uzbek language, primarily
used in administrative, legal, scientific, political, economic, and managerial
fields. In formal style, speech or writing must be clear, concise, accurate, and
appropriate for its purpose. It is frequently employed in government agencies,
legal regulations, administrative procedures, academic papers, and other official
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activities. Words and phrases used in formal style avoid ambiguity and express
precise meanings. Instead of complex and elaborate expressions, direct, brief,
and comprehensible statements are preferred.
Sentences in formal style are grammatically correct and well-structured.
Punctuation marks (such as periods and commas) are used properly, ensuring
clarity and reliability. Formal style favors direct and unambiguous expressions
over lengthy or overly decorative phrases. Punctuation rules are strictly
followed to ensure accuracy and logical structuring of statements.
This style is essential in professional and academic communication,
ensuring that messages are conveyed with clarity, precision, and authority.
Formal style frequently incorporates scientific, technical, and legal terminology.
Examples include terms such as
"management"
,
"normative-legal document"
, and
"social protection."
In formal discourse, respectful addressing phrases such as
"Dear"
,
"Honorable"
, and
"Esteemed"
are commonly used, particularly in greetings and
official communications. Unlike other forms of speech, greetings and farewells in
formal style are explicit, devoid of personal emotions, and strictly structured.
Expressions and sentences in formal style must be concise. Tasks, actions,
or situations are described briefly yet meaningfully, ensuring clarity without
unnecessary elaboration.
Additionally, the passive voice is frequently used in formal speech and
writing. For instance, sentences like
"This decision was made"
or
"The event was
implemented"
exemplify the passive construction commonly found in official
discussions and documentation.
Formal speech or text is often employed for discussion and approval
purposes, particularly in administrative processes related to record-keeping,
legislation, regulations, and decision-making. Great attention is given to
accuracy in formal style. No errors or incorrect expressions are permitted in
speech or writing.
Formal style is widely used in the following fields:
Government institutions for official documents, regulations, and
decisions.
Corporations and enterprises in documentation, policies, and
reports.
Organizations and institutions for administrative communication
and procedural records.
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This stylistic approach ensures clarity, precision, and professionalism in
official communication. Laws, decrees, resolutions, contracts, and other legal
documents are written in formal style. From a legal perspective, formal language
must be precise and comprehensible.
Academic works, research studies, analyses, and presentations follow the
scientific style, which also requires the use of formal language. Similarly,
political speeches, statements, official government communications, and other
political documents adhere to formal style. Formal style is a structured, precise,
and careful form of speech used in specific social, political, scientific, or legal
contexts. It is commonly applied in:
Official documentation (laws, regulations, government decrees,
contracts).
Political discourse (speeches, official statements, policy documents).
Academic research (scientific papers, dissertations, analytical
reports).
Administrative and managerial communication (institutional
reports, corporate policies, procedural documents).
In formal style, ambiguous or misleading expressions are avoided to
maintain clarity and accuracy. Words in formal style often remain unchanged in
meaning and are commonly used in technical or legal contexts. Examples
include:
Organization (
enterprise, company
),
Management (
institution, administrative system
),
Normative-legal document (
law, decree, resolution
),
Obligation (
duty, responsibility
),
Implementation (
execution, enforcement
).
These linguistic features ensure that formal communication remains clear,
authoritative, and legally sound. The following lexical units are commonly used
in formal style:
Documents and official forms:
reference letter (ma’lumotnoma), application
(ariza), order (buyruq), official record (dalolatnoma), complaint (shikoyatnoma)
.
Set expressions:
to make a decision (qaror qabul qilmoq), to cancel a
decision (qarorni bekor qilmoq), to be taken into account (inobatga olinsin), to be
considered (ko‘rib chiqilsin)
.
Honorific expressions:
Dear Sir (hurmatli janob), Honorable President
(qadrli prezident), Respected Alijon Toshmatov (hurmatli Alijon Toshmatov)
.
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Now, let us briefly analyze these units from a semantic perspective.
Semantic Analysis of the Term "Ma’lumotnoma" (Reference Letter). The first
lexical unit under analysis is the word
"ma’lumotnoma"
. Etymologically, this
word originates from Arabic and Persian. It is formed by the combination of the
Arabic word
"ma’lumot"
, meaning
information
, and the Persian word
"noma"
,
meaning
letter or document
. Thus, its literal meaning is
“a document providing
information.”
In formal contexts,
ma’lumotnoma
refers to a written document issued by
an individual or institution to confirm specific details. It serves as an official
certification and is commonly used in various bureaucratic procedures.
Examples include:
Employment reference letter (
Ish joyidan ma’lumotnoma
),
Student verification letter (
Talabalik haqida ma’lumotnoma
).
The term
ma’lumotnoma
plays an essential role in administrative and legal
communication, ensuring the authenticity and accuracy of conveyed information
As an information resource, the term
ma’lumotnoma
refers to a collection of
organized and systematized knowledge related to a specific field or topic.
Examples include:
Scientific reference books (
ilmiy ma’lumotnomalar
),
Dictionaries (
lug‘atlar
),
Encyclopedias (
ensiklopediyalar
).
The direct meaning of
ma’lumotnoma
is a formally issued document or
source of verified information regarding a specific person or event. Synonyms:
certificate (guvohnoma), recommendation letter (tavsiyanoma), information
document.
Antonyms:
informal information (norasmiy axborot), rumor (mish-
mish)
. The Term "Akt" (Official Record, Act). The second analyzed formal lexical
unit is
"akt."
This word originates from Latin (
"actus"
) and means
"action" or
"completed task."
The meaning of
akt
varies depending on the context in which it
is used: As an official document: It signifies a formal record confirming a
particular event or action (e.g.,
dalolatnoma
– official report,
tekshiruv akti
–
inspection record). In the legal domain: It refers to a legally binding document
issued by the state or an official institution (e.g., government acts, regulatory
acts). In philology and literature: In drama, the word
akt
is used to denote a
section of a play, representing a distinct scene or division within a theatrical
performance.
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These examples demonstrate how the meaning of
akt
adapts depending on
its usage in different professional and academic fields, making it a significant
term in formal language.
In literature, the word
"akt"
refers to a structural division in drama.
For example, Mahmudkhoja Behbudi’s play "Padarkush" consists of four acts
(akt).
In linguistics,
"akt"
is understood as a speech act or communicative process
(e.g.,
nutq akti
– speech act). Synonyms: official record (dalolatnoma), document
(hujjat), legal document (huquqiy hujjat). Antonyms: informal document
(norasmiy hujjat), verbal agreement (og‘zaki kelishuv).
The next formal style unit to in Uzbek formal documents is the phrase
"Qaror Qabul Qilmoq" (To Make a Decision) The phrase
"qaror qabul qilmoq"
originates from Arabic and is a compound expression:
"Qaror"
(
رارق
) – derived
from Arabic, meaning
"to settle, establish, decree."
In Uzbek, it signifies
"ruling,
formal judgment, official document."
"Qabul qilmoq"
(
لوبق
) – derived from Arabic
"qabul"
, meaning
"to accept, approve."
The Uzbek verb
"qilmoq"
completes the
phrase. This phrase is widely used in legal, administrative, and managerial
contexts.
Meanings of "Qaror Qabul Qilmoq"
1.
Approval of an official document by a government or institution
o
"The government discussed and made a decision on the new law
project."
(
Hukumat yangi qonun loyihasini muhokama qilib, qaror qabul qildi
).
2.
Personal decision-making
o
"He decided to continue his studies abroad."
(
U o‘qishini chet elda
davom ettirish haqida qaror qabul qildi
).
3.
Strategic decision-making in organizations
o
"The company made a decision to support the new investment
project."
(
Kompaniya yangi investitsiya loyihasini qo‘llab-quvvatlash haqida qaror
qabul qildi
).
The phrase signifies drawing a final conclusion on a matter and formalizing
it in an official document. Synonyms: to issue a ruling (hukm chiqarish), to come
to a decision (qarorga kelish), to make a recommendation (tavsiya berish), to
discuss and approve (muhokama qilib tasdiqlash). Antonyms: to revoke a
decision (qarorni bekor qilish), to reject (rad etish), to leave undecided
(noma’lum holatda qoldirish).
This phrase plays a key role in formal speech, ensuring precision and clarity
in legal and administrative discourse.
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To conclude, the semantic analysis of formal style units in the Uzbek
language reveals that these units are characterized by precision, objectivity,
standardization, and clarity. They serve essential functions in legal,
administrative, scientific, and political discourse, ensuring that official
communication remains structured and unambiguous.
One of the defining features of formal style is its use of standardized
vocabulary and fixed expressions, which help eliminate ambiguity and reinforce
authority in official documents and speeches. Additionally, many formal style
units originate from Arabic, Persian, and Latin, having been adapted to fit the
linguistic and legal traditions of the Uzbek language.
From a grammatical perspective, formal Uzbek frequently employs passive
constructions, official phraseology, and logically structured sentences, which
contribute to the formality and neutrality of the language.
Given its critical role in government, academia, law, and business, formal
style is indispensable for effective and standardized communication. By
understanding its semantic, etymological, and structural properties, one can
develop a deeper appreciation for how formal language facilitates
professionalism, legal precision, and institutional clarity.
References:
1.
Mahmudova, G. B. (2023). Features of colloquial, formal, and publicistic
styles. Journal of New Century Innovations, Vol. 26, No. 3, p. 112. Available at:
http://www.newjournal.org/ (Accessed: 28 January 2025).
2.
Sanaqulov, U., Abdiyev, M., Qurbonov, A. (2014). Fundamentals of Office
Work in the Uzbek Language. Samarkand: Samarkand State University.
3.
Shodiyeva, A. (2022). Extralinguistic features of the formal style.
International Conference on Developments in Education, Bursa, Turkey, p. 66.
Available at: https://econferencezone.org (Accessed: 28 January 2025).
4.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language (2008). Tashkent:
Uzbekistan National Encyclopedia, p. 353.
