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ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE ROLLER TROWEL ON THE
SPECIES AND THE SOIL IN PREPARING THE SOIL FOR PLANTING
M.D. Boriyev
PhD student of the Department of Agricultural Mechanization and Service
Karshi Institute of Engineering and Economics
D.B. Irgashev
associate professor of the department of general technical sciences
Karshi Institute of Engineering and Economics
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13622611
Annotation.
The main purpose of post-sowing rolling is to create
favorable conditions for seed germination. The fullness and uniformity of crop
shoots depend on post-sowing rolling.
In many ways, the effectiveness of rolling as an agricultural technique is
determined by the humidity, type and mechanical composition of the soil. Thus,
on heavy clay soils with excessive moisture, rolling has a negative effect, since it
promotes crust formation. Depending on the applied soil cultivation technology
and sowing method, various types of compacting rollers are used on seeding
machines for soil compaction. Let us dwell on their description in more detail.
Key words
:
soil, SZS-2.1, SZS-6/12, STS-6/12, ring-spur rollers, zero-
tillage, technology, wedge-shaped, ring-spur rollers
Anyone who works in agriculture and is involved in plant growing knows
that in order to obtain fast and uniform shoots, any crops must be rolled. For
rolling crops, ring-spur rollers are often used, which consist of one or more
batteries, including shafts mounted in bearing units, on which ring-spur disks
are installed in a staggered pattern through spacer bushings. These rollers
ensure the rolling of 60-70% of the surface of the sown field with virtually no
formation of a loose soil layer on this surface, while the remaining part of the
surface remains unrolledIn the rolled soil, a capillary cavity is formed, which
ensures the supply of moisture to the seeds not only from the seed bed, but also
from the soil rolled above the seeds, thereby creating optimal conditions for
germination and shoots.
The technological process of rolling involves performing operations aimed
at changing the physical and mechanical properties of the soil in order to create
favorable conditions for plant development or to preserve moisture in the soil.
The purpose of rolling may be:
– destruction of the soil crust;
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– soil compaction (creation of a dense bed for seeds, a dense layer of soil that
prevents moisture evaporation or pressing seeds to a dense bed to ensure
uniform germination);
- crushing lumps in arable land;
- rolling green manure;
-leveling the soil surface.
Rolling of the soil after primary cultivation and tillage is used to break up
large lumps, level the surface of the field, and create a moisture-retaining soil
structure (reduces moisture evaporation, especially in dry weather, when
convection-diffusion movement of moisture predominates). A press roller is a
part of almost every tillage implement.
Pre-sowing rolling is used to create a compacted bed at the seed
placement depth and to level the field surface (this is necessary for shallow and
uniform seeding and to prevent soil settling after sowing). According to L. S.
Roktanen, on chernozem soils, the effectiveness of rolling is higher than on
solonetzic soils. If you roll ripe soil, then its structure will not be destroyed. In
the case when the moisture reserves in the soil are close to the capillary
moisture capacity (which happens with early sowing of spring crops), rolling
increases moisture evaporation due to the growth of ridges and leads to over-
compaction of the sowing horizon. It is important not to allow the rolling of
waterlogged soils, as this will form a thick soil crust that prevents the
germination of plants. Rolling dry and sandy soil is ineffective. The only
advantage in these conditions may be the leveling of the field surface, but this
increases its dispersion. Rolling plays an important role when sowing grain
crops in a compacted layer. Due to the influx of moisture and the increase in
temperature, rapid and simultaneous swelling and germination of seeds occurs.
The most favorable conditions: the seeds lie on a solid bed, and are covered with
a less dense layer of soil on top (Figure 1). In such conditions, moisture from the
lower layers vigorously flows to the dense bed through capillaries, and the
upper, less dense layer of soil favors the penetration of air to the seeds and their
rapid germination. In this case, no phenomena of settling of soil layers in the
zone of root system development are observed. In dry conditions, post-sowing
rolling is a mandatory agrotechnical technique. On rolled crops, accelerated
emergence of seedlings, an increase in field germination and, as a result, an
increase in yield from 5 to 20% are observed compared to unrolled ones.
Therefore, the type of working bodies for rolling and the technological process
performed by them must correspond to the sowing method and ensure the
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creation of optimal conditions for seed germination and further development of
crops. In traditional soil-protecting and minimum soil cultivation technologies in
Northern Kazakhstan, the most common is the row sowing method with a row
width of 4-5 cm and row spacing of 22.8-25 cm. It is carried out by cultivator-
type seeders, when pre-sowing soil cultivation is carried out simultaneously
with sowing with arrow-shaped paws installed on coulters. To compact the soil
with seeds in rows, wedge-shaped (or ring) rollers are most often used on
seeders, due to the simplicity of their design (Fig. 2). Such seeders include the
Soviet-era seeders-cultivators SZS-2.1, SZS-6/12, STS-6/12 and seeding
complexes of many large foreign manufacturers equipped with wedge-shaped
rollers (John Deere 1830, 1840, Bourgault 8810, Flexi Coil 5000, Morris Maxim
II, Case ATX 400, etc.). Wedge-shaped rollers, moving behind the coulters,
compact the underlying soil layers to a width greater than the width of the
rollers, since their working surfaces are located at an angle to the horizon, while
simultaneously forming a ribbed wind-resistant surface of the field.
Thanks to such a surface, the sprouts of cultivated plants, being at the
bottom of the furrows, are partially protected from the effects of dry winds at
the initial stage of development, in addition, the furrows accumulate moisture
from light rains, which is primarily received by cultivated plants.
At average soil moisture after the rollers pass, dry soil from the surface
partially covers the bottom of the furrows, reducing moisture evaporation. In
wet conditions, wedge-shaped rollers, compacting the soil from the surface,
contribute to the over-compaction of the surface layer, which as it dries leads to
the formation of a crust, especially on heavy soils, which hinders the
germination of crops. In addition, the ribbed surface of the field is preserved
until harvesting, so the work of combines is difficult due to vibration and
shaking, since harvesting is carried out across the direction of sowing. A variety
of wedge-shaped rollers are rollers with a semicircular rim section and
trapezoidal rollers. The former are used on the Esee On 7550 and Flexi Coil 5000
seeding complexes, the latter on the John Deere 1870 and Versatile C500 (-
C600) seeding machines, etc. Similar to wedge-shaped rollers, such rollers roll
the soil from the surface, which in wet conditions also contributes to the
formation of a surface crust on heavy soils. But unlike wedge-shaped rollers,
trapezoidal rollers and rollers with a semicircular rim compact the underlying
soil layers to a greater extent and the soil on the sides to a lesser extent, which
reduces its excessive compaction. In addition, they form a less pronounced
ribbed surface of the field, which somewhat reduces the protective functions of
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furrows from the wind, but increases the productivity of combines during
harvesting due to less shaking. The working surfaces of trapezoid and
semicircular rollers are more susceptible to soil sticking than wedge-shaped
rollers, so scrapers are required for their cleaning.
Another method used in the traditional soil conservation and minimum
tillage technologies is the strip seeding method. The width of the sowing strips
varies between 10-18 cm, the row spacing (the distance between the centers of
adjacent strips) is 22.8-30 cm. The strip seeding method is carried out with
cultivator-type seeders. The task of the rolling rollers in this type of seeding is to
compact the soil layer over the entire width of the seed strip and provide them
with an equal depth of embedment, leaving the surface layer looser. For
compacting the soil with strips of sown seeds in the CIS countries, the most
widely used is a single-row ring-spur roller installed on seeders of the SKP-2.1
"Omichka" family (Fig. 3). Ring-spur rollers are rollers of subsurface rolling,
since during operation the spurs of the rollers, penetrating into the soil, compact
the underlying layer and loosen the surface layer, reducing moisture loss. In
addition, they level the surface of the field quite well within their width. At
present, ring-spur rollers most fully meet the requirements for the strip sowing
method.
1 – moderately loose layer; 2 – compacted layer with seeds; 3 – dense layer
(bed)
Figure 1 – Optimal structure of the seed layer of soil (longitudinal section)
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1 – moderately loose layer; 2 – layer with seeds compacted by rollers; 3 –
dense layer (bed)
Figure 2 – Row sowing with rolling by wedge-shaped rollers, cross-section of
the
seed
layer
1 – moderately loose layer; 2 – layer with seeds compacted by rollers; 3 –
dense layer (bed)
Figure 3 – Belt sowing with rolling by single-row ring-spur rollers, cross-
section of the seed layer
It should be noted that along with the advantages, such rollers also have
disadvantages. Firstly, the rollers with their spurs seal the stubble into the soil,
reducing the wind resistance of the surface and, secondly, in wet conditions, the
working surfaces of the rollers, especially between the spurs, stick with soil,
which disrupts the rolling process, and even cleaning the rollers with scrapers
does not always help. Therefore, the use of seeders with ring-spur rollers has a
limitation on soil moisture. In seeding complexes manufactured in Russia and
foreign countries, rollers with pneumatic tires are used for compaction of strip
crops using serial agricultural or automobile tires. Unlike ring-spur rollers,
rollers with pneumatic tires, due to the elasticity of the tires, which are
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deformed during operation and restore their original shape, self-clean from soil
in wet conditions, maintaining operability over a wide range of changes in soil
moisture. But to create a moisture-saving soil structure after the passage of
pneumatic rollers, it is recommended to loosen the surface layer with harrows.
In areas with fairly good moisture, the most effective sowing method
within the framework of traditional soil-protective and minimum tillage
technologies is broadcast (or subsoil-broadcast). With this sowing, the seeds are
distributed evenly over the entire area of the field. Broadcast sowing is carried
out by cultivator-type seeders with openers with arrow-shaped paws and seed
distributors. The task of the rolling rollers with this type of sowing is to evenly
compact the soil layer with seeds, leaving the surface layer looser, and level the
surface of the field to ensure equal seeding depth for all seeds. Two-row ring-
spur rollers cope with this task most fully (Fig. 4). Firstly, being rollers of
subsurface compaction, they compact the soil layer with seeds, secondly, they
loosen the surface layer with spurs, thirdly, due to the two-row installation, they
compact and level the entire field area and, fourthly, due to the "chessboard"
arrangement, they better self-clean from wet soil.
Some seeders for continuous compaction use rollers with pneumatic tires
installed in two rows. Since such rollers are rollers of surface compaction, the
surface layer of soil in wet conditions is over-compacted, which leads to the
formation of a crust as the soil dries out. Therefore, after the passage of such
rollers, it is recommended to loosen the surface layer with harrows. Since there
is still a solid fleet of STS-6/12 row seeding cultivators in Northern Kazakhstan,
a number of farms are converting them to broadcast seeding by installing only
coulters with seed distributors, ignoring the compacting rollers. Figure 5 shows
the results of sowing with such converted seeders. Wedge-shaped rollers form a
ribbed surface relief, so the seeds, even embedded in the soil at the same depth,
end up at different distances from the daylight surface. And since the sprouts
strive to take the shortest path to warmth, the plants on the surface are located
in dense strips, leaving free space for weeds. In addition, seeds that do not fall
into the zone of soil compacted by rollers are deprived of a good influx of
moisture through the capillaries, so they germinate and develop worse. The
situation is somewhat better when using single-row ring-spur rollers, as they
are wider than wedge-shaped rollers and level the surface better, but even in
this option, not all plants will be in equal conditions. Therefore, to achieve the
maximum effect from broadcast sowing, it is recommended to equip STS-6/12
seeders not only with coulters with distributors, but also with double-row ring-
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spur rollers, and if this is not possible, the fields must be leveled and rolled with
3KKSh-6 ring-spur rollers after sowing.
As part of the zero-tillage technology, direct seeding into unprocessed
stubble is used. Sowing is carried out in rows with a row width of 2-3 cm and an
inter-row spacing of 20-30 cm using seeders with disc or anchor coulters. Since
one of the main requirements for such seeders is minimal loosening of the soil
during sowing, the rollers must compact only the soil layer within the width of
the loosened seed furrows, i.e. perform the so-called "targeted" soil rolling.
This requirement is implemented in different ways by modern seeders.
Thus, Australian seeders from Rogro, Gyral and other companies are
equipped with narrow pneumatic or semi-pneumatic rollers with a trapezoidal
profile (Fig. 6), the width of which does not exceed the width of the seed furrow.
Such rollers compact the soil only in the seed furrows. This is due to the fact that
in Australia, under conditions of moisture deficiency, a pronounced furrow
sowing is used, when coulters for embedding seeds in a moist layer go at a depth
of up to 18-20 cm, and narrow rollers, moving in seed furrows, form a 4-8 cm
layer
of
soil
above
the
seeds,
ensuring
1 – moderately loose layer; 2 – layer with seeds compacted by rollers; 3 –
dense layer (bed)
Figure 4 – Broadcast sowing with rolling by two-row ring-spur rollers, cross-
section
of
the
seed
layer
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1 – moderately loose layer; 2 – layer with seeds compacted by rollers; 3 –
dense layer (bed)
Figure 5 – Broadcast sowing with rolling by wedge-shaped rollers, cross-
section
of
the
seed
layer
1 – uncultivated soil; 2 – soil layer with seeds compacted by rollers; 3 – dense
soil layer
Figure 6 – Direct seeding with anchor coulters with compaction by narrow
rollers, cross-section of the seed layer
Seeders manufactured in Canada and the USA use fairly wide pneumatic
rollers of 10-15 cm with a wedge-shaped, semicircular or special profile, which
compact the soil to a width exceeding the width of the seed furrows (Fig. 7). In
this case, the seeding depth does not exceed 6-8 cm, and the surface relief has a
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weakly expressed ribbed profile. This is due to the fact that in the conditions of
the USA and Canada, significantly more precipitation falls than in the grain-
growing regions of Kazakhstan, and they are more optimally distributed over
the vegetation period of crops. In this case, there is no need to bury seeds to a
significant depth and use targeted rollers to compact the soil, therefore,
superficial, less "aggressive" compaction of the soil with seeds using wider
rollers is sufficient. In the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, soil moisture
evaporates fairly quickly during the sowing period, and by the second half of the
sowing work, the wet soil layers are located quite deep, which forces the seeds
to be buryed deeper in search of moisture. In such conditions, the press rollers
must ensure reliable contact of seeds with moist soil. This can be achieved by
following the "Australian way", i.e. using narrow "target" press rollers that
compact the soil directly only in the seed furrows. In this regard, it should be
noted that the design of many cultivator-type seeding complexes from far
abroad ("John Deere", "Bourgault", "Flexi Coil", "Morris", etc.) provides for the
installation of anchor coulters instead of arrow-shaped paws, which allows them
to be used for direct seeding. But at the same time, special attention should be
paid to the press rollers used - if they are wide, it is recommended to replace
them with narrower ones, taking into account the above. Narrow press rollers
are available in the range of replaceable working bodies of almost any company
that produces seeders. In a number of farms, the existing STS-6/12 seeders-
cultivators with wedge-shaped rollers, and sometimes the SKP-2.1 seeders-
cultivators with ring-spur rollers, are converted to direct seeding by replacing
the openers with arrow-shaped paws with openers with anchor points 2-3 cm
wide. Such a conversion is a half-solution, since wedge-shaped rollers, and
especially ring-spur rollers, are not the optimal solution for soil compaction in
narrow seed furrows. From Figure 8 it is clear that the main part of the rim of
such rollers rolls over uncultivated soil (in fact, over the surface of the field), and
only the central part of the rollers has a compacting effect on the loosened soil in
the seed furrow. At a shallow seeding depth, such compaction is sufficient, but in
the case where it is necessary to sow deeper, the compacting effect of such
rollers is not enough. For reliable compaction of soil with seeds, we recommend
using narrow rollers with a semicircular rim 5-6 cm wide or standard wedge-
shaped rollers with a flange 3 cm wide welded along the outer diameter (Fig. 9).
In the first option, the narrow roller completely rolls in the seed furrow,
and in the second, a cylindrical flange rolls in the furrow, providing the
necessary
compaction
of
the
soil
with
seeds.
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1 – uncultivated soil; 2 – soil layer with seeds compacted by rollers; 3 – dense
soil layer
Figure 7 – Direct seeding with anchor coulters with rolling by wide rollers,
cross-section
of
the
seed
layer
a – wedge-shaped roller STS-2; b – ring-spur roller SKP-2.1; 1 – uncultivated
soil; 2 – soil layer compacted by rollers; 3 – dense soil layer; 4 – loose soil
layer with seeds
Figure 8 – Non-recommended rollers for stubble seeders converted for direct
seeding
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a – box s semi-circular sweet 5 cm; b - wedge-shaped coil with filling rib 3
cm; 1 – unprocessed soil;2 – uplotnennyy katkami sloy pochvy s semenami; 3
– solid layer soil
Figure
9
–
Recomenduemye
katki
dlya
sternevyx
seyalok,
pereoborudovannyx
dlya
pryamogo
pseva
In production, rolling is used not only after sowing. This technological
process is actively used in the process of shallow soil cultivation (cultivation)
after the passage of loosening working bodies to break up the formed lumps,
level the field surface and create a moisture-saving soil structure. As a rule,
continuous rolling is used, for which rod or spiral rollers are used, providing
continuous processing of the soil across the entire width of the implements. In
addition to the compacting effect, these types of rollers break up large lumps,
level and remove weeds to the surface. Rollers are part of combined cultivators
and tillage tools and perform the "finishing" soil cultivation. In this case, the
main indicators of the quality of rolling are: the density of the surface soil layer,
the size of the mulch layer, the size of the lumps, and the leveling of the field
surface. When cultivating the soil in dry conditions, rolling allows preserving 15-
25% of moisture lost due to evaporation by creating a moisture-saving
structure.
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Rod rollers for continuous rolling are installed on soil-cultivating units for
primary cultivation APK-3; 6; PShK-3.8, etc. Here, the main purpose of rolling is
to crush large lumps and level the soil surface.
In the soil-protective farming system, the following agrotechnical
requirements are imposed on the rolling process:
- the soil density in the 5-10 cm layer should be 1.00-1.20 g / cm3;
- the upper 0-5 cm layer should be loose p = 0.90-0.95 g / cm3, it prevents
excessive evaporation of moisture;
– the amount of erosion-hazardous particles in the upper 0-5 cm soil layer
should not increase by more than 5%;
– stubble preservation after the rollers pass should be at least 70%;
– a leveled, wind-resistant field surface should be provided after the rollers pass;
– the soil rolling process should not contribute to the destruction of its structure
and violate the requirements for the main technological process in different soil
and climatic conditions.
The possibility of high-quality rolling of soils of different moisture content and
mechanical composition depends on the shape of the rim and the material of the
working part of the roller. The most common to date are wedge-shaped rollers -
rigid (metal) and with an elastic rim (rubberized). The former are more common
due to the simplicity of the design. The wedge-shaped shape of the rim promotes
self-cleaning of the rollers from sticking soil at its average moisture content (16-
20%), which contributes to the normal implementation of the technological
process. But wedge-shaped rollers, especially those with a rigid rim, compact the
soil from the surface, which in wet conditions leads to over-compaction of the
surface layer, and on heavy soils to the formation of a soil crust. Wedge-shaped
spiral rollers made of square rolled steel are more difficult to manufacture and
are more susceptible to sticking in wet conditions (over 20%). Rollers with a
semicircular rim section can be rigid (metal) or with a rubberized rim. Rollers
with an elastic rim are more expensive, but self-clean better due to its elastic
deformation during rolling, while rigid rollers require special scrapers. Rollers
with a semicircular rim, unlike wedge-shaped ones, compact the underlying soil
layer to a greater extent and the soil on the sides to a lesser extent, which
reduces its excessive compaction. Narrow rollers form almost the same ribbed
surface of the field as wedge-shaped rollers, but with a smaller furrow depth due
to the crumbling of looser soil from the sides of the furrows. After wide
semicircular rollers, a less pronounced wavy relief is formed. Since semicircular
rollers compact the soil from the surface, in wet conditions the surface layer also
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becomes overcompacted with the subsequent formation of a crust on heavy
soils, especially after the passage of narrow rollers. Trapezoidal rollers can be
either with a rigid rim or with a rim made of elastic material (rubberized). The
latter are becoming more widespread, as they self-clean better on wet soils.
Rollers with a trapezoidal surface are used for rolling row sowing, so their width
usually does not exceed 8-10 cm. The compacting effect of the rollers is directed
to a greater extent at the underlying soil layers and to a lesser extent at the soil
on the sides of the rollers. Trapezoidal rollers compact the soil from the surface,
which in wet conditions leads to over-compaction of the surface layer and the
formation of a crust on heavy soils as it dries. Metal ring-spur rollers are simple
in design and have found application mainly in neighboring countries.
Experience in using these rollers shows that they embed stubble into the soil
with their spurs, and in wet conditions the working surfaces of the rollers,
especially between the spurs, stick with soil, which disrupts the rolling process,
and even cleaning the rollers with scrapers does not always help. Therefore, the
use of seeders with ring-spur.
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