All articles - Physics

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. Currently, a lot of efforts arc made to understand the structure of neutron-rich halo nuclei like 6He, "Li, "Be, 14Bc, l9C, 31Ne. These nuclei have special properties such as small binding energies and the extended one- and two-neutron low-momentum orbitals (1=0,1). Usually, these nuclei arc studied in the core plus few neutrons model. Additionally, no any two-body subsystem of the three-body halo nuclei 6He, "Li, and 14Be is bound, a property of the Borromcan system. In addition to the static properties, like energies and charge radii, the beta decay and electromagnetic transition processes of these nuclei to two-body and three-body continuum channels arc of special interest. These processes yield useful information on the internal structure and halo properties of the nuclei, since the transitions occur namely in the halo parts. In addition, there arc experimental data on the beta-decay processes of the 6He and "Li halo nuclei into the two-body deuteron continuum channels, which need a deep theoretical analysis. The study of the beta-decay processes of the halo nuclei "Be, l9C and 31Nc to the two-body proton plus core continuum channels can yield new properties of these systems in addition to the static characteristics.
Among the halo nuclei a special place belongs to the "Li nucleus. Unlike other nuclei, it can decay additionally into the 9Li+proton+neutron three-body continuum channel. This is the most complicated process and the theoretical model should give useful information on the process, as well as on the three-body structure of the "Li halo nucleus.
The first excited state of the 6Li nucleus is the isobar analog state of the 6Hc halo nucleus. Therefore the M1 -transition process of this state to the deuteron continuum channel allows one to obtain information on its halo properties, similar to the properties of the 6Hc nucleus. The obtained estimations for the width of the M1-transition can be compared with the existing experimental data. The process additionally can be used when studying the parity violation effects in the strong interaction.
The nuclear-nuclear interaction models, containing forbidden states in lowest waves, have been proposed long time ago, in the seventies of the XX-th century for an adequate account of the Pauli principle as an alternative to the potential models with a repulsive core at short distances. They have a microscopic background and, in other words, arc based on the nucleonic degrees of freedom. However, the role of these forbidden states in the nuclear structure has not been properly studied until now. This question is of special interest for nuclei containing several alphaclusters. The exclusion is the Moscow nucleon-nucleon potential model with forbidden states in lowest waves: its properties in the three-body nuclei have been studied in details. On the other hand, a role of forbidden states in the Moscow model is different and it is connected with the quark structure of the nucleon. But in light nuclei containing several nuclear clusters, the models with forbidden states arc introduced exclusively for the adequate account of the Pauli principle. They have got a special actuality in view of the discovery of the halo structure of some light nuclei.
The nuclei which consist of several alpha-clusters play an important role in astrophysics. Although the two alpha-particles arc unbound, but the nuclei, containing three (l2C) and four (l6O) alpha-clusters, have large binding energies and belong to the group of the Borromean nuclei. For these nuclei, the obtaining realistic wave functions for the bound, as well as continuum states, which can be applied to the estimation of the cross-section of the astrophysical synthesis reactions, is the most difficult problem. On the other hand, study of the structure of these nuclei becomes even more actual in view of predictions of the existence of the “alpha-condensation”.
Models of light nuclei developed in the dissertation and results received on their basis arc extremely important for the optimal control of the thermonuclear reactions in the d+6Li plasma, yielding the formation of light nuclei 'H, 3He, 4He, 7Li and 7Bc. Uncertainty of the differential cross sections of the reactions strongly influence on the kinetics of the thermonuclear reactor, hence for the optimal control of these processes it is necessary to develop theoretical models with a high accuracy. Variational methods on the Gaussian and Lagrange-mcsh bases arc needed for the calculation of wave functions which arc used for the estimation of speeds of the specified reactions with a high accuracy.
Purpose of research is to establish special features of the potential model of the interaction between nuclear clusters for the bound and continuum structure of light nuclei and for the description of processes with these nuclei at low energies.
Scientific novelty of the dissertation research presented in the dissertation consists in the following:
for the first time an extremely high sensitivity of the energies of the compact 0 I and 2+i states of the 12C nucleus to the description of the two-body Pauli forbidden states is established, which leads to the occurrence of the so-called "almost forbidden states" in the three-body functional space;
for the first time the R-matrix approach is developed in combination with the propagator method for the study of the three-body continuum structure of light nuclei 6He and l4Be in the frame of the hyperspherieal harmonics method on a Lagrangc-mcsh basis; it is shown that for the convergence of the results the wave function has to be matched with its asymptotics at large distances (about 1000 fm); the diagonal- and eigen-phases of the three-body collision matrix have been calculated and a new 14Be(2+) resonance is predicted near Ex=3.4 MeV;
theoretical estimations for the transition probabilities per time and energy units of the beta-decay of the two-neutron halo nucleus 6He to the a+d continuum channel have been obtained; for the first time it is shown that for the reproduction of the experimental data on the beta-decay, it is necessary to use microscopically found ad-potentials containing a forbidden state in the S-wave, reproducing phase shifts and the ground state energy; it is also shown that for the convergence of matrix elements one needs to know wave functions up to 30 fm and hypermomentum components up to K=24; it is demonstrated that the halo effects play an important role in the description of the process because of mutual suppression of the internal and external parts of the matrix elements;
for the first time the theoretical estimations for the probabilities of the Ml-transition per time and energy units of the isobar-analog state 6Li(0+) to the a+d continuum have been obtained; it is shown that only in the case of using the potentials with forbidden states the integral width of the transition 0.9 meV is well consistent with the previous simplified calculations; it is also shown that for convergence of the results one needs to take the upper limit of the effective integral around 25-30 fm and the hypermomentum components up to K=20;
for the first time the theoretical estimations for the transition probabilities per time and energy units of the 11 Li halo nucleus beta-decay to the two-body 9Li+d
continuum channel have been obtained, very consistent with new experimental data; it is shown that in this case, a resonance in the S-wave of the 9Li+d system at the energy position of about 0.7 MeV plays the main role, not depending on what potential model is used: with a repulsive core or with a forbidden state; the 9Li+d-potcntial which reproduces this resonance, describes well the shape and absolute values of the transition probabilities with the help of absorbing imaginary term due-to open decay channels;
for the first time theoretical estimations for the beta-decay probabilities per time and energy units of the 11 Li halo nucleus to the 9Li+p+n three-body continuum channel have been obtained;
for the first time theoretical estimations for the beta-decay probabilities per time and energy units of the one-neutron halo nuclei "Be, l9C and 3lNc to the two-body continuum channels have been obtained in the potential cluster model; it is demonstrated that the transition probabilities arc strongly sensitive to the separation energy of the valence neutron.
CONCLUSION
1. An extremely high sensitivity of the energies of the compact 0+i and 2\ states of the l2C nucleus to the description of the two-body aa Pauli forbidden states is established.
2. For the first time the R-matrix approach has been developed for the study of the three-body continuum structure of light nuclei in the frame of the hyperspherieal harmonics method on a Lagrange-mesh basis in combination with the propagation technique. It is found that the R-matrix, calculated at the boundary of the internal region, must be propagated up to large distances (about 1000 fm), where the wave function is matched with its asymptotics. The method has been applied to the analysis of the three-body continuum structure of the two-neutron halo nuclei 6He and l4Be, diagonal and cigenphases of the three-body collision matrix have been calculated and a new l4Bc(2+) resonance is predicted at Ex=3.4 MeV.
3. It is shown that for the reproduction of the experimental data on the delayed beta-decay of the 6He halo nucleus into the a+d continuum channel, it is necessary to use microscopically found ad- potentials with a forbidden state in the S-wave, reproducing phase shifts and the ground state energy. In that case, the internal and halo components of the Gamow-Tcllcr matrix elements almost completely cancel each other, and as a result, the transition probability is strongly reduced consistently with the experimental data.
4. The method of hyperspherieal harmonics on a Lagrange mesh has been applied to the analysis of the magnetic M1-transition of the isobar-analog state 6Li(0+) to the 6Li(l+) ground state and to the a + d continuum channel in the three-body formalism. The theoretical estimation for the width of the transition to the ground state 7.49 eV is well consistent with the experimental data 8.19+0.19 eV. And the calculated magnetic moment of the 6Li nucleus (p = 0.86 pN) reproduced the experimental data 0.82 pN fairly well. Theoretical estimations for the probabilities of the M1-transition per time and energy units of the isobaranalog state 6Li(0+) to the a+d continuum have been obtained. The integral width of the transition 0.9 mcV is well consistent with the previous simplified calculations. It is shown that the isobar-analog state 6Li(0+) has a well developed halo structure, like the nucleus 6He(0+).
5. The theoretical estimations for the transition probabilities per time and energy units of the beta-decay of the halo nucleus 1 Li to the two-body 9Li+d continuum channel have been obtained, very consistent with new experimental data. In this case, a resonance in the S-wave of the 9Li+d system at the energy position of about 0.7 MeV plays the main role, not depending on the used potential model: with a repulsive core or with a forbidden state. In this case, the halo components strongly dominate over the internal components. For the integral probability of the process the theoretical estimation 7.3E-3 s'1 is within the error bar of the experimental data (8.8+1,9)E-3 s’1 for the energy cut-off E > 0.2 McV.
6. The branching ratio for the beta delayed n-p emission by 1 'Li, a very exotic decay process, unique among nuclei with known two-neutron separation energies, has been estimated in the frame of the cluster potential model. Reasonable estimates of the branching ratio and of the energy distribution of the decays arc obtained with shifted three-body Coulomb functions. The obtained branching ratio is estimated between 0.8E-10 and 2.2E-10, which is much smaller than for the hindered deuteron decay of 6He, (2.6 ±1.3)E-6, The reason of this smallness is the small Q-value of the process which leads to a limited phase space. The observation of this beta delayed decay mode, as expected, requires a valuable experimental effort. The total transition probabilities arc estimated to be of order 10 s s'1.
7. At the end, the beta-decay probabilities per time and energy units of the one-neutron halo nuclei HBe, l9C and 31Ne to the two-body core+p continuum channels have been evaluated in the cluster potential model. For the total transition probability of the HBc nucleus to the l0Be+p continuum channel the estimation is 1.5E-9 s'1, of the 19C nucleus to the lsC+p continuum it is 2.7E-12 s'1. The corresponding branching ratios arc 3.0E-8 for the 11 Be and 1.8E-13 for the 19C halo nuclei. The total transition probability of the 31Ne nucleus to the 30Ne+p continuum channel varies from 0 up to l.E-6 s'1 due to uncertainty of the separation energy. For the separation energy between 0.25 and 0.35 MeV, the total decay probability is 3.3E-10 s'1, which leads to a branching ratio 1.6E-12.
The main conclusion of the dissertation is that the potential models developed in this work can not only describe adequately the existing experimental data in the field of low-energy nuclear physics, but also arc able to predict new properties of light nuclei, if the parameters of the model arc chosen from the condition to be consistent with the underlying microscopic features.

Ushbu maqolada fizikani o‘qitishning zamonaviy talablari va shu jumladan fizika darslarida axborot kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalanishning yutuqlari va kamchilliklari , ushbu texnologiyalarni qo‘llash uchun zarur shart-sharoitlar va qo‘yiladigan talablar haqida ma’lumot berilgan .

Объекты исследования: голономные и неголономные механические системы с неидеальными и с условными неидеальными связями (связи с трением, сервосвязи), в том числе фрикционный регулятор скорости при наличии условной неидеальной связи.
Цель работы: исследование движения механических систем с неидеальными связями путем использования расширенного метода комбинирования связей; выделение класса механических систем, как с голономными, так и с неголономными неидеальными связями, анализ которых становится возможным благодаря использованию этого метода; приложение теоретических положений к решению конкретных задач; исследование на устойчивость программных движений фрикционного регулятора при наличии условной неидеальной связи и определение их оптимальной стабилизации.
Методы исследования: методы аналитической механики, теории дифференциальных уравнений, теории устойчивости и стабилизации движений, механики управляемого движения; теории П Пенлеве для систем с неидеальными связями, и А Бегена для систем с условными связями.
Полученные результаты и их новизна: обобщен метод комбинирования связей, на основе которого предложена новая методика составления дифференциальных уравнений движения для голономных и неголономных систем с неидеальными связями; дано обобщение принципа наименьшего принуждения Гаусса для неголономных систем с неидеальными связями в случае возможных перемещений, удовлетворяющих расширенному методу комбинирования связей; получены условия устойчивости и оптимальной стабилизации программных движений управляемого фрикционного регулятора.
Практическая значимость: Предлагаемый метод позволяет расширить класс задач, содержащих механические системы с неидеальными связями, для которых возможно получить дифференциальные уравнения движения, определить силы связей и закон трения системы; определить силовое воздействие, реализующее условную связь.
Степень внедрения и экономическая эффективность:
результаты данной работы используются в учебном процессе при чтении специальных курсов по аналитической механике и механике управляемого движения в рамках бакалавриата и магистратуры по направлению «Теоретическая механика» в Национальном Университете Узбекистана, а также при написании выпускных и диссертационных работ. Область применения: аналитическая механика; механика управляемого движения; результаты данной работы могут быть использованы при исследовании конкретных механических систем с трением, в частности при конструировании и использовании различных видов управляемых фрикционных редукторов, применяемых в текстильной промышленности, автомобилестроении и в других отраслях.

Subject of research: carbon acids: one, two and polybasic aminoacids, aprotic acids (Lewis acids), amines, aqua, mixed aqueous-nonaqueous, nonaqueous-nonaqueous and nonaqueous solvents. Samples of objects in production.
Purpose of work: theoritical justification of the choice of the solvents for titrimetrical determination of one, two and polybasic carbon and aprotic acids, study the influence of nonaqueous solvents to the acids that have various chemical properties and differ by their strength and to the substances that express acidity property.
Methods of research: potentiometric methods, conductometric method, polarography, spectrophotometry, methods of the mathematic statistics.
The results obtained and their novelty: acidity constants of carbon, aprotic and aminoacids in aqueous, aqueous-nonaqueous, nonaqueous-nonaqueous and aqueous solutions have been evaluated, choice of the solvents for titrimetrical analysis of the acids was theoritecally justified, elaboration methodics of analysis.
Practical value: methods and methodics of the analysis for these components (individual and in mixtures) were developed. Accuracy, correctness and other metrological characteristics of the developed methodics are high. The developed methodics have been applied for the analysis of environmental objects.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The results obtained are introduced in the Samarkand Regional SEC, Samarkand GPGP "Suvoqava, Khorezm region. Committee for Nature Protection, as well as in the educational process in the departments of SamSU, UrSU and Sartepa college of tourism and service industries. The developed methodics would be introduced in practics in enterprises of chemical and food industry, in medical institutions and in agriculture.
Field of application: analytical chemistry, ecoanalytical monitoring, environmental protection, analysis of food products.

Subjects of research: the basic object of research is silk fibroin and wool keratin. For comparative experiences is chosen copolymer of acrilonytrilc. As the solvents the systems 2,5 M LiCl-DMFA, 2,5 M NaOH-water and 7,7 M NaCNS-watcr arc used.
Purpose of work: consists in revealing laws of dcformational and orientational structure formation of fibroin and keratin at the non-newton stream of solutions and ions electrodialysis also definition of clcctroconductivity characteristics of received gels and besieged samples, containing residual ions.
Method of research: rheooptimetry, birefringence, dispersion optical rotation, polarization ultramicroscope, viscosimetry, potentiometry, electrodialysis, ampermetry.
The results obtained and their novelty': the features of education of solutions of fibroin and keratin in the ion containing the solvents are revealed and the critical parameters for a choice of a biopolymeric solution allowing to realize non-newton stream and ions electrodialysis arc established; representing structural organizations and interactions of electrodialysis for the first time arc found out the hysteresis effects at non-newton stream of solutions generated in the shift and longitudinal fields; opportunities of dcformational and orientational structure formation of fibroin and keratin for the first time are revealed at the non-newton stream of solutions with intensive removal of ions by means of electrodialysis; the conditions of reception gels and besieged samples of fibrillar proteins with high degrees of the factor of orientation of circuits and small quantity of residual ions determined; Arc determined of electroconductivity characteristics of received gels and besieged of fibrillar proteins depending on a degree of ordering macromolecules and contents of ions in samples; the installations rheooptimetry, complemented with electrodialysis for the investigations of structure formation arc assembled at the non-newton stream in conditions of intensive removal of ions.
Practical value: revealed of dcformational and orientational of behaviour of of fibroin and keratin and also them hysteresis effects in the non-newton stream have the important meaning in development of fundamental representations about dynamics ordered structure formation of fibrillar proteins from solutions; the revealed laws of education of solutions, gels and besieged samples of fibroin and keratin at the presence of ions of salts and alkalis, and also them electroconductivity characteristics can be useful to development of scientific principles of processing fibrous wastes of silk and wool with reception of biomaterials with specific physical properties; the specially assembled experimental by generation non-newton stream and ions electrodialysis represent the large interest for research ordered structure formation of biopolymers with regulation of the contents of ions, and also for reception gels and besieged samples with electroconductivity properties on their basis.
Field of application: dynamics high ordered structure formation of fibrillar proteins in a flow; clcctrophysics polymeric gels and compositions; ions electrodialysis; processing of natural polymers; polarization optics and rheology.

Subject of research: manufacturing of the large size Si(Li) p-i-n and aSi-Si(Li) detector structures.
Purpose of work: investigation the features of formation of the large size high efficiency detector structures with optimal clcctrophysical and radio-metric properties as well as study of new physical mechanisms of influencing for formation their amplitude of energetic spectra.
Methods of research: method of investigation of current-voltage and volt-capacity characteristic of detector structures; method of investigation of features of photovoltagc in nonuniform area of the sensitive regions of Si(Li) p-i-n structure, as well as investigation of the structure research of aSi-Si(Li) interface.
The results obtained and their novelty: physic-technological methods of formation structures with of optimum properties of clectrophysical characteristics and radiometric properties of semiconductor detectors on the base of Si(Li) p-i-n structures and aSi-Si(Li) hcterostucturcs with large area arc developed; on the base of investigation of relaxation photoconductivity processes in Si(Li) p-i-n structure have been carried out that on the some regions of these area was pronounced a “well” on time dependence of photovoltage’s impulse after corresponding photoexcitation is observed; on the basis of analytical calculations of the trajectory of carriers transport in i - area of Si(Li) p-i-n structure where take into account the influence on this process of inhomogeneous potential field it has shown that under such conditions electrons and holes generated as a result of ionization of atoms by nuclear radiation moved forward longer trajectory in electric field direction in sensitive part of semiconductor detector.
Practical value: researched detectors structures Si(Li) p-i-n and aSi-Si(Li) have possess for understanding of physical processes in various large size semiconductor devices as well as practical value for improving of their characteristics.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: results of investigations had application for optimization of properties of Si(Li) semiconductor detectors at fulfilling contract work with OJSC «UzCRHRM», OJSC «Uzbckchimmash» with total financing around 20 million sum.
Field of application: investigated detector structures have prospects for developing of fundamental and applied problems of nuclear physics.

Subjects of inquiry: objects of research arc spectral decomposition and their Riesz means of the functions describing various physical processes.
Aim of the inquiry: necessary conditions of summability of the spectral decomposition connected with various elliptic operators.
Methods of inquiry: modem methods of the theory of functions, the functional analysis, the spectral theory of operators arc applied.
The results achieved and their novelty: all results arc new:
1) necessary conditions of convergence of Riesz means of spectral decomposition on eigenfunctions of operator Laplace arc established.
2) necessary conditions of convergence of spectral decomposition on eigenfunctions of polyharmonic operators arc found.
3) the conditions of the generalized continuity necessary for summability of spectral decomposition on eigenfunctions of Schrodinger operator in an arbitrary three-dimensional domain are received.
4) necessary conditions of convergence of spectral decomposition of functions from Sobolev space by eigenfunctions of Laplas-Bcltrami operator arc found.
Practical value: dissertation’s results are theoretical.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: on the basis of received results a special course will be read for the students of the magistracy.
Sphere of usage: results and the methods presented in work can be used in scientific researches in mathematical physics, mathematical analysis and functional analysis.

Objects of research: CdTe films, the effect generating anomalous photo voltage, thin film solar cells, thermo electro generators based on solid solution of ЕЙгТсз.
Purpose of work: development and creation thermoelectric generators (TEG) and developed structures based on thin-film photosensitive structures and TEG for operating of the temperature 300 - 500K range.
Methods of research: fusing in inert ambience, thermo vacuum evaporation, gas chemistry syntheses, thermo treating, structured analysis, study voltage-current characteristics, warm-up and spectral features, measurement thcrmo-EMF, electro-and thermo conductivity and Hall effect.
The results obtained and their novelty: The principles of the constructing photo thermoelectric devices arc based. These devices were served for transformation of the visible signal in electric with the use cadmium chalcogenides thin films, where TEG based on Bi2Te3 compounds executes the role autonomous power source.
Practicel value: The results of this work arc developed for creation the efficient and cheap renewed sources and issue of the pilot models photo thermo electrical devices.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The designed way of construction of photo thermoelectric converters (the Patent of the Republic of Uzbekistan). It is introduced the thermo electrical battery for energy feeding emergency illumination on thermo ways in Ferghana region.
Field of application: Solar power stations, autonomous power sources, instruments of the checking the condition of atmosphere, meteorological stations, instruments of the spy for Sun.

Subject of research: the photodiode Au-nAlGaAs-pGaAs-Ag, Au+Zn-p(AlGa)In As-nGaAs-Au, Au-p(A/Ga)InAs-nGaAs-Ag-structurcs, made by a method liquid of epitaxy.
Purpose of work: establishment of a physical nature of processes proceeding in the field of a volumetric charge heterojunction on a basis of arsenide gallium and its connections, and also research of influence of straightening barriers on ampcr's and spectral characteristics of three-barrier structure with various structure hcterowidc.
Methods of research: experimental methods of removal volt-ampcr's, volt -capacitor and spectral characteristics, technique of definition of characteristic parameters on the basis of experimental data.
The results obtained and their novelty:
1. For the first time arc developed multibarrier structures on a basis heterojunction pAlGalnAs-nGaAs and the role of straightening barriers in expansion of a spectral range in area is established.
2. Principles of creation three-barrier photodiode Au-pAlGaInAs-nGaAs:O-Ag-structurcs, quantities,(amounts,) based on a variation, Indium in hcterowidc for various purpose (appointment) for the first time arc offered.
3. Is established, that at excitation Au-pAli)i)SGa()g2^nniAs-nGaAs-Ag-structurc's from the party Ьс1сгослоя the high meanings (importance) of a photocurrent caused fine of area of division of photocarriers and serial compression cuasincytral of a part hcterowidc by a layer of a volumetric charge of locked transitions arc created.
4. Is experimentally shown, that in photodiode to structure the increase of thickness hcterowidc up to the sizes twice large diffusion of length can result in low meanings (importance) of a return current of transition the metal - semiconductor in comparison with a return current heterojunction, that the metal - semiconductor and change of the thermionic mechanism generation is explained by improvement of border.
Practical value: offered in dissertation to job of the recommendation simplify process of the coordination of target parameters of the photoreceiver with entrance parameters of the intensifying cascade photocurrent of devices optoelectronics and systems of telecommunication.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the received results arc a basis for development photocurrent of devices for reception and transfer of an optical signal in research-and-production associations Acadcmican sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and other instrument-making organizations.
Field of application: technology and designing of the electronic equipment for micro and optoelectmics, and also telecommunication systems, means of transfer and reception of the information.

Subject of research: homogeneous processes with independent increments and the generalised renewal processes.
Aim of the research: obtaine the complete asymptotic expansions for the distribution of the number of a rectilinear strip by trajectories of homogeneous process with independent increments and the generalised renewal process.
Methods of research: in the dissertation a used the analytical factorization method.
The results achivved and their novelty: all main outcomes of the thesis are new and consist of the following:
- complete asymptotic expansions in t —> oo for the distribution of the number of crossings of a rectilinear strip till the moment t by a trajectory of homogeneous process with independent increments have been obtained. Thus it is supposed that strip borders grow together with t and are imposed on condition process, basically, Kramer’s type;
- the first members of asymptotic decomposition are written out in an explicit form and the algorithm of calculation of the subsequent members is specified;
- the results specified above are transferred in case of the generalised process of restoration.
Practical value: the thesis has theoretical character.
Field of application: the received results can be used at the decision of various problems of mathematical statistics, the theory of mass service, the theory of storage of stocks and others.

Purpose of work: determination of the scientific-methodical possibilities of increasing of efficiency of the “Electromagnetism” part of physics in higher educational establishments, working out of a mcthodics of the improved teaching of the theoretical course, creation of methodical textbooks on the personally oriented technologies for independent work connected with lab works and adoption their to educational process.
Methods of research: Studies and critical analysis of pedagogical, didactical, methodical literature, critical studies of teaching programs, teaching aids and textbooks on physics for higher educational establishments, looking after the educational process, giving a talk with students and teachers, questionnaizing and testing of students, studies, analyzing and generalization of modem pedagogical technologies on these themes, statistical analysis of the results of these pedagogical experiments.
The recults obtained and their novelty: The methodical conditions for organization, carrying out, managing, improving of the personally-oriented teaching of physics arc determined. The types of educational processes, their structures, contents and conditions of their using arc worked out.
Practical value: The teaching aid “The self-educational tasks on general physics (Electromagnetism)” is created, published and introduced into educational process. This text allows to repeat “Electromagnetism” for short time. The posters and educational experiments arc elaborated too. More than 10 lab works and lab devices on “Electromagnetism” where created and modified.
A methodical complex “Case” for problem solving on physics was created and adopted to educational process. The form, content and mcthodics of independent doing experiments arc worked out.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The results of the scientific investigations arc published as teaching aids and scientific articles. They arc incorporated into the educational process in our Republic.
Field of application: in educational and teaching process in the higher educational establishments.

Subbjects of research: superlattices on the basis of GaAs with a rectangular quantum well (QW) and with a quantum well with an inclined bottom, and also volumetric crystals CdS and CuCl.
Purpose of work: creation of the theory of optical-deformation interaction in volumetric crystals and superlattices with different types of quantum wells near the exciton and interband resonances.
Methods of research: methods of consecutive approximation, theory of indignations, variation methods, standard technique of matrix of density and for the first time developed technique of matrix of density for variable number of quasi-particls.
The results obtained and their novelty: the generalized technique of finding resonant dielectric constant and photoclasticity coefficients in superlattices taking into account of width of QW and in superlattices with inclined bottom of QW near exciton resonances frequencies is constructed. Significant increase of dielectric constant and photoclasticity coefficients caused by both exciton localization in QW, and increasing density of excitons maximum packing in superlattice is shown. It has been shown, that system of nonintcracting electrons and the holes, being in the superlattice layer making QW, can be considered as oscillator similar exciton. For the first time it is shown, that localization of excitons in QW causes significant increase of dielectric constant as well as photoclasticity coefficients near exciton and interband resonances.
Practical value: the general theory of optical-deformation properties of volumetric and low-dimension structures for exciton and interband resonances frequencies. Results of research expand circle of knowledge about sensitivity of optical parameters of semiconductor crystals under deformation influence. On the basis of these results new types of acoustooptical devices, working in exciton and interband resonances frequencies and possessing by smaller operating power and larger sensitivity to external sound signal than usual devices can be created.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: received results can be used at development of new types of devices for high-speed and not contact regulation of optical radiation (deflectors, modulators, acoustooptical filters etc.), and also at lecturing special courses at nanotechnology faculties in high education schools.
Field of application: nanotechnology, acoustooptics, optoelectronics.

Subjects of research: multirangc current transformers (TT).
Purpose of work: development and study multirange transformer of the current with extended functional possibility and perfected dynamic characteristic for managerial systems device supply railway.
Methods of research: theories electric and magnetic circuits and electromagnetic field, inaccuracy, cncrgolnformation and morphological methods search construction sensor and device of the parametric structured schemes (PSS) with using the computer technology, as well as experimental methods of the studies.
The results obtained and their novelty: is designed new designs multirange TT of the current with extended functional possibility and perfected dynamic characteristic, protected patent RUz, and their mathematical models; the way of the reduction of inaccuracy multirange TT under their work but connecting mode.
Practical value: designed TT multirangc has an extended functional possibility and comparatively pinpoint accuracy transformation when functioning (working) in connecting mode. Designed mathematical models, allow on stage of the designing multirange TT to research them in steady-state dynamic mode.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: designed multirange TT is introduced and production process on attractive substation “Transport” distances of supply “Xavast” Herewith, the annual economic effect forms 5,3 million so’ms.
Field of application: results of the work can be arc broadly used at development multirange TT, intented for managerial systems and checking state of working device of supply on rail-freight traffics and other branch public facilities.

Subjects of research: polaron, bipolaron, cuprates.
Purpose of work: development of small polaron Holstein model, taking into account long-range electron-phonon interaction to establish the possible existence of a polaron with a small mass and explain the value of the mass of the charge carrier, infrared absorption, and the high values of the superconducting transition temperature in cuprate high-temperature superconductors.
Methods of research: method of secondary quantization, Lang-Firsov transformation, perturbation theory method, quasiclassical approach (WK.B method), Frank-Condon principle, nonadiabatic and adiabatic approaches.
The results obtained and their novelty: condensed matter theory, theory of strongly interacting system of electrons and phonons, in particular theory of lattice Holstein polarons with long-range electron-phonon interaction are developed. Besides that in the thesis a theory of pairing of two polarons is developed and a new theory of influence of external pressure (strain) on the temperature of Bose-Einstein condensation of lattice bipolarons is proposed.
Practical value: lies in the possibility of their use in general for the development of solid-state theory, the theory of interacting electron-phonon systems, in particular the Holstein’s lattice-polaron theory. In addition, from a practical point of view, the developed methods allow us to calculate the mass of the charge carrier in the cuprates, to calculate the optical conductivity of polarons, assess the conditions of existence of two-site bipolaron, and the superconducting transition temperature based on the bipolaron model of superconductivity.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The work is fundamental and its results can be used for theoretical interpretation of experimental data on the effective mass of carriers in the cuprates, the optical (IR) absorption of the cuprates, the order parameter of superconductivity in cuprates and in experiments on the effect of external pressure (strain) at superconducting transition temperature of cuprates.
Field of application: condensed matter physics and high temperature superconducting material science.

Object of research: is instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of GaAs (GaP, InP), as subject of research arc selected transition process of the characteristic of metal металл-А3В5, generated by fine metals and amorphous films TiBx under the influence of 60Co gamma-radiation, microwave radiation and rapid thermal treatment.
Purpose of work: clarifying the mechanism of reproducibility increasing and stabilization of instrumental structures on basis of GaAs, GaP and InP with Schottky barrier generated by amorphous films TiBx.
Methods of research: auger-electron spectroscopy in aggregate with ion etching (Ar*, En=l kiloelectronvolt), X-ray structural analysis, atomic-force microscopy. 60Co gamma-quantum irradiation conducted on installation MPX-/-25M, and microwave treatment with magnetron radiation on a frequency/=2,45 GHz with 1,5 Vt/sm2 output power density. Voltage-current characteristic investigated on standardized automated curve tracers.
The results obtained and their novelty: conducted the analysis of the mechanism of mechanical stress on films and contact structures against the A3B5, which allows clarify the regularity of processing factors' impact on mechanical stress of contact structures. Developed the physic-technological basis of contacts generating against A3B5 including rapid thermal treatment, which allows to control contact characteristic by the impact on phase formation process and interface characteristic. Developed the new technological approach to preparation of autoepitaxial films of InP n type, growing by the method of liquid-phase epitaxy on n*-InP porous bottom layer and ohmic and barrier contacts to them using the amorphous interstitial phase of TiBx.
Practical value: findings on external action tolerance of the semiconductor instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of A3B5 can be used in creating the semiconductor instrumental structures with Schottky barrier on basis of A3B5.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: findings of research arc used in research scientific works and engineering developments in “ORION” research institution at developing and preparing microwave diode with Schottky barrier.
Field of application: solid-state microwave electronics, semiconductor instrument making, the technology of microwave semiconductor instruments.

Objects of research: CdTe films, the effect generating anomalous photo voltage, thin film solar cells, thermo electro generators based on solid solution of Bi>Tev
Purpose of work: development and creation thermoelectric generators (TEG) and developed structures based on thin-film photosensitive structures and TEG tor operating of the temperature 300 - 500K range.
Methods of research fusing in inert ambience, thermo vacuum evaporation, gas chemistry syntheses, thermo treating, structured analysis, study voltage-current characteristics, warm-up and spectral features, measurement thermo-EMF. electro-and thermo conductivity and Hall effect.
The results obtained and their novelty: The principles of the constructing photo thermoelectric devices are based. These devices were served for transformation of the visible signal in electric with the use cadmium chalcogenides thin films, where TEG based on Bi^Te.i compounds executes the role autonomous power source.
Practicel value: The results of this work are developed for creation the efficient and cheap renewed sources and issue of the pilot models photo thermo electrical devices
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The designed way of construction of photo thermoelectric converters (the Patent of the Republic of Uzbekistan). It is introduced the thermo electrical battery for energy feeding emergency illumination on thermo ways in Ferghana region.
Field of application: Solar power stations, autonomous power sources, instruments of the checking the condition of atmosphere, meteorological stations, instruments of the spy for Sun.

The work is devoted to investigate of mechanisms of occurrence of currents and of electromotive forces (EMF) in p-n- junction, at the influence of microwaeve fields.
It is shown that the constant currents of electromotive force arising in p-n- junction placed on high microwaeve field are caused by recombination currents in the field of a volumetric charge of transition and on a surface of a sample. It is established, that the distortion of electromagnetic field inside the the sample results in increasing of recombination of currents in volume and on a surface of a sample. As a result of fluctuations of surface of potential under the influanced external microwaeve field increase constant currents and EMF, generated by the diode. It is shown, that in a regime of short circuit effective height of a potential barrier decreases in a mode of a single course are generated anomalous great EMF.
Vortical currents in samples by p-n- junction field, placed in a non-uniform microwaeve field is investigated in this work. It is shown, that the vortical currents reduce currents and EMF, generated of the diode.
The new mechanism of occurrence is of anomalous of the large photovoltage in thin semi-conductor films is effered in this investigation. It is arosen by jet photoEMF in view of a microrelief of a free surface of the sample.
The method of definition energy and concentration of surfase and volumetric condition is advenced by the using of charg coupled devices.

Subject of the inquiry: tcnzosensitivity films Bi2Te3 , Sb2 Tc3 got under vacuum evaporation, high recouped silicon with deep level, flint p-n-transition, AGP film CdTc and Si.
Aim of the inquire is a study of mechanism origin EMF in p-n-transition in strong SRF floor. The Description speakers deforming effect in tcnzoscnsitivitics film by methods R(s) path and thermodynamics of the round-robin processes.
Methods of inquiry: The methods R(e) path in theories of the fluctuations. Modeling deforming effect. The Numerical experiments.
The results achieved and their novelty:
1. Reduction of vortical currents for the first time is shown at the expense of force Miller.
2. Method of thermodynamics of cyclic processes and (R (s)) diagrams for the first time is used for research of deformation effects in semiconductors.
3. Establish influence of the illumination of the own light on phase trajectory of deforming effect.
Practical value: Method phase path can be use when checking the features semiconductor. The Results studies of tcnzosensitivity can be used at development a new tenzogauges
Sphere of usage: Microelectronics, solid state physics, physics semiconductor, optoelectronics.

Subjects of research: structures metal-lead-borosilicate glass (SiCb-PbO-BiOj-AbOj-Tc^Os) crystal silicon.
Purpose of work: an establishment of electronic processes proceeding on interfaces silicon - lead-borosilicate glass, subjected to uniform compression and their comparison with the processes occurring on interfaces of silicon - silicon dioxide.
Methods of research: capacity-voltage and relaxation characteristics, temperature dependence of a constant of time of filling, measurement of a tangent of a corner of dielectric losses.
The results obtained and their novelty: it is established, that in a semi-conductor substrate of structure of type metal - glass-semiconductor at influence of pressure it is observed recharge the center with energy of ionization Ec -0,4±0,03 eV with concentration 7Vr=3.1O12 sm3 resulting to change of differential density of superficial statuses near to value of energy Ec - 0,4 eV; the long-term relaxation of capacity of structures metal (Al) - glass (РЬО-ВЮз-ВзОз-АЬОз-ТазОз) the semiconductor (n-Si) under influence of pressure P=8 kilobar is found out; the reason of nonmonotonic change of capacity is established, at impoverishing voltage, structures metal - glass-semiconductor with Mass percentage contents of components of a glass (49:32:15:3:1), with low values of density of superficial statuses at presence of structural defects of acceptor character; it is established, that influence of an impurity of caesium (Cs) on generation-recombinations characteristics of structures metal (Al) glass (РЬО-ЗЮг-ВгОз-АЕОз-ТазО;) the semiconductor (Si) is connected to increase in concentration of caesium in at superficial area of the substrate resulting in reduction of density of superficial statuses.
Practical value: the received results promote expansion of physical performances about processes proceeding in structures metal-glass-semiconuductor at uniform compression and a role in these processes the impurity centers.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the received results can be used by development and manufacturing of semi-conductor devices with improved tensometric properties.
Field of application: microelectronics, semiconductor instrument making.

The article talks about the role of experiments and forms of their organization in the organization of physics lessons in secondary schools.

Subjects of research: Silicon single crystal with large diameter and thickness (D > 30 mm, d > 3mm), Si(Li) p-n and p-i-n structures with large sensitive volume.
Purpose of work: Investigation of new physical and technological bases for development of Si(Li) detectors of nuclear radiation on silicon single crystals with a diameter up to 100 - 110 mm and thickness W > 5 mm.
Methods of research: One- and four- probe measurements, electro-physical (current-volt, capacity-volt and noise-volt characteristics) and radiometric measurements, phase-frequency measurements.
The results obtained and their novelty: New specific features of the lithium diffusion process in p-Si with large diameter, related to formation of Li-0 complexes, have been revealed. New physical techniques in lithium drift technology on silicon single crystal of large volume are found. Previously unexplored physical and technological aspects in development of universal spectrometer of telescope type and low background installation based on Si(Li) p-i-n structure with large sensitive area, are presented. Methods based on external sources (ultrasound, pulsed electric field) are developed, which extend the basic knowledge in semiconductor physics.
Practical value: the unique detectors of nuclear radiation created on silicon wafers with diameter up to 110 mm do not have analogues in the world. They open new perspectives in the design of original experiments in nuclear physics, as well as new applications in various fields of science and technology, such as geology, metallurgy, medicine, environment protection, etc.
Degree of embed and economic effect: semiconductor detectors that have been developed are employed in nuclear physics experiments conducted at Nuclear Research Institute of Moscow State University, agreement No.01/04, 01/05 Institute of Nuclear Physics of Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Scientific Production Association of Russia "Taifun", Almalik Metallurgical Enterprize, Uzgidromet, agreement No. 01/07 09 UzKTGM.
Field of application: new scientific knowledge and advanced technology for the creation of silicon-lithium detectors of nuclear radiation with large sensitive volume, that have been obtained, can be effectively used for solving various fundamental and applied problems in nuclear physics, medicine, geology, archeology, environmental research, etc.

Subject of research: Si, doped with Ho, La, Eu by diffusion method and during crystal grows, Si <Ho>, doped with Ti and Ni.
Purpose of work: studying of properties
Methods of research: deep levels transient spectroscopy, photocapacity and infrared spectroscopy.
The results obtained and their novelty: For the first time it is carried out complex research of properties Si with impurity holmium, europium and lanthanum is carried out and it is revealed that introduction of these doping by high temperature diffusions leads to the existing changes of clcctrophysic properties of silicon. Efficiency of formation of levels Ho, La and Eu in silicon depends on technology factors have been investigated. For the first time energetic specter DL was determined with the help of spectroscopy capacity, created by atoms Ho, La and Eu in silicon at their diffusion introduction. It is revealed that diffusion introduction in these impurity leads to decrease of efficiency formation of thermal and radiating defects and stabilization of parameters silicon.
It is established that doped impurity REE during crystal grows, DL in noticeable evaporation is not observed, but the subsequent high temperature in an interval temperatures 1000-1200°C leads to activation of atoms REE and formation ofDL.
Practical value: the lead optimization of parameters Si, doped with REE can be serve as recommendations at creation of new semi-conductor devices with stable and reproduced parameters.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the received results on increase of thermal stability and radiating stability of parameters of silicon introduction of Ho, La and Eu atoms can be used as recommendations at manufacturing various semi-conductor devices;
Field of application: semiconductor material researching, production of semiconductor devices, microelectronics and optoelectronics.

Subjects of research: solar heat and energy equipments, exactly, radiation characteristics of solar receivers and their influence to efficiency of equipments
Purpose of work: to develop methods and models intended to define efficiency of using selective surfaces in solar low and high temperature equipments and working out recommendations by their applications.
Methods of the research: There are used fundamentals of photometry, geometrical optics and theoretical bases of heat engineering, universally recognized methods of numerical solution of equation of thermal conductivity and methods of data handling.
The results obtained and their novelty: determination methodology of integrated radiation characteristics by equilibrium temperature which is notable with convection heat losses' new circuit of calculation; numerical model of "hot box" which is notable with convection heat losses from side surfaces and determination ability influence of receiving surfaces' selectivity to efficiency; determination methodology of optimal parameters (concentration, conversion temperature) of solar heat-and-power engineering equipments with selective receiver of radiation; determined: maximal efficiency of solar heat-and-power engineering equipments
Practical value: determination methodology of integrated radiation characteristics and its experimental refining can be used to determine radiation characteristics of different materials; developed thermal models of solar low temperature equipments and their numerical and software implementation can be used in degree validation of solar receiver's selectivity; results of system optimization receiver - thermodynamic reformer can be used to determine optimal parameters of receiver's selectivity, concentration of solar radiation and temperature transformation
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: results of the work allowed to base requirements to selectivity of solar radiation detectors and consequently to bring down costs to manufacturing them.
Field of application: low and high solar temperature equipments

Object of the research: atoms, molecules, laser radiation.
Aim of the research: theoretical study of multiphoton ATI and HHG processes in many-electron atoms and homonuclcar diatomics under the influence of strong electromagnetic field; the study of the phenomenon of intramolecular (two-ccnter) quantum interference in the processes of ATI and HHG; the study of a possibility of coherent control of the photoprocesses.
Methods of the research: nonperturbative methods of quantum mechanics: S-matrix formalism of strong-field approximation, essential state method and so-called poleapproximation; state-of-the-art quantum-chemistry method of electron density functional within the linear combination atomic approximation .
The results achieved and their novelty: the fully quantum-mechanical model of the ATI and HHG processes in essentially many-electron and polyatomic systems has been presented; the influence of the intramolecular (two-ccnter) quantum interference on: a) orientation dependence of ATI rate, b) ATI rate suppression (or absence of suppression ionization) as compared with atomic process, c) increase of cutoff frequency in HHG-spcctra.
Practical value: a) principal possibility of the effective coherent control of the multiquantum ATI and HHG processes in homonuclcar diatomics has been studied. Such control provides a unique possibility to obtain photoelectron and photon spectra with preset properties; b) modeling procedure of «correct» AO and MO to study the problems of atomic and laser physics has been determined.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The thesis is a fundamental study. The results for the defense have a theoretical (descriptive and predictive) nature. They can be used in various applied aspects of coherent and nonlinear optics (X-ray laser physics, attosecond laser physics and etc.) and quantum electronics.
Field of application: atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

Subjects of the inquiry: the research objects arc synthetic polymers and low-molecular compounds. The subject of the research was determination of the quantitative relationships between structure and property in the selected class of compounds and systems.
Aim of the inquiry: development of topologic QSPR modeling for calculation of physical properties of polymers on the basis of information about their structure and with use of optimal descriptors based on statistical regularity as theoretical basis for determination of properties and purposeful synthesis of polymers.
Method of inquiry: for determining of the “structure - property” dependencies optimization of correlation weights of local graph invariants has been applied. Per se this approach is a hybrid of the additive scheme and the regression analysis based on structural descriptors.
The results achieved and their novelty: for the first time optimal descriptors have been used for the determining of the “structure - property” correlation. Application of local descriptors based on the optimization of correlative weights of local graph invariants for prediction of physical properties of single- and doublecomponent polymeric systems has been estimated. For the first time models of the glass transition temperature of polyarylenoxidcs, the melting temperature of oligophcnilens and octanol-water partition coefficients of organic substances have been estimated as well as the Flory-Huggins parameter, lower critical temperatures of blendings and the intrinsic viscosity of two-componcntal of “polymer-solvent” systems.
Practical value: practical relevancy includes the fact that models of various characteristics of polymeric systems allows to predict by the calculation way above mentioned characteristics for wide range of single- and double-components “polymer-dissolvent” systems obtained which makes unnecessary complicated and expensive and sometimes even technically labor-intensive experiments.
Sphere of usage: research method, obtained “structure - property” models and prediction algorithms can be used:
• for analysis of set of polymeric structures in order to select prospective structures for technological implementation of practical tasks in physics and chemistry of high-molecular compounds;
• for researches in the field material science during investigation of the “structure - property” dependencies for high-molecular single- and doublecomponents systems;
• in educational process in material-sciences high education institutes.