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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEK AND KARAKALPAK
LITERARY RELATIONS.
Dadebayeva Malika Miratbayevna
Student at Karakalpak State University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15779461
Abstract.
This article studies the historical development of Uzbek and
Karakalpak literary relations. The theoretical foundations of literary relations
between the literatures of blood-related peoples are analyzed.
Keywords:
Uzbek literature, Karakalpak literature, folklore, lyrics,
socialization, artistry, nationality, literary influence.
The process of formation of each nation includes long historical stages. In
this process, the interaction, cultural exchange and political unification of
different peoples, clans and tribes play an important role. The historical roots
and ethnogenetic foundations of the Uzbek and Karakalpak peoples should also
be considered on the basis of the inextricable ties between these Turkic peoples.
In this regard, the research of well-known scientists, including the Kazakh
scientist Shokan Valikhonov and the Russian scientist V. Sheglov, serves as an
important source. The fact that Shokan Valikhonov's mother was a Karakalpak
and that he called the Karakalpaks "Mang'itlar" in his research is an important
evidence for the historical naming of this people. Sheglov, as an accomplished
specialist who has studied the archaeological and ethnographic aspects of the
history of the Karakalpaks, substantiates this idea.
Analysis of historical sources shows that the Mangit and Kungirat clans
played a key role in the ethnogenesis of the Karakalpaks. Although political
conflicts between these two peoples in the 12th-13th centuries indicate the
complex dynamics of historical periods, the strong dominance of the Mangits in
the 14th-16th centuries and the Kungirats in the 17th-18th centuries is noted.
The centers of these dominance were the Edil-Jayyk (Volga-Ural) oasis for the
Mangits, and Khorezm for the Kungirats. These facts confirm that the synthesis
of several Turkic components played an important role in the formation of the
Karakalpak people.
From this point of view, the Karakalpak and Uzbek peoples are closely
connected not only by geographical proximity, but also by common historical
and ethnic roots.
Most of the Karakalpak clans are also found among the Uzbeks. This
indicates that the two peoples have lived together for a long time. Therefore,
there is a close relationship between their language, customs, lifestyle and
rituals. In particular, the Karakalpak song "haujar" and the Uzbek ritual song
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"yor-yor" are almost identical in content and musical expression. This similarity
is manifested not only in appearance, but also in the internal spiritual content, in
the system of values.
The territories of residence - Khorezm, Turkestan, the Volga and Ural rivers
- have also been the common homeland of the two peoples. The cultural heritage
formed in these territories is an integral part of the history of the Turkic peoples.
The connections between Uzbek and Karakalpak oral literature are close
not only in form, but also in semantic content. Epics such as "Alpomish",
"Edigey", "Maspatsha", "Shariyar", "Qoblan" are accepted by both peoples as
their own literary property. It is difficult to be precise about their origin, because
these works are the product of folk memory and cultural exchange, and they
emdiv pan-Turkic images.
Examples of short genres of oral literature such as proverbs, sayings and
proverbs also express the common spirit between these peoples. For example, in
the Uzbek language:
O‘zga elning sultoni bo‘lguncha, o‘z elingning cho‘poni bo‘l or
Qimirlagan qir oshar, qolgan ishga qor yog‘ar –
Proverbs such as these also exist in the Karakalpak language in exactly the
same form:
Ózge eldiń sultanı bolǵansha, óz elińniń shopanı bol.
Qıymıldaǵan qır asar, qalǵan iske qar jawar.
This means that examples of oral creativity have survived, having passed
from one people to another, without losing themselves. Such cultural exchanges
mean that folklore transcends national borders and should be perceived as a
“national memory”.
In today's globalization environment, it is important to reassess and
develop cultural and literary ties between the Uzbek and Karakalpak peoples at
a new level. The statement of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev “I am a child not
only of the Uzbek people, but also of the Karakalpak people” is a political
expression of the historical, cultural and spiritual unity between the two
peoples.
Such thoughts serve as an extremely important signal for modern historical
politics and the principles of interethnic relations. The common literary heritage
of the Turkic peoples is a symbol of their spiritual and cultural unity, not their
political one. The ideas of pan-Turkic unity, humanism and nationalism occupy a
central place in the work of such scholars as Alisher Navoi, Makhtumkuli, Abay,
Berdak.
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The ethnic, linguistic, traditional and literary ties between the Uzbek and
Karakalpak peoples confirm that these two peoples were formed on the basis of
an indissoluble historical and cultural unity. This unity is not only the wealth of
the past, but also a strong foundation for future development. Therefore, the
scientific study of cultural ties, comparison, translation, study and promotion of
folklore and literature do not lose their relevance today.
The rich history of cultural, ethnic and linguistic ties between the Uzbek
and Karakalpak peoples is based on the common roots of the Turkic peoples that
developed in the territories of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The process of the
origin of these peoples includes the interaction, mergers and migrations of
various ethnic groups, tribes and cultures. It is very important to take into
account the interconnections between the Turkic peoples in understanding their
historical, cultural and linguistic ties.
Scientific studies on the origin of the Uzbek and Karakalpak peoples offer
different views. The formation of the Uzbek people is considered to have
occurred between the 13th and 15th centuries, including during the Golden
Horde and the Shaybanids. Although the Karakalpak people had a solid
ethnogenetic foundation in the 14th century, the Mangit and Kungirat tribes
played an important role in their ethnogenesis. The Turkic heritage and cultures
of the Uzbek and Karakalpak peoples are very closely related. The similarities
between these peoples are also reflected in their historical, linguistic and
cultural traditions.
The closeness of literary and oral creativity between the Uzbek and
Karakalpak peoples confirms their common cultural past. The oral creative
works of these peoples, such as epics such as "Alpomish", "Edigey", "Maspatsha",
together constitute a pan-Turkic heritage. These works are of equal importance
for the Uzbek and Karakalpak peoples, have been preserved in the memory of
the people and represent the exchange of different cultures. Such similarities are
reflected not only in formal aspects, but also in their semantic content.
The territories of residence of the Uzbeks and Karakalpaks are very close to
each other - Khorezm, Turkestan, the Volga and Urals - these territories have
enhanced cultural exchange and interaction between the peoples. As a result,
similarities have arisen between their customs, rituals and folk musical art. In
particular, the folk songs of the Karakalpaks and Uzbeks, for example,
ceremonial songs such as "haujar" and "yor-yor", are very similar in music and
content, which confirms the spiritual and cultural closeness of these peoples to
each other. In conclusion, it can be noted that the cultural and literary ties
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between the Uzbek and Karakalpak peoples continue to move to a new stage.
The statement of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev "I am a child not only of the
Uzbek people, but also of the Karakalpak people" further strengthens the
historical and cultural unity of the two peoples. The scientific study and
promotion of the ties between the literary heritage and traditions of these
peoples is still an urgent task today. Thanks to this, the ideas of the unity of the
Turkic peoples, humanism and patriotism once again confirm their importance.
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