Volume 05 Issue 06-2024
5
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
06
Pages:
5-9
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
ABSTRACT
This article aims to elucidate the fundamental nature, characteristics, and practical implementation of a rapid writing
technique that utilizes symbols and abbreviations. This method is intended to streamline the job of interpreters. The
rapid writing technique in translation has been extensively examined by numerous international translation scholars,
leading to the development of various translation symbol systems. However, this particular topic has not been
explored within the field of translation studies in our country.
KEYWORDS
Semantography, interpreting, consecutive interpreting, translator training, Charles Bliss.
INTRODUCTION
The importance of translation in our era is unparalleled
when it comes to preserving and enhancing
connections between nations, particularly in terms of
peace, harmony, and friendship. Currently, in the
present context where there is a growing demand for
interpretation, namely for accurate translation and
real-time translation, the education and development
of interpreters is a crucial responsibility. Hence, it is
imperative to enhance the theoretical foundation of
interpreter training and establish practical training
sessions as pressing matters.
The technique of quickly transcribing information is
referred
to
as
"note-taking"
in
English,
"Notizentechnik" in German, and
口
译笔记
k
ǒ
uyìb
ǐ
jì in
Chinese [1, 1]. The approach referred to as
"
переводческая
скоропись
"
(R.K.
Minyar-
Beloruchev) [2], "
универсальная
переводческая
скоро¬пись
"
(A.P.
Chujakin),
"
переводческая
Research Article
THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSLATION SEMANTOGRAPHY IN
INTERPRETER TRAINING
Submission Date:
May 31, 2024,
Accepted Date:
June 05, 2024,
Published Date:
June 10, 2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-05-06-02
Nargiza Rasuljanovna Ismatullayeva
PhD., Associate Professor, Head of the Department, Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://masterjournals.
com/index.php/crjps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 05 Issue 06-2024
6
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
06
Pages:
5-9
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
нотация
" (I. S. Alekseeva) [3], and
"переводческая
семантография" (E.V. Alikina) [4] is commonly found
in the works of Russian scientists. When searching for
a substitute name in the Uzbek language, it was
necessary to avoid using phrases consisting of many
words, such as "translation quick writing method" or
"translation conditional written symbols". Instead, the
term "translation semantography" suggested by E.V.
Alikina was adopted. We deemed it to be the most
favorable choice. Charles Bliss coined the term
"semantography" to refer to the universal system of
signs that he created, combining the Greek words
"semanto" meaning "sign" and "grapho" meaning
"writing" [4, 11].
The Main Part
Upon examining the system of symbols in translation
semantics, we noted that this approach is particularly
suitable for languages that employ hieroglyphic
writing, such as Chinese, and to some extent, Japanese
and Korean. The Chinese language is predominantly
characterized by the use of hieroglyphic writing. In
modern Chinese, it is common for a single word to be
represented by two to three (or even more)
hieroglyphs. In this scenario, numerous uncomplicated
hieroglyphs can function as representations for certain
words and concepts during translation endeavors
involving various language pairs. For instance, the
hieroglyph
人
rén, which means "man", represents the
notion of "person". Similarly, the hieroglyph
木
mù,
meaning "tree", signifies "nature", "environment",
and "flora". We propose that the hieroglyph
火
hu
ǒ
,
representing "fire", can also be employed as a symbol
for concepts like "fire" and "bullet".
The work of Charles Bliss provides substantiation for
our viewpoint. Upon being interned in a detention
camp in Shanghai during World War II, he is astounded
by the effortless comprehension among Chinese
individuals who speak diverse dialects, facilitated by
the utilization of the Chinese alphabet. Due to his
fascination with the Chinese hieroglyphic script and his
determination to become proficient in it, he developed
the aforementioned "universal system of characters"
[4, 11].
Direct translation semantography is a highly valuable
technique that greatly aids translators. It is often
understood that it is more advantageous for a speaker
to pause their speech after every one or two
sentences, allowing the translator to depend on their
memory for translation. However, if the speaker
engages in uninterrupted speech for a duration of 5 or
even 10 minutes, without any breaks, in order to
effectively and logically convey their thoughts, it will be
a significant challenge for the translator to recall all of
the aforementioned details. Indeed, it is accurate that
such a scenario arises when the speaker abruptly
mentions specific names and locations [1, 2].
Based on studies of recall performance, it has been
found that when at least 51% of commonly recognized
nouns are remembered, new surnames (particularly
those of foreign origin), unknown geographical names,
and other unfamiliar or slightly familiar nouns are
typically preserved in memory. The range is [2, 6].
Douglas Robinson categorizes memory into two
distinct types: object-image memory and process
memory. Both of these forms of memory are essential
for the translator. The utilization of object-image
memory enables the translator to swiftly comprehend
the meaning of a word from the dictionary upon
visualizing it, while the utilization of process memory
facilitates the translator in efficiently employing the
word during the translation process. These two
varieties of memory play a significant role in
comprehending and using textual characters [5, 51].
Undoubtedly, the absence of customary indicators
inevitably leads to translation errors or the omission of
crucial information. The most efficient method to
Volume 05 Issue 06-2024
7
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
–
2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
06
Pages:
5-9
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
041
)
(2023:
7.
491
)
(2024:
8.235
)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
refresh short-term memory and alleviate cognitive
burden is to make a compromise on the
semantographic record. The use of semantographic
writing is the only method that can assist the translator
in surpassing the constraints imposed by human
memory. Nevertheless, composing text with semantic
precision is also a challenging endeavor. An initial issue
arises from the fact that the semantographic writing
conspicuously captures one's attention and disrupts
the act of listening. The second issue arises from the
translator's lack of proficiency in rapid writing, leading
to confusion regarding the appropriate symbols to use
and their respective representation. To acquire
proficiency in semantographic notation, it is important
to first gain mastery over many fundamental features
of this approach.
By incorporating the guidelines regarding the meaning
of translation found in the literature we have reviewed,
we may make the following statement. When
employing this method, the interpreter should refrain
from writing code on a line-by-line basis. Initially, he
should systematically examine the original speech in
order to immerse himself in the speaker's thought
process. Then he must attempt to apprehend the
fundamental terms that are contained within the
spoken message. A translator should succinctly convey
meaning by using a limited number of words and
symbols, ensuring that each word or symbol
corresponds to a fundamental word or semantic
category. Frequently, a single letter in a root word or a
solitary hieroglyph in a Chinese semantic cluster
suffices for the translator to recall the initial text. He
should adhere to the principle of omitting superfluous
sentences or phrases that do not contribute to the
central idea, and instead concentrate on significant
sentences and phrases that offer further information.
Special emphasis should be given to personal names,
location names, numbers, time, and organization
names. As an illustration,
中
国
的
对
外政策是一
贯
的，有三句
话
，第一句
话
是反
对
霸
权
主
义
，第二句
话
是
维护
世界和平，第
三句
话
是加
强同第三世界的
团结
和合作，或者叫
联
合和合作。
In semantic notation, a whole sentence looks like
this:
中
f.p.
一
贯
；
3
句。
1)
反
h
2)
维
p
3)
↑
团
& co./
联
→
3rd W. //[1, 2]
As long as the original speech is activated in the
memory by the notation, the number of words should
be kept to a minimum.
Another important point is that the translator should
try to remember the beginning and the end of the
speech. At the end of a long speech, it is very likely that
the interpreter will not remember how the speaker
started and ended his speech. Intermediate words
such as "but", "also", "if", "in this regard" are of great
importance in establishing a logical connection
between different meaning groups and helping to
remember what the translator said. Therefore, they
should be carefully recorded. In order to facilitate the
semantic writing, we can express various groups of
intermediate expressions and connectors with simple
words that replace them. For example, the word "if" in
expressions such as "so long as", "on condition that",
"provided/providing that", "in case" expressing
conditionality; "though", "though", "even though",
"while", "in spite of" and "despite" express the word
"tho" in place of conjunctions that express lack of
obstacles; the word "to" instead of the conjunctions
"so as to", "in order to/that", "so that" expressing the
Volume 05 Issue 06-2024
8
CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(ISSN
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2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
06
Pages:
5-9
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2022:
6.
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)
(2023:
7.
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)
(2024:
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)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
purpose; the word "due" instead of the conjunctions
"because", "as", "since", "for", "for this reason", "now
that", "owing to", "thanks to" expressing the reason;
the word "so" instead of the conjunctions "thus",
"therefore", "hence", "as a result of", "consequently"
expressing the result; "but" can be used instead of
intermediate expressions such as "neverthless", "still",
"however", "yet", "even so", "on the contrary", "on
the other hand".
If we talk about the signs widely used in the process of
direct oral translation, we will show the following main
indicators and signs that can be used as substitutes for
the concepts.
1. Indicators
→
,
←
,
↑
,
↓
Among these symbols, the most commonly used
pointers are small ones. These symbols can represent
many meanings. The right-pointing
→
indicates words
such as "export", "go abroad", "reach", "send", "give",
"overload", "carry to a state". possible
A left-pointing
←
indicates words such as "originating
from", "originating from", "coming", "visiting",
"importing", "receiving", "returning".
The upward pointer
↑
means to "grow", "increase",
"develop", "progress", "ascend", "strengthen", "take
off", "fly", "accelerate".
Downward indicative
↓
can have meanings such as
"fall", "decrease", "shrink", "narrow", "fall down",
"deteriorate", "destroy", "depose", "bomb".
2. Mathematical symbols. Mathematical symbols are
also widely used in translation semantics, and below
we will consider some mathematical symbols and the
concepts they can represent.
+ addition, plus, moreover, also
- lack, not enough, insufficient
> greater than, more than, more than, better,
higher, better than
< less than, less, smaller, lower, worse
≥ more than, greater than or equal to
≤ less than or equal to
⁼
equal, suitable, compatible, rival to
≠ equal, suitable, not suitable, not a rival to
≈ appr
oximately, around
[ ] among, between, within
∈
belongs to
× error, wrong, negative, negative
√ correct, good, positive, true; popular, well
-
known, agree, support
∴
therefore, therefore, as a result
3.
: to speak, to say, to express, to think, to report,
to declare, or as
? question, ask, doubt
. point of view, opinion, idea
! 1) dangerous, warning, precarious, dangerous
2) of course, inevitable, natural, indisputable
˜ trade, exchange,
_ this, emphasis
e.g. for example, for instance
4. Descriptive signs
○ person or persons. This sign is somewhat l
ike a
human head. For example,
中
国
人
(Chinese person)
can be written as "
中
○
",
经济学家
(economist) "
经
○".
^ leader, summit
∆
city, metropolitan
∇
village
Volume 05 Issue 06-2024
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CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
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2767-3758)
VOLUME
05
ISSUE
06
Pages:
5-9
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2022:
6.
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)
(2023:
7.
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)
(2024:
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)
OCLC
–
1242423883
Publisher:
Master Journals
┘
past tense, in the past
└
future tense, in the future
V victory, triumph, achievement
$ dollar, money, wealth, prosperity
* feature, uniqueness, symbol, signature
Furthermore, abbreviations and acronyms are
extensively employed in translation semantics,
alongside the aforementioned signs and indicators. For
instance, international organizations, countries,
territories, and currency units can be represented in
shorthand using suitable abbreviations.
CONCLUSION
To summarize, the study of translation semantics is a
method that aids in the process of spoken translation.
In this scenario, the translator converts the linguistic
elements of the spoken message by utilizing symbols
and conveys it to the recipient using the resources of
the target language, with the intention of facilitating
memorization. When employing this method,
alongside the suggested signals and guidelines put out
by professional translators, each interpreter has the
ability to develop their own set of signs, tailored to
their personal convenience and comprehension,
employing a creative approach.
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Сачава О.С. Методические рекомендации по
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