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SOCIAL PROTECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Umidakhon Narzullayeva
Chief specialist Institute for fiscal researches under
the Ministry of Economy and finance of
the Republic of Uzbekistan
Social protection, or social security, as a human right is defined as a set of
measures and programmes aimed at reducing and preventing poverty and
insecurity during a person's lifetime. Social protection includes child and family
benefits, maternity, unemployment, work injury, sickness, old age, disability and
survivors' benefits, and health care. By 2030, the world's countries could provide
their populations with a basic set of social protection measures, known as the
social protection floor, for which more than US$500 billion a year would need to
be spent.
In order to meet the basic set of social protection measures, social security
spending needs to increase dramatically. This would involve:
- Payment of cash benefits for children
- Maternity benefits for women with newborn children
- Payment of disability allowances
- Payment of old-age social pensions.
Social protection is central to progress towards the 2030 targets of the UN
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty reduction, gender
equality, decent work and economic growth. Over the last three years, the
number of low-income families receiving benefits has quadrupled to 1.9 million.
The coverage of childcare allowances for children from low-income families has
been expanded. The age of children to be taken into account when granting
allowances has been raised from 14 to 18 years. Its amount has increased 1.5
times on average, and the period of payment has been extended from 6 to 12
months. The minimum unemployment benefit has been increased by 3.2 times.
More than 20 new instruments aimed at ensuring employment of the population
have also been introduced. If in 2018 the State Budget expenditures on social
policy were 35 trillion soums, in 2023 they exceeded 129 trillion soums. For
2024, this amount exceeded 150 trillion soums, which is almost 50 per cent of all
planned budget expenditures.
In order to increase the transparency of the social protection system, it is
crucial to introduce specific complaints mechanisms for each benefit, pension
and service. This will not only increase accountability, but will also help ensure
that cash transfers are better targeted. A culture of advocacy needs to be
embedded in all programme delivery bodies. The monitoring system currently
prioritises preventing the inclusion of people who are not eligible for benefits,
sometimes at the expense of effective public information, to ensure that people
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not covered by benefits are fully informed of their rights, including entitlements
to benefits, and have an incentive to apply for them. In developing countries,
social protection systems can vary widely in effectiveness and coverage.
Table 1
Social protection programs in developing countries
Country
Key Program
Features
Brazil
Bolsa Família
Conditional cash transfer program aimed at reducing
poverty and promoting education and health. It has
significantly decreased poverty rates and improved school
attendance.
Mexico
Prospera
(formerly
Oportunidades)
Conditional cash transfer program that encourages families
to invest in health and education. It has helped improve
educational outcomes and healthcare access.
South Africa
Social Assistance
Grants
A range of grants, including old-age pensions, disability
grants, and child support grants. South Africa has one of the
largest social grant programs in Africa, reducing poverty
and inequality.
Bangladesh
Social Safety Net
Programs
Various programs, including cash transfers and food
support for vulnerable populations, particularly women
and children. The Vulnerable Group Development program
empowers women economically.
Ethiopia
Productive Safety
Net Program
(PSNP)
Combines food and cash transfers with public works,
providing support to food-insecure households while
promoting community development.
India
Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural
Employment
Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA)
Guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year to every
rural household, helping to provide a safety net and support
rural livelihoods.
Indonesia
Program Keluarga
Harapan (PKH)
Conditional cash transfer program aimed at reducing
poverty by promoting health and education among low-
income families.
Philippines
Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino
Program (4Ps)
Conditional cash transfer program that supports poor
families, promoting health and education, especially for
children.
While these countries have made significant strides in social protection,
challenges remain, such as ensuring coverage for informal workers, improving
program efficiency, and addressing regional disparities. However, these
examples demonstrate the potential for effective social protection systems to
reduce poverty and improve the well-being of vulnerable populations in
developing contexts. Uzbekistan has been modernizing its social protection
framework, including:
•
Digitalization:
Efforts to digitize social services have been implemented
to enhance efficiency and accessibility.
•
Targeting and Inclusivity:
Improved mechanisms for identifying
beneficiaries to ensure that assistance reaches those who need it most.
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•
Community-Based Initiatives:
Increased focus on local-level solutions to
address social protection needs.
Social protection is crucial in Uzbekistan for several reasons:
•
A significant portion of the population lives in or near poverty. Social
protection programs help provide a safety net for these individuals and families,
reducing their vulnerability.
•
As Uzbekistan transitions from a planned economy to a more market-
oriented one, many people face job insecurity and economic instability. Social
protection measures are essential to support those affected by these changes.
•
Social protection is vital for marginalized groups, including women,
children, the elderly, and people with disabilities. These groups often face
systemic barriers that make them more susceptible to poverty and social
exclusion.
•
Effective social protection helps promote social cohesion by reducing
inequality and fostering a sense of community, contributing to national stability
and harmony.
•
Social protection programs improve access to healthcare and education,
which are essential for the overall well-being and development of individuals
and communities.
•
By providing support for education and training, social protection can
enhance human capital, leading to a more skilled workforce that can drive
economic growth.
•
In times of economic crisis or natural disasters, social protection systems
can provide immediate relief, helping families recover more quickly and
minimizing long-term impacts on livelihoods.
The world’s working-age population will increase by about 700 million
between 2019 and 2035. Preparing for the jobs of tomorrow while making
critical human capital investments today is a priority for achieving economic
transformation in the poorest countries. Aging populations worldwide will also
benefit from attention to income support as they retire, opportunities to work
later in life, and access to long-term care. Social protection is essential for
promoting equity, reducing poverty, and supporting economic development in
developing countries. By addressing vulnerabilities and ensuring access to basic
services, these systems play a critical role in enhancing the well-being of
individuals and communities. Continued investment and innovation are
necessary to overcome challenges and expand the reach and effectiveness of
social protection programs. Achieving universal social protection requires
adaptive systems that can expand registration, enrollment, and program
participation. It also requires bridging the digital divide so that poor and
vulnerable people and those without regular access to technology are not
excluded.
While achievements have been made in designing and promoting the
adoption of social assistance programs and delivery systems, investing heavily in
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initiatives to improve jobs and earnings opportunities and expanding social
insurance programs are equally important.
Bibliography:
1.
«Обзор государственных расходов Республики Узбекистан: Повышение
эффективности
расходов
в
человеческий
капитал
и
водохозяйственную
инфраструктуру».
Всемирный
банк,
Округ
Колумбия
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099143503032336097/pdf/P17314006f90d9
2.
Social Protection Floors. Volume 3: Governance and Financing. International Labour
Organization
3.
Оценка системы социальной защиты в Узбекистане на базе основного
диагностического инструмента (CODI) совместный отчет МОТ, ЮНИСЕФ и Всемирного
банка.
https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@europe/@ro-
geneva/@sro-moscow/documents/publication/wcms_760150.pdf
4. Expanding Social Protection in Developing Countries: A Gender Perspective.
https://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_757.pdf
ВЛИЯНИЕ МИГРАЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ НА ЭКОНОМИКУ
УЗБЕКИСТАНА
Абдуллаева Мавлюда Садыковна
Университет общественной безопасности РУз
к.э.н., профессор
До настоящего времени нет единого мнения в вопросе о том, как
трудовая миграция влияет на политику государства. Одна группа учёных
считает, что миграция оказывает негативное влияние на заработной плате
и возможностях работников, другие считают, что трудовая миграция
положительно отражается на экономическом росте. Эксперты отмечают,
что это тонкий вопрос. Для этого, важно понять: как нужно обращаться с
трудовой миграцией, чтобы она не вызвала негативных последствий.
Двоякие суждения явились основанием исследования данной проблемы
.
В целях минимизации рисков негативных последствий трудовой
миграции и максимального использования её
потенциальных
преимуществ, страны доноры и страны реципиенты разрабатывают и
используют миграционную политику, цель которой
-
определение
масштабов миграции, механизма её регулирования, ослабление
негативных
социально
-
экономических
последствий
и
усиление
положительных эффектов миграции для стран, участвующих в
миграционных процессах.
Миграционная политика представляет собой совокупность мер и
стратегий, направленных на регулирование потока миграции, как
внутренней, так и международной. Она охватывает широкий спектр
