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Abstract:
This research is on the onomatopoeia or onomatopoeic expressions or
words and meaning of onomatopoeias found in the children’s literature “Paddington”
by Michael Bond, data analysis was classified into four classifications, the classification
of the types of onomatopoeia based on Bredin (1996), the classification by the sound
it describes, onomatopoeia meaning based on dictionary and Contextual meaning. This
study was descriptive qualitative research. The result of this research showed that there
were 103 onomatopoeia or onomatopoeic words that could be found in the comic. From
the 103 expressions, 66 onomatopoeia expressions are similar to 38 onomatopoeic ex-
pressions found by the researcher. Based on the types, 23 of the data belong to direct
onomatopoeia, 9 belong to Associative onomatopoeia and 6 belong to Exemplary on-
omatopoeia. Based on the classification of onomatopoeia by the sound it describes the
researcher found 17 Human sound data, 21 other sound data, 2 animal sound data, and
1 instrument sound data. Most of the data were direct onomatopoeia because most of
the onomatopoeic expressions in the children’s book entitled “Paddington” were words,
which represent the sound of action.
Key words:
onomatopoeia, human sound, children’s book, direct, associative, exempla-
ry, contextual meaning, lexical meaning, onomatopoeic expressions.
Introduction
Onomatopoeia is a term used to create words that resemble natural sounds,
physical movements, and human expressions. Onomatopoeic words are divided
into several types depending on the objects they identify and the process of word
merging in imitating sounds. According to the theory proposed by Bredin (1996),
onomatopoeic words are divided into three types of onomatopoeia: direct, asso-
ciative, and exemplary.
1. Direct onomatopoeia
can be defined as an imitation of the real sound of an
object. An easy way to recognize the word Onomatopoeia directly is if you have
a different idea of the word onomatopoeia from other people. Examples could be
a knock on the door,
a knock-knock
,
tok-tok, duk-duk
, etc. Other examples:
boom,
QURBONOVA RAYKHONA
SHAKHOBIDDIN QIZI
National University of
Uzbekistan named after
Mirzo Ulugbek
CLASSIFICATION OF
ONOMATOPOEIA IN
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
(ON THE EXAMPLE OF
“PADDINGTON” BY
MICHAEL BOND)
https://doi.org/10.47689/
STARS.university-pp190-199
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splash, toss, crack, duarrr, bang
and so on. The author in every text always uses
this type. Comedy genre, but frequency is found in action genres.
2. Associative onomatopoeia
is an expression of a sound associated with a
group of people. Most associative onomatopoeia represents the sound of an an-
imal or other related sound. Examples: cuckoo (and other birds), bubble, whip,
irritate, squirm, scream, cough, whisper. This type is rare in a superhero or other
fighting genre but is sometimes used in comics that talk about animals or science
fiction.
3. Exemplary Onomatopoeia
is a form of speech that mimics a real sound based
on physical labor or the amount of sound it represents. Examples: agile, dart, lazy,
sluggish, hoarse.
The word onomatopoeia often changes its meaning. Therefore, the semantic
identification of onomatopoeic words is more approximate than formal identifi-
cation. There are two interpretations of onomatopoeic meaning: lexical meaning
and contextual meaning.
a. Lexical meaning
Taylor Layla in Amrullah Nur Hidoyat (10: 2016), lexical meaning refers to a dic-
tionary definition. The word onomatopoeia has many synonyms, such as
Ch-boom
and
Skaaboooom
, which signify the sound of an explosion. Onomatopoeia has
many meanings, such as cracking, something like cracking, or someone punching.
b. The meaning of the context
As’ad in Amrullah Nur Hidoyat (11: 2016), contextual meaning is the meaning
of a word in specific situations and, of course, in different types of contexts. This
can be a reason, justification, assumption, explanation, or other function of the
context. The sound context can often provide enough hints to understand. Fur-
thermore, Widdowson in Amrullah Nur Hidoyat (11: 2016) considers the word ono-
matopoeia to be a symbolic language, so the meaning depends on the context in
which it is used.
Onomatopoeia is common in literary works, especially in children’s books. Com-
pared to any book intended for adults, children’s literature is written in a way that
is specific to their readers, children, that is, from the point of view of their worl-
dview so that children can understand the work. As Lukens points out, because
their experiences are limited, children may not understand the same complexity
of ideas. Because their understanding is limited, the expression of ideas should be
simple in both language and form (M.D.Karina, 2017: 8).
Many differences we can see in their literary devices, such as illustrated pictures,
comprehensible stories, comprehensible moral values, and stories that evoke
imagination. Another feature of children’s book readers is that children’s literature
requires typically engaging phrases and diction to stimulate a personal passion for
reading and support story ideas.
In children’s literature, especially in children’s books, onomatopoeia is usually
found in the protagonist’s expressions, which can be seen in a word similar to the
word knock, if you knock something, you touch or hit it roughly, especially so that
it falls or moves in Liman in Frank Baum’s The Wizard of Oz:
- Knock his shoes three times and tell him where he is you want to go, ‘said
Glinda to Dorothy.
(Lyman Frank Baum, 1900: 71)
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Compared to oral communication, written texts, such as children’s books, use a
wide range of lexical elements, including onomatopoeic words.
Thus, depending on the context and lexical meaning in the dictionary, there can
be more unfamiliar words that students have to guess and recognize. It is import-
ant for students to understand the ideas the author is trying to convey through
written words. Singer also adds that in order to understand these sequences
(word sequences), it is necessary to take the meaning of each word, analyze the
syntax of the sequences, and exclude the suggestions conveyed by the message
(M.D.Karina, 2017: 8).
During the reading process, the reader is expected to be able to recognize and
interpret words or phrases used in the story based on their vocabulary. In other
words, reading skills require the author to understand the meaning of choosing a
lexical piece. It is also possible to obtain this quality through contextual guessing,
which includes the ability to use any gesture to understand the intended meaning
in the preceding or following words/sentences.
2.
Methodology
This research method was descriptive qualitative research. The descriptive
method is used here because the researcher describes what onomatopoeic words
were used in Paddington. Data were collected from source data in the data collec-
tion for analysis Michael Bond’s children’s book, Paddington. There were a number
of steps that the researcher could take at this stage in data collection:
1) Read the book;
2) Identify onomatopoeic sentences from the book;
3) List the onomatopoeic word identification and selection of onomatopoeic
words. Using the technique of taking notes from a book;
4) Enter all the onomatopoeic words in the table based on Bredin’s classifica-
tion. The tables used by the researcher were as follows:
Table 1. Classification of Onomatopoeic Words
N
Page
Onomato-poeia
Types of
onomatopoeia
By the sound
it describes
Meaning of onomatopoeia
(onomatopoeic meaning)
Contextual
meaning
1
83
Rattle
2
39
Plop
3
72
Crash
4
110
Crack
5
72
Clatter
In analyzing, the data there are some steps taken by the researcher after data
collection:
1) The researcher classified the types of onomatopoeic words according to their
lexical and contextual meaning;
2) The researcher examined the meaning of onomatopoeia using www.written-
sound.com, an online dictionary from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and the
Oxford Dictionary;
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3) To the contextual meaning of the words in researcher Michael Bond’s Pad-
dington checked the meaning based on;
4) The based on the researcher’s conclusion analysis.
3.
Result and Discussion
This study was about onomatopoeic words and their meanings of onomato-
poeic words. Since onomatopoeia is usually performed in words or phrases, the
author has observed words and phrases that contain onomatopoeic phrases. The
onomatopoeic phrases found in Paddington are 103 expressions. The 103 expres-
sions are divided into four classifications. The first classification is the types of on-
omatopoeia based on Bredin (1996), the second classification is the classification
by the described sound, the third classification is the meaning of onomatopoeia,
and the fourth is the contextual meaning. We, therefore, give an example of the
result of this study, which is analyzed below, which can be interpreted as in the
table below;
Table 2. Onomatopoeic word analysis
N Page Onomatopoeia
Types of
onomatopoeia
By the
sound it
describes
Meaning of
onomatopoeia
(onomatopoeic
meaning)
Contextual
meaning
1
83
Rattle
exemplary
Other
sound
make or cause
to make a rapid
succession of short,
sharp knocking
sounds, typically as a
result of shaking and
striking repeatedly
against a hard
surface or object.
When someone
rattles Mr. Curry’s
letter box, it
makes short
sharp knocking
sounds because
it is being shaken
or it keeps
hitting against
something hard.
2
39
Plop
associative
Other
sound
a short sound of a
small, solid object
dropping into the
water without a
splash.
Something plops
on the gravel, it
drops there with
a soft, gentle
sound.
3
72
Crash
direct
Other
sound
a sudden loud noise
as of something
breaking or hitting
another object.
an act or instance
of breaking and
falling to pieces
4
110
127
Crack
direct
Other
sound
a sudden sharp or
explosive noise.
The interviewer
was cracking
some notes
between his
thumb and
forefingers.
5
72
Clatter
exemplary
Other
sound
a continuous rattling
sound as of hard
objects falling or
striking each other.
the sound of
something hitting
the dustbin
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6
40
Clang
direct
Other
sound
a loud, resonant
metallic sound or
series of sounds.
The sound of the
gate
7
97
Cough
associative
Human
sound
expel air from the
lungs with a sudden
sharp sound.
an act or sound of
coughing.
8
84
Bang
direct
Other
sound
used to express or
imitate the sound of
a sudden loud noise.
Strike the
doorknob
forcefully and
noisily.
9
35
82
83
84
86
90
157
159
Bark
exemplary
Human
sound
the sharp explosive
cry of certain
animals, especially a
dog, fox, or seal.
The sound of
Mr. Carry talking
angrily towards
Paddington.
10
27
29
Flash
direct
Other
sound
(of a light or
something that
reflects light) shine
in a bright but
brief, sudden, or
intermittent way.
The light in the
lamp
11
24
72
125
159
161
Rush
exemplary
Other
sound
dash toward
(someone or
something) in an
attempt to attack or
capture.
move with urgent
haste from
downstairs.
12
17
40
82
115
137
Ring
direct
Other
sound
1. (of a person’s
ears) be filled with a
continuous buzzing
or humming sound,
especially as the
aftereffect of a blow
or loud noise.
The sound of
doorbell
13
77
91
Murmur
associative
Human
sound
1. a soft, indistinct
sound made by a
person or group of
people speaking
quietly or at a
distance.
say something
in a low, soft, or
indistinct voice.
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14
159
Hiccup
direct
Human
sound
an involuntary spasm
of the diaphragm
and respiratory
organs, with a
sudden closure of
the glottis and a
characteristic sound
like that of a cough.
Make the sound
of a hiccup at the
end of its journey
15
35
36
83
85
86
Growl
associative
Human
sound
(of an animal,
especially a dog)
make a low guttural
sound in the throat.
The sound of
Mr. Carry talking
angrily towards
Paddington.
16
18
74
91
138
Groan
associative
Human
sound
1.make a deep
inarticulate sound in
response to pain or
despair.
(of a thing) make
a low creaking or
moaning sound
when pressure or
weight is applied.
17
86
91
Splutter
exemplary
Human
sound
make a series of
short explosive
spitting or choking
sounds.
a sound
expressing
hesitation
18
47
55
66
79
86
160
162
Drop
direct
Other
sound
a small round or
pear-shaped portion
of liquid that hangs
or falls or adheres to
a surface.
let or make coins,
sandwiches,
pumpkins,
and genuine
Spode China fall
vertically.
19
128
Dip
direct
Other
sound
put or let something
down quickly or
briefly in or into
(liquid).
dipping his toes
in the water
20
67
direct
instrument
sound
a strong ringing
sound such as that
made by the plucked
string of a musical
instrument or a
released bowstring.
The sound of
piano
21
24
Shriek
associative
Animal
sound
1.utter a high-pitched
piercing sound or
words, especially
as an expression
of terror, pain, or
excitement.
Sound of cat
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22 142
Smack
direct
Human
sound
a sharp slap or blow,
typically one given
with the palm of the
hand.
Pastuzo smack
his lips to
express a state of
indifference
23
25
73
90
Snort
direct
Human
sound
an explosive sound
made by the sudden
forcing of breath
through one’s nose,
used to express
indignation, derision,
or incredulity.
make a sudden
sound through
Mrs Bird’s nose,
especially
to express
indignation or
derision.
24
73
138
Ssh
direct
Human
sound
Used for telling
someone to stop
talking or making a
noise
Mrs. Brown and
Judy used for
telling others to
stop talking.
25
66
107
129
Sigh
direct
Human
sound
emit a long, deep,
audible breath
expressing sadness,
relief, tiredness, or a
similar feeling.
Expressing The
Browns heaved a
sigh of relief.
26
40
82
84
92
133
Slam
direct
Other
sound
a loud bang
caused by the
forceful shutting of
something such as a
door.
Sound of door
slam shut
27
151
Jingle
direct
Other
sound
a light ringing sound
such as that made
by metal objects
being shaken
together.
Sound of coins
28
36
77
Hmm
direct
Human
sound
used to express
reflection or
hesitation.
Mrs. Bird and Mr.
Curry express
their hesitation
29
151
Whirr
direct
Other
sound
1. to make a fast
repeated quiet
sound
2the sound or act of
a machine a low soft,
continuouse sound
The sound of air
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30
117
151
Hiss
direct
Human
sound
other
sound
make a sharp sibilant
sound as of the
letter s.
Expressing Judy
speak in a low
voice.
The sound of air
31
61
63
64
Tap
direct
Other
sound
to hit something
gently, and often
repeatedly,
especially making
short, sharp noises
tapping
the side
of Paddington
nose.
32
11
15
50
64
84
97
Oh
direct
Human
sound
used to express
a range of
emotions including
surprise, anger,
disappointment, or
joy, or when reacting
to something that
has just been said.
Paddington, Mr.
and Mrs. Brown,
Judy and Mr.
Curry used to
express their
surprise, anger,
disappointment
and joy.
33
11
Ahhhh
direct
Human
sound
used to express
understanding,
pleasure, pain,
surprise, or the
fact that you have
noticed something:
Paddington
used to express
thinking and
answer officer’s
question.
34
68
Clap
direct
Other
sound
strike the palms
of (one’s hands)
together repeatedly,
typically in order to
applaud someone or
something.
The sound of
clapping audience
when Paddington
produced a
sandwich from
under his hat
35
68
161
Beat
associative
Human
sound
other
sound
strike (a person
or an animal)
repeatedly and
violently so as to
hurt or injure them,
typically with an
implement such as a
club or whip.
The sound
of music and
Paddington’s
heart
36 105
Rumble
associative
Other
sound
a continuous deep,
resonant sound like
distant thunder.
The sound of
earthquake
37
16
145
Click
direct
Other
sound
a short, sharp sound
as of a switch being
operated or of two
hard objects coming
quickly into contact.
The sound of
chain and needles
38
24
Scuttle
exemplary
Animal
sound
an act or sound of
scuttling.
The sound of cat
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From the analysis, the researcher divided the data into four classifications;
Types of onomatopoeia based on Bredin (1996), the classification by the sound it
described, the meaning of onomatopoeia based on the dictionary, and contextu-
al meaning. There is 66 onomatopoeia out of 103 onomatopoeia, which is similar
to the 38 onomatopoeic phrases found by the researcher. Based on the study of
onomatopoeic types based on Bredin (1996), in particular: Direct, associative, and
exemplary Onomatopoeia.
The researcher found 23 Direct Onomatopoeia or 62%, 9 Associative Onomato-
poeia, or 22%, and 6 Exemplary Onomatopoeia, or 16 % of the data. Based on the
classification of onomatopoeia by the sound it describes the researcher found 17
Human sounds data or around 41%, 21 Other sounds, or 59% of the data, 2 animal
sounds, or 5%, and 1 instrument sound, or 2%.
The researcher found the meaning of onomatopoeic words by searching www.
writtensound.com, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, and the Oxford Dictionary
online dictionary. For contextual meaning, the researcher interpreted it by reading
the book and seeing the context of the situation in the book. The data were ob-
tained by entering the onomatopoeic phrases in the book into a page-based table;
the data were first analyzed by checking the dictionary.
The onomatopoeic expressions which were found in the dictionary were put in
the onomatopoeic meaning in the table. As an example, the expression “tap� was
found in the book. By checking a dictionary, the writer found its meaning which
says, “to hit something gently, and often repeatedly, especially making short, sharp
noises” according to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary. This expression became one
of data meaning, and then the researcher also did not focus on the onomatopoeic
expression meaning that could be found in the dictionaries only.
There was a point to be considered. It was to see the cultural background, since
onomatopoeia is sometimes different in each country, for example, the onomato-
poeic word ‘growl’ (of an animal, especially a dog) makes a low guttural sound
in the throat. However, the word “growl” has been used in Paddington’s work to
describe the sound of a person in a state of anger.
- “I can see that,” growled Mr. Curry suspiciously.
Or if we look at the imitation word “hiss,” its dictionary meaning is “make a
sharp sibilant sound as of the letter s”. But in the play, the word “hiss” has always
expressed the human voice.
-“Careful,” hissed Judy, “I think he’s coming downstairs. I was wondering where
he’d got to.”
Conclusion
The researcher concludes that: 1) The researcher found 103 onomatopoeic ex-
pressions or words, and 38 phrases were divided into four classifications; The first
classification is the types of onomatopoeia based on Bredin (1996), the second
classification is the classification of onomatopoeia according to the described
sound, the third classification - the meaning of onomatopoeia and the final con-
textual meaning.
According to the onomatopoeia types based on Bredin (1996), the researcher
found 23 direct onomatopoeia or 62%, 9 associative onomatopoeia or 22%, and 6
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exemplary onomatopoeia or 16% of the types of onomatopoeia. 2) Based on the
classification by sound that described onomatopoeia, the researcher found 17 hu-
man sounds data, or about 41%, 21 Other sounds or 59% of data, 2 animal sounds or
5% of data and 1 instrument sound or 2% of data. 3) Most of the data, 62%, is direct
onomatopoeia, as most of the onomatopoeic expressions in Michael Bond’s book
Paddington are words that represent action sounds. 4) From 103 onomatopoeia,
there is 66 onomatopoeia similar to the 38 onomatopoeic expressions found by
the researcher.
References
1. Bredin, H. (1996). Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle. New
Literary History, 27 (3), 555–569. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20057371
2. Amrullah Nur Hidoyat (2016). The onomatopoeia in Robert Vendetti’s comic
“The Flash”. English and literature department. Faculty of Adab and humanities
Alauddin State Islamic University of Makassar
3. Marietta Dea Karina. (2017). English onomatopoeia in children’s books: types
and readers’ understanding. Sanata Dharma university. Yogyakarta.
4. Lyman Frank Baum. (1900). Wizard of Oz. published in California. 71p
5. Michael, Bond. (1958). Paddington here and now. Adobe Acrobat eBook
Reader May 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-194770-4
6. www.writtensound.com, the Merriam-Webster Dictionary
7. Oxford dictionary: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
