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TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT IN SPORTS AND THEIR SPECIFIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Khalikova Sevara Turdialiyevna
Student: Fergana State University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15589706
Abstract:
This article examines the crucial role temperament plays in sports activities. It
emphasizes that an athlete must be prepared not only physically but also
psychologically. During training or competition, each athlete demonstrates
different reactions based on their internal state, i.e., their temperament.
Temperament is a relatively stable personal trait that undergoes some changes
under the influence of upbringing and living conditions. The article highlights
the different characteristics individuals show in various situations.
Keywords:
human, individual, psychophysiological, physical strength,
technical skills, psychological preparedness, motivation, emotional regulation,
volitional qualities.
Introduction
In today’s era of globalization and competitiveness, every country pays
special attention to developing the field of sports and raising a generation that is
physically healthy, mentally stable, determined, and goal-oriented. In particular,
the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has adopted
several important decrees and resolutions in recent years aimed at promoting
sports and a healthy lifestyle. Notably, the Presidential Decree No. PQ–5005,
dated March 30, 2021, titled “On the Concept for Promoting a Healthy Lifestyle
and Increasing Physical Activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2021–2025,”
outlines systematic approaches to athletes’ physical and psychological
preparedness, sports specialization, and achieving high results.
Achieving success in sports is directly related not only to physical strength
and technical skills but also to the athlete’s psychological condition, type of
temperament, and stability of the nervous system. The individual differences in
a person's nervous system and temperament are critical in selecting a sport,
developing training methods, and preparing for competitions.
In psychology, the types of temperament (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic,
melancholic) and their influence on activity have been studied for many years.
Moreover, factors such as nervous system strength, mobility, and balance are
important in determining an athlete’s psychological stability and resistance to
stress. These factors are directly related to how athletes approach training,
behave during competitions, and their role within a team.
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The success of athletes depends on many factors, among which
psychological elements—particularly temperament and type of nervous
system—play a key role. Each person’s individual psychophysiological
characteristics determine their success in sports, endurance, competitiveness,
and stress resistance. In preparing high-level athletes, considering temperament
types is of great importance. The relevance of this topic lies in the crucial role
temperament and the nervous system play in selecting athletes, preparing
individual training programs, and ensuring psychological stability.
Today, as sports psychology continues to evolve as a scientific field,
studying athletes’ temperament types and linking them to sports performance is
one of the most pressing issues in modern sports pedagogy and psychology. In
the training process, not only physical potential but also psychological stability,
stress resistance, motivation, emotional regulation, and volitional qualities are
of significant importance. Especially in high-level competitions, the athlete’s
psychological preparedness and temperament type play a major role in
achieving victory. Therefore, this research aims to deeply study athletes’
psychological characteristics and develop methodological guidelines for
preparing them based on individual approaches.
The interaction between temperament and the nervous system is a crucial
factor in athletes’ performance. How a person perceives physical activity,
behaves during training, maintains self-confidence in competitive situations, and
their level of psychological preparedness—all these depend on the harmony
between temperament and the nervous system.
Below are the main scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI):
Extraversion (E) – determines the direction of personality from introvert
to extrovert.
-
Neuroticism (N)
– indicates the level of emotional stability.
Psychoticism
(P)
– reflects the degree of determination and intransigence in a person.
Lying Scale (L)
– shows how close the responses are to the truth.
Despite numerous and continuous attempts to study the problem of
temperament, it still remains one of the controversial and unresolved issues in
modern psychological science. There are many approaches to the study of
temperament. However, despite the diversity of approaches, most researchers
acknowledge that temperament is a biological foundation that is shaped in
humans as social beings, and that personality traits determined by temperament
are the most stable and long-lasting.
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It has been proven that there are no two people on Earth with the same
fingerprint patterns, just as there are no two completely identical leaves on a
tree. Similarly, there are no identical human personalities in nature. However,
a person is not born a fully developed personality — he or she gradually
becomes one. From an early age, a person possesses unique psychological
characteristics. Compared to known characteristics (views, beliefs, character
traits), these change more slowly and form the type of "soil" on which the
personality develops. Therefore, temperament primarily encompasses innate
and individually specific (acquired) psychological traits.
In some people, mental activity proceeds smoothly, evenly, and even
slowly. They rarely change, and their actions are measured and purposeful. In
others, mental activity has a spasmodic character. These individuals, on the
contrary, are highly active and restless. Thus, the characteristics of
temperament determine the dynamic aspect of a person’s mental activity. In
other words, the nature of mental activity depends on temperament.
Temperament is a relatively stable personality trait that is subject to
certain changes under the influence of upbringing and living conditions.
People may exhibit different traits depending on the situation. Therefore,
temperament characterizes a person only from the point of view of reactivity
and reveals the dynamic potential of higher nervous activity under certain
conditions. There are four types of temperament. A "type" refers to a set of
mental characteristics that are naturally and necessarily interrelated in a
certain group of people. It can be determined using a proposed questionnaire.
Sanguine
– a person who reacts quickly, actively, and emotionally to all
impressions; their emotions are directly reflected in their external behavior,
but are not strong and easily change. Such individuals adapt quickly to new
conditions, easily find common ground with others, and are sociable.
Emotions arise and change easily, and emotional experiences are generally
shallow. They tend to be restless, seek new experiences, and may not
adequately regulate their impulses or adhere strictly to established routines.
As a result, they may fail at tasks that require steady effort, long-term and
methodical activity, persistence, attention, and patience. Without serious
goals, deep thoughts, or creative activity, superficiality and inconsistency may
develop. A sanguine person is a symbol of instability. They can adapt to any
situation, take criticism lightly, and when sad, try to cheer themselves up.
They are not very serious. For them, performing any task for a long time is
real torture: they quickly get bored and lose interest. They are like fish that
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seek deeper waters and slip away from the hand that tries to catch them. This
type of temperament is energetic, balanced, and mobile like mercury. If a
choleric person can be compared to a car racing at full speed without brakes,
a sanguine person is more balanced and controlled.
In sports, they prefer types that involve high mobility. These individuals
easily transition from one exercise to another but are not strict or attentive to
monotonous training. Athletes of this type are usually very efficient, self-
confident, and open-hearted. Their sports performance tends to be more
stable and often better in competitions than in training. Before competitions,
such athletes are often in a state of “combat readiness.”
Temperament
is a set of innate and relatively stable psychological
characteristics that shape a person’s mental activity. It mainly depends on the
physiological properties of the nervous system and determines how quickly
and in what manner a person reacts to external stimuli. Temperament
manifests in many aspects of a person’s behavior, such as emotions, speed of
actions, adaptability to the environment, and resilience to stress.
In sports activities, temperament plays a very important role. Because an
athlete must be prepared not only physically but also psychologically. Every
athlete responds differently during competitions or training sessions
according to their internal state — that is, their temperament traits. Some
may react quickly under pressure, while others act more slowly but
consistently.
Temperament directly affects an athlete’s
:
attitude toward training,
motivation,
behavior during competition,
tolerance to competition,
emotional stability,
ability to work in a team.
Additionally, since temperament reflects the functioning of the nervous
system, it is a factor that determines an athlete's psychological stability and
ability to cope with stress. High achievements in sports are often closely related
not only to physical abilities but also to psychological preparedness, particularly
the characteristics associated with temperament. For coaches, understanding
the specific aspects of an athlete’s temperament plays an important role in
selecting the appropriate training methodology, determining individual training
loads, and organizing psychological preparation before competitions.
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