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TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT IN SPORTS AND THEIR FEATURES.
Khalikova Sevara Turdialievna
Fergana State University Student
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15533648
Abstract:
This article takes into account that temperament plays an
important role in sports activities, and an athlete must be ready not only
physically but also psychologically. Each athlete reacts differently during
competitions or training depending on their internal state, that is, temperament.
Temperament is a relatively stable personality trait that undergoes certain
changes under the influence of upbringing and living conditions. People have
different characteristics depending on the situation.
Keywords:
human, individual, psychophysiological, physical strength,
technical skills, psychological preparation, motivation, emotional control,
volitional qualities.
Entrance
In today's conditions of globalization and competitiveness, every country
pays special attention to the development of the sports sphere, the upbringing of
a physically healthy, spiritually stable, strong-willed, and purposeful young
generation. In particular, in recent years, the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan SH.M. Mirziyoyev has adopted a number of important resolutions
and decrees on popularizing sports and a healthy lifestyle. In particular, the
Presidential Decree "On the Concept for the Wide Promotion of a Healthy
Lifestyle and Increased Physical Activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2021-
2025" (PP-5005 dated March 30, 2021) defines systemic approaches to the
physical and psychological training of athletes, their sports specialization, and
achieving high results.
Success in sports depends not only on physical strength and technical skills,
but also on the psychological state of the person, the type of temperament, and
the stability of the nervous system. Individual differences inherent in the
nervous system and temperament of each person are an important factor in
choosing a sport, developing training style, and preparing for competitions.
In psychology, personality temperament types (choleric, sanguine,
phlegmatic, melancholic) and their influence on activity have been studied for
many years. At the same time, factors such as strength, mobility, and the balance
of the nervous system play an important role in determining the level of
psychological stability and stress resistance in sports. This is directly related to
the athletes' attitude towards training, their behavior in competitions, and their
place in the team.
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The success of athletes' activities depends on many factors, among which
psychological factors, especially temperament and nervous system type, hold a
special place. The individual psychophysiological characteristics of each person
determine the level of sports success, endurance, competitiveness, and stress
resistance. It is especially important to consider the types of temperament when
training high-level athletes. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that in
selecting athletes, preparing them based on individual training plans, and
ensuring psychological stability, temperament and the type of nervous system
play a significant role.
Today, when sports psychology is developing as a scientific field, studying
the types of athletes' temperament and connecting it with sports results is one
of the urgent tasks of modern sports pedagogy and psychology. In the process of
training athletes, not only physical potential but also psychological stability,
stress resistance, motivation, emotional control, and volitional qualities are of
great importance. The psychological preparation and temperament type of an
athlete play a particularly important role in winning major competitions.
Therefore, this study is aimed at a deep psychological study of athletes'
activities, developing necessary methodological guidelines for their preparation
based on an individual approach.
The interaction of temperament and nervous system is an important
factor in the activities of athletes. How a person perceives physical activity, their
behavior during training, the level of self-confidence in a competitive
environment, psychological readiness - all this depends on the harmony of
temperament and the nervous system.
Below are the main measurements of the Eiesen test:
Extraversion (E) - determines the direction of personality from
introvert to extrovert.
Neuroticism (N) - indicates the degree of emotional stability.
Psychoticism (P) - the degree of decisiveness and intolerance of the
individual.
- L (Lying scale) - shows how close the answers are to the truth.
Despite repeated and constant attempts to study the problem of
temperament, it still belongs to the category of controversial and not fully
resolved problems of modern psychological science. There are many approaches
to studying temperament. However, despite all the diversity of approaches, most
researchers recognize that temperament is the biological basis on which a
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person is formed as a social being, and that the personal qualities determined by
temperament are the most stable and long-lasting.
It has been proven that there are no two people on Earth with
identical fingerprint patterns, and no two completely identical leaves on a tree.
Similarly, there are no absolutely identical human personalities in nature.
However, a person is not born a ready-made personality. It gradually turns into
one. However, from an early age, he has special psychological characteristics.
Changing much slower than the characteristics known to us (views, beliefs,
character traits), they, depending on their characteristics, subsequently form the
type of soil on which certain individuals grow. Consequently, temperament
primarily includes innate and individually specific (acquired) mental
characteristics. In some people, mental activity proceeds uniformly, balanced,
and even slowly. They change rarely, actions are rare and purposeful. In other
people, mental activity is spasmolytic. Such people, on the contrary, are very
active and restless. Thus, the characteristics of temperament determine the
dynamic aspect of a person's mental activity. In other words, the nature of
mental activity depends on temperament.
Temperament is a relatively stable personal trait that undergoes
certain changes under the influence of upbringing and living conditions. People
can exhibit various characteristics depending on the situation. Thus,
temperament itself characterizes the personality only in terms of reactivity and
reveals the dynamic possibilities of a person's high nervous activity under
certain conditions. There are four types of temperament. A type should be
understood as a set of mental properties that are naturally and necessarily
interconnected in people of a certain group. It can be determined using the
proposed questionnaire.
A sanguine is a quick, active person who reacts emotionally to all
impressions; his emotions are expressed directly in his external behavior, but
they are not strong and easily replace each other. Such people quickly adapt to
new conditions, quickly find common ground with people, and are polite.
Feelings arise and change easily, sensory experiences are usually superficial. A
little restless, needs new experience, does not regulate their impulses
sufficiently, cannot strictly adhere to the developed order. In this regard, he will
not be able to successfully complete a task that requires equal efforts, long and
methodical actions, persistence, attention, and patience. Without serious goals,
deep thoughts, and creative activity, superficiality and inconsistency develop. A
sanguine person is the embodiment of instability. He can adapt to any situation.
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He accepts harsh words with humor, and if he is sad, he tries to have a good
time. He is an unpleasant person. For him, doing anything for a long time is a real
torture: it becomes too soon boring and uninteresting. It is like a fish that seeks a
deeper place and cannot hold it with its hand - it slips.
This type of temperament is strong, balanced, and mobile like
mercury. If a choleric person can be compared to a car that flies at full speed
without brakes, then a person with a brake is fine.
In sports, he prefers types that involve greater mobility. These people
easily switch from one type of exercise to another, but they are not persistent
enough and do not focus on monotonous activities. Athletes of this type are very
effective, confident, and open. Their sports results are stable and, as a rule,
higher in competitions than in training. Before the start, such athletes are often
in a state of "fight readiness."
Temperament is the totality of innate and relatively stable mental
properties that constitute a person's mental activity. It mainly depends on the
physiological characteristics of the nervous system and determines how quickly
and in what form a person reacts to external influences. Temperament manifests
itself in many aspects of a person, such as emotions, speed of movement,
adaptability to the external environment, resistance to stressful situations.
Temperament plays a very important role in sports activities. Because the
athlete must be ready not only physically, but also psychologically. Each athlete
reacts differently during competitions or training depending on their internal
state, that is, temperament. Someone can move quickly under pressure, while
another can move slower but consistently.
The athlete's temperament:
- Attitude towards the training process,
- motivation,
- behavior in competitions,
- competitiveness,
- emotional balance
-directly influences aspects such as teamwork ability.
Also, since temperament reflects the activity of the athlete's nervous
system, it is a factor determining their psychological stability and the level of
stress resistance. High results in sports are often closely related not only to
physical potential but also to psychological preparation, particularly to
temperament characteristics. For coaches, knowledge of the temperament
characteristics of athletes plays an important role in the correct choice of
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training methodology, individual determination of loads, and organization of
psychological preparation before competitions.
List of used literature:
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Murtazayeva, Z. A. (2021). Personality psychodiagnostics: theory and
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Muhammadjanov, H. H. (2018). Fundamentals of Physical Culture and
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Shadmanov, Sh. R., & Hasanov, B. T. (2019). Psychological foundations of
working with youth in physical education and sports. Tashkent: Young Power.
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