S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
39
чой билан боғлиқ бу маросимлар икки буюк миллат қадриятларининг ажралмас бўлагидир.
Япон ва хитой халқларининг миллий кийиниш одоблари, меҳмон кутишдаги одатлари ҳам
ҳар икки халқ орасидаги муштарак алоқаларнинг ёрқин ифодасидир. Бу халқларнинг этно-
графияси илдизлари қадимиятга бориб тақалади. Япон ва хитой халқларининг муштарак-
лигини биз биргина тил ва бадиий тафаккурда кузатдик. Лекин бу муштаракликни хали
кўплаб соҳаларда кузатилишига ишончимиз комил.
SOME GRAMMATICAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF
DOUBLING ON EXAMPLE OF NOUNS IN JAPANESE LANGUAGES
HASHIMOVA SABOHAT
PhD, TSIOS
Abstract. This article reveals the general grammatical properties of reduplication on example of nouns
in Japanese. The concept of "reduplication" (from lat. "Reduplikatio - "doubling") today does not have a
clear and general definition for all researchers. In different interpretations under this concept the unequal
circle of the phenomena-from a set of intraverbal to a set of interverbal doublings is brought. The most
common structural types of reduplication are represented in different languages in one form or another. In
all languages (or in most languages), reduplication can be complete (complete doubling of the reduplicant
in the reduplicator) and divergent (with a change in the sound composition of the reduplicant). Along with
the universal structural-semantic manifestations of reduplication, different languages are characterized by
a peculiar interpretation of general, invariant structural types of intraword doubling and general, invariant
semantics. As our observations show, being few in each particular language, the most productive models of
reduplication generally coincide in languages with the same morphological structure. At the same time,
differently structured languages show clear differences in this respect. In isolating and agglutinative
languages that use the agglutinative technique in word construction, reduplication occurs within the root
morpheme. In Slavic languages with synthetic inflectional order, synonymous suffixes and prefix mor-
phemes are predominantly duplicated.
With significant similarities in structural models of reduplication, languages of the same morphological
type also have differences in this respect, although very slight. Such discrepancies mainly concern the
productivity, unproductiveness of some structural models within the same onomasiological classes.
Keywords and expressions: morpheme, reduplication, model, synonym, component, tonality, frequency,
derivation.
Аннотация. Мазкур мақола тилшуносликда редупликциянинг грамматик хусусиятларини япон
тилидаги от сўз туркумига оид сўзлар мисолида ёритади. "Редупликация" тушунчаси (лот.дан.
"Reduplikatio" - "иккиланиш") бугунги кунда барча тадқиқотчилар учун аниқ ва умумий таърифга эга
емас. Редупликациянинг энг кўп тарқалган турлари турли тилларда у ёки бу шаклда намоён бўлсади.
Барча тилларда (ёки кўпчилик тилларда) редупликация тўлиқ (редупликатордаги редупликантнинг
тўлиқ иккиланиши) ва дивергент (редупликантнинг товуш таркиби ўзгариши билан) бўлиши мумкин.
Редупликациянинг энг маҳсулдор моделлари одатда бир хил морфологик тузилишга эга бўлган
тилларда тўғри келади. Шу билан бирга, турли морфологик тузилишга эга бўлган тиллар бу
жиҳатдан аниқ фарқларга эга.
S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
40
Сўз қурилишида агглютинатив техникани қўллайдиган изоляцион ва агглютинатив тилларда
редупликация илдиз морфемаси доирасида содир бўлади. Синтетик флектив тартибига эга бўлган
славян тилларида асосан синоним қўшимчалар ва префикс морфемалар такрорланади.
Редупликациянинг структуравий моделларидаги сезиларли ўхшашликлар билан бирга бир хил
морфологик типдаги тиллар ҳам бу жиҳатдан жуда оз бўлсада фарқларга эга. Бундай тафовут-
лар, асосан, ономасиологик синфлар ичида айрим таркибий моделларнинг маҳсулдорлиги ёки
унумсизлигига тааллуқли бўлади.
Таянч сўз ва иборалар: морфема, редупликация, модель, синоним, компонент, оҳанг, частота,
сўз ясалиши.
Аннотация. Данная статья раскрывает грамматические свойства редупликации на примере
существительных в японском языке. Понятие "редупликация" (от лат. "Reduplikatio – "удвоение")
сегодня не имеет четкого и общего определения для всех исследователей. В разных интерпретациях
под это понятие подводится неодинаковый круг явлений-от множества внутрисловных до мно-
жества межсловных удвоений. Наиболее распространенные структурные типы редупликации в
той или иной форме представлены в разных языках. Во всех языках (или в большинстве языков)
редупликация может быть полной (полное удвоение редупликанта в редупликаторе) и дивергент-
ной (с изменением звукового состава редупликанта). Будучи немногочисленными в каждом кон-
кретном языке, наиболее продуктивные модели редупликации в целом совпадают в языках с
одинаковой морфологической структурой. В то же время, по-разному структурированные языки
обнаруживают явные различия в этом отношении. В изолирующих и агглютинативных языках,
использующих агглютинативную технику при построении слов, редупликация происходит внутри
корневой морфемы. В славянских языках с синтетическим флективным порядком преимущественно
дублируются синонимические суффиксы и приставочные морфемы.
Имея значительную общность в структурных моделях редупликации, языки одного и того же
морфологического типа также имеют различия в этом отношении, хотя и весьма незначитель-
ные. Такие расхождения в основном касаются продуктивности, непроизводительности некоторых
структурных моделей в рамках одних и тех же ономасиологических классов.
Опорные слова и выражения: морфема, редупликация, модель, синоним, компонент, тональ-
ность, частота, словообразование.
The concept of "reduplication" (from the latin. “Reduplikatio” – “doubling”) has no clear and
shared definition by all researchers today. In different interpretations, an unequal range of phenomena
is brought under this concept - from a variety of intra-words to a variety of inter-word doublings.
In cases of awareness of reduplication as a reception of intra-word doubling, the character of
the basic units participating in the models of reduplication is not clearly defined; it is not quite
clear whether the reduplication is limited to cases of doubling of units that are identical in terms of
the expression: “reduplication is a phono-morphological phenomenon consisting in doubling the
initial syllable or whole root”), or manifestations of the same linguistic technique should be seen in
duplications, operating with a plan of linguistic content characters with an optional plan identity of
expression are considered as duplications associated with the full or partial repetition of the sound
envelope of reduplicant, and doubling, not associated with repetition of the sound envelope
reduplicant, - "doubling of synonymous lexical units, i.e. creation of semantic repetitions". Ques-
tions about the functional side of reduplication, its grammatical or some other status, about the
place of reduplication in the system of methods of word production, in relation to this technique
with affixation and word composition, also remain debatable.
Until now, the problems of reduplication (understood as a method of intra-word doubling) have
been discussed more or less actively in the material of languages of the Asian Southeast region. As
for Russian studies, we can safely say that the problem of reduplication here is a lacuna in both
S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
41
theoretical and empirical aspects. Intra word doubling in the Russian language has not yet been the
subject of systematic study, their description was essentially to refer to specific types or doubling
facts. This also explains the practical non-use in Russian studies of the term “reduplication” with
respect to various instances of the repetition of the components forming the word.
At the same time, the universality of reduplication as a method of constructing words that is
used by most or, possibly, all languages, seems to be a fact recognized. However, the study of
language universals implies the identification of not only universal (isomorphic for different
languages), but also typical (allomorphic for different language types) features of the phenomenon.
Meanwhile, if the first side of the issue received some coverage in the literature, the second
remains to date completely unexplored. In particular, it is not clear whether the method of intra-
word doubling is used in the same or different ways in languages with different morphological
structure; what features of the language system are associated with the specificity of intra-word
duplications in different languages; whether allomorphic manifestations of reduplication (and what
specifically) can be regarded as typologically significant traits. The existence of opposing
judgments about the typological importance of reduplication is quite indicative.
The most common structural types of reduplication in one form or another are presented in
different languages. In all languages (or in most languages), reduplication can be complete
(complete doubling of the reduplicant in the reduplicator) and divergent (with a change in the
sound composition of the reduplicant).
Semantic functions of reduplication are diverse: from the expression of grammatical meanings
to the variation or change of lexical semantics. However, in the basic meanings given in double
words, most languages show significant similarities. The semantic universal is, without doubt, the
use of doubling to convey the intensity of a feature, the iconic connection of this method "with the
idea of measure and quantity." B.A. Uspensky proposed the following universal, concerning the
semantics of reduplication models: in most languages, if there is a reduplication (full or partial) as
a productive grammatical way, the word - or form, among the values expressed in this way, is the
value of a change in quantity or degree. This general idea (invariant meaning) in different lexico-
categorical classes is implemented in the appropriate modifications: “for subject values — as
plurality, diversity, and similarity; for values of qualities — as a degree of quality; for processes
— as duration and multiple”
Thus, the main area of distribution of reduplication in the languages of the world is “this is the
area of various modifications of the values of the original unit while maintaining the “main”
lexical meaning”.
The semantic universal is also the use of reduplication as a graphic tool in the formation of
various imitative and graphic words. This fact is noted in Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary.
“Reduplication,” says the relevant source, “is widely used in the formation of idiophones and
onomatopoeic words.” The nature of the aspect ratio (plan of expression and content plan) of a
reduplicated linguistic sign appears to be among a number of universal features associated with the
use of reduplication. For linguistic signs constructed on the basis of reduplication, the following
relation is relevant: two units of the expression plan correspond to one unit of the content plan.
Along with the universal structural and semantic manifestations of reduplication, different
languages are characterized by a peculiar interpretation of the general, invariant structural types of
intra-word doubling and general, invariant semantics. As our observations show, being few in each
specific language, the most productive models of reduplication in general coincide in languages
S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
42
with the same morphological structure. At the same time, differently structured languages reveal
distinct differences in this respect.
In the isolating and agglutinative languages that use the agglutinative technique when
constructing words, reduplication occurs within the root morpheme.
In Slavic languages with synthetic inflectional order, synonymous suffixes and prefixal
morphemes are predominantly duplicated.
It should be noted that the repetition of derivational affixes, characteristic for the structure of
the Russian word, traditionally do not fall into the circle of reduplication models. However, there
is nothing unusual about derivatives repeats. So, I.A.Melchuk notes that if the nature of the
corresponding value permits repetition, then derivatives are “less limited in terms of opportunities
to repeat, than real grammes ... among derivatives even come across those for which repetition is
simply desirable.” The non-inclusion of repetitions of derivational affixes in the range of the
phenomena of reduplication is due, in our opinion, to at least two important reasons. First, as we
have already noted, in Russian studies (and, more broadly, in Slavic studies), there is still no
systematic description of the diverse cases of affixal repetitions (duplicating affixation). Secondly,
a more active study of the doubling technique on the material of languages of a different typology,
in which this technique acts primarily as an operation that changes the root of the word, caused a
justifiable desire to distinguish between the method of doubling and affixing. At the same time, the
possibility of affixing doubling is not in principle denied. It only qualifies as a rare (rare for
languages with agglutinative technique) case of doubling.
Having significant commonality in structural models of reduplication, languages of the same
morphological type also have differences in this respect, although they are very minor. Such dis-
crepancies mainly concern the productivity / unproductiveness of certain structural models within
the same onomasiological classes. Thus, with the general development of joint action - prefix and
diminutive - suffixal reduplication in all modern Slavic languages, specific structural models of
these types of affix doubling can be different. Structural differences in the models of Slavic
reduplication do not fluctuate, however, their common primacy of affixal reduplication over other
types of intra-word doubling. Slavic languages lack live, productive models of syllabic and root
doubling, which are so characteristic of isolating and agglutinative languages. Words with a
similar doubling are relics of the ancient type of reduplication. Such words in all Slavic languages
are few and belong to the oldest lexical layer.
In insulating and classical agglutinative languages, the basic unit of reduplication is the root -
the basis, duplication of affixes is less common, in languages of the inflectional type, on the
contrary, affixing duplication prevails, lexeme repeats form the periphery of intra-word dupli-
cations. In this case, of course, we are talking about the basic basic units of reduplication for a
particular type of language, since in each typological class of languages, to a varying degree,
different initial units are involved in the models of reduplication.
In isolating and agglutinative languages, reduplication dominates, based on the repetition of the
sound shell of a linguistic mark: full, partial, or divergent repetition of the root basis. Inflectional
languages prefer doubling of synonymous units, first of all, stringing of synonymous affixes. The-
refore, as applied to inflectional languages, the concepts of “complete”, “incomplete” “divergent”
reduplication can reflect not only the types of duplication of elements of the form of a linguistic
sign, but also the types of repetition of elements of its content.
Thus, isolating and agglutinative languages are characterized by significant similarity in
structural types of reduplication. The languages of the synthetic inflectional system are markedly
S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
43
different by the peculiar structural manifestations of the method of intra-word duplications. The
elements of convergence of isolating and agglutinative languages, on the one hand, and
inflectional languages, on the other hand, indicate, apparently, new trends for a particular language
type, which can only be understood and explained through the prism of a diachronic study of the
dynamics of structural models of replication.
The typical semantics of reduplication, due to the great diversity in each language of the
semantic modifications transmitted by this method, is not as distinct as typical structural models.
Typological differences in the semantics of doublings are associated primarily with the degree of
regularity of certain types of values. The main differential typological feature of reduplication
semantics is, apparently, the ratio of subject and attribute values. With a general predominance of
the characteristic semantics already mentioned by us, word-for-word duplication is widely used in
isolating and agglutinative languages and for conveying object values, values of multiplicity,
collectiveness, distribution, diversity, similarity, and others.
Doublings with a subject value are characteristic for those languages where the subject is
presented not as something separate from other objects, but as the focus of a certain combination
of properties. The close connection of objectivity and quality finds a vivid expression in cases
when the doubling of the words of the subject parts of speech conveys the values characteristic of
parts of speech with indicative semantics
The presentation of objectivity through the prism of the characteristic properties of objects and
phenomena probably determines the wide distribution in the isolating and agglutinative languages
of the so-called figurative, or figurative, slovonomatopei.
The autonomy / non-independence of the root morpheme and the associated ways of
transmitting syntactic relations in different languages cause not only structural, but also functional
- semantic differences in the use of reduplication. In isolating and agglutinative languages, in
which the leading criterion for distinguishing categorical semantics is not morphology, but syntax,
the actualization of certain categorical meanings is provided syntagmatically, using word order,
official words, intonation, and syntactic compatibility. Under these conditions, in terms of the
unorphized opposition of parts of speech, the duplication of the roots - the fundamentals becomes
one of the ways of morphological characterization of a word, a way of expressing syntactic
relations, and often acquires not only a modification, but a lexical and transpositional orientation.
For example, in Chinese, double and non-dual forms are used depending on the function of a word
in a sentence, depending on whether it is necessary to express objective or indicative meanings:
the non-dual form is usually used to convey the objective meaning, and in most cases to
characterize an action or state word formed by reduplication of the initial syllable.
Agglutinative languages, despite the development of affixation and the possibility of
transferring syntactic relations by means of the word forms themselves, from the point of view of
the method of syntactic connection are similar to isolating 6. This is explained, perhaps, by their
former pre-agglutinative system, within which grammatical meanings and grammatical affixes
arose from the significant foundations. Therefore, in agglutinative languages, reduplication is used
as a means of explicative syntactic relations.
Inflectional languages are characterized by a high degree of morphology of word forms, each
lexico-grammatical rank is delimited in these languages quite clearly. All this, along with a
significant development of affixation, including synonymic, clear opposition in most cases to
derivational and relational affixes, stimulates the use of reduplication (both affixal and lexemic) as
a means of not “basic”, so-called lexical, and non-transpositional (or syntactic), namely as an
additional, modification, derivation.
S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
44
Reduplication, a phenomenon peculiar to many languages. Reduplicated words existed in
Latin, ancient Greek, and ancient Indo-European languages. They exist in many modern langua-
ges, in particular, in Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Indonesian, Polynesian and other languages. Full
reduplication refers to the repetition of a word, the base of a word (with one or more suffixes), or
the root of a word. Partial reduplication refers to various forms from simple consonant doubling or
vowel lengthening to full repetition of the base or partial repetition of the root or base of the word .
There are languages in which a large number of reduplicated units are used, for example, Japanese,
and this phenomenon is quite old, it existed in the language already in the VIII century.
In Japanese linguistics reduplicated words include words consisting of a repetition of the base of a
word that can be used independently, and words consisting of a repetition of the root of a word. In a
narrow sense, only words consisting of repetition of the root belong to the reduplicated words . In
Japanese, there are five types of reduplication, including partial and complete, verb, adjective, name,
adverb, and ideophones . When two roots or bases are repeated, units relating to different parts of
speech are formed. For example, when repeating the verb basis can be formed the adverb “nakinaki”
“with tears”, “tearfully” (the verb “maku” “to cry”), “nobinobi” “with relief”, “freely” (the verb
“nobiru” “to lengthen, stretch”). It should be noted this feature: reduplicated units used as a name,
much less than units used as adjectives and adverbs and a lot of reduplicated ideophones-adverbs.
In linguistic works, various parameters peculiar to reduplicated units are considered, namely, the
number of syllables; concepts reflected by reduplicated words; the origin of the word to be redu-
plicated: 1). According to the number of syllables, nouns consisting of one or two syllables (for exam-
ple: “kamigami” “gods”) can be reduplicated. 2). The reduplicated names reflect inanimate objects
with the exception of the nouns “hitobito” “people” and “kamigami” “gods” (in Japanese, the noun
“kamigami” “gods” refers to animate nouns). 3). All reduplicated names are words of Japanese origin.
In the works of other researchers, these parameters are supplemented and refined: 1) At
hieroglyphic writing one hieroglyph is used, for designation of the repeated hieroglyph the special sign
is applied. 2) When reading a reduplicated unit, the original (japanese) reading is used. If words do not
comply with these rules, they are not considered reduplicated . 3). Point to objects of worship in
ancient Japan . S. Martin in his work points to phonetic limitations in the formation of reduplicated
words (do not begin with the sounds b, d, dz, d), and also writes that reduplication is an ancient method
based on words of Japanese origin. However, he also speaks about the existence of binomes of chinese
origin, used to indicate the set, for example, “tiikitiiki” “from region to region”.
There are some semantic categories are expressed with the help of reduplicated names in
japanise: 1) People, living beings, for example: “hitobito” “people”, “wareware” “we”. 2) Natural
and inanimate phenomena, for example: “muramura” “village”. 3) Years, months, temporal and
spatial concepts, for example: “tsukizuki” “every month”, “monthly”, “sumizumi” “in every
corner”, “everywhere”. In the category of names in addition to nouns, personal pronouns also have
reduplicated forms, for example: “vare” “I” – “varevare” “we”, “kata” “he” – “katagata” “they”.
Reduplication also can be used as a way of word formation in japanese. First, as we found out
above, Japanese reduplicated units are formed from the names of different semantic categories.
These are: the category of personal pronoun, the category names of persons, names denoting the
world, the names of the categories of space, the names of the temporary category.
There are various attempts to explain the inconsistency in the formation of reduplicated units.
I. From the historical point of view, the reduplicated units are the heritage of the ancient
Japanese language. 1) In ancient Japanese, reduplicated names belonged to the basic layer of
vocabulary and had a high frequency of use, in particular, words related to the geographical
S H A R Q M A S H ’ A L I
45
description of the area, proper names, names of gods, temporal concepts. 2) Objects expressed by
reduplicated names were symbols of faith (worship) in ancient Japan .
II. Traditional explanations of the conditions of formation of reduplicated units in Japanese
linguistics. 1) The concepts expressed by reduplicated forms relate to human activity. If units
expressing concepts that are not related to a person are reduplicated, they require impersonation. 2)
An expression of politeness or deep respect for the concept, expressed by the unit from which the
reduplicated form will be formed. 3) The value of the unit from which the reduplicated form will
be formed must necessarily contain the value of the "continuity of the object" .
III. Explanation of reduplication in terms of semantics expressed by reduplicated units of
concepts, namely, collectivity and spatial relations.
After studing the phenomenon of reduplication and the meaning of plurality inherent in the
reduplicated names of the Japanese language we came to the following conclusions:
1. In a classifying language, such as Japanese, for a subject-carrier of certain characteristics,
dismemberment is not necessarily a pronounced characteristic; the calculability or dismemberment
of the subject is present as some potential, the implementation of which depends on the context.
2. All names in Japanese refer to uncountable nouns, so-called mass names. The organization
of language space can be represented as follows: a kind of continuous space with prototypical
objects at one end (countable nouns) and prototypical substance at the other (uncountable nouns).
3. The reduplicated names of the Japanese language have the meaning of an indefinite discrete set
with the preservation of the significance of each of its components, which is associated with the mea-
ning of collectivity plus various connotative shades depending on the semantic category of the name.
The value of a discrete set represents the inner idea of the dismemberment of the elements of the set,
and the collective value represents the outer idea of the union of numerous elements into one whole.
КУРАИСИ ЛУҒАТИНИНГ ТАВСИФИ
МАВЛЯНОВА УМИДА
катта ўқитувчи, ТДШИ
Аннотация. Мазкур мақола қисман хитой тилида омонимия тушунчаси ва япон тилшунос-
синологи, Японияда хитой тилини ўрганиш бўйича илмий жамият раиси, профессор Т.Кураиси
бошчилигидаги олтмиш кишилик тилшунослар коллективи томонидан яратилган “Кураиси
луғатига” бағишланади. Маълумки, умумий тилшуносликда луғатлар асосида омонимияни ўрганиш
методикаси кенг татбиқ қилинади. Бу луғат ҳозирги замон хитой тилида омонимларнинг миқдор
таркиби ва хослигини тадқиқ қилиш учун Токиода 1972 йилда “Иванами” нашриёти томонидан
босиб чиқарилган бўлиб, 37 минг сўзлик “Иванами Тю: гокуго дзитэн” – хитой-япон фонетик луға-
ти материал сифатида хизмат қилади. Мақолада луғат тавсифи кенг ёритилган бўлиб, кўрсатил-
ган грамматик маълумотлар туфайли мазкур луғатдан хитой тили сўзлари бўйича турли
тадқиқотларда материал сифатида фойдаланиш мумкин.
Таянч сўз ва иборалар: Япония, Хитой, Т. Кураиси , луғат , омонимия, лексика, фонетика, тон (
оҳанг), иероглиф,товуш.
Аннотация. Данная статья посвещается омонимии в китайском языке и словаре Кураиси,
который был создан японским профессором Т. Кураиси.В общем Яязыкознании широко применяется
