Arts and Humanities Other Topics

Actuality and relevance of the thesis topic. The theoretical study of romanticism issues in world literature is a complex and comprehensive process, and for almost fifty years it has been in the center of attention of researchers, and during last decade has increasingly become actual issue in world literary criticism.
Since the Independence was obtained, the attention to the study of world literature and research of the literary process has significantly enhanced. For "... At the present time the attention paid to the issue of translation of the best samples of world literature, the publication, the study, the further development of relations with foreign writers is insufficient. In fact, developing and fostering the national spirit and universal values in the education of future generations, we should not be limited. Briefly speaking, in addition to other sectors, it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation in the field of literature. It is important to find out in which countries our literature, culture and values are respected, what we can learn from the West, and what we can share with them, we must always remember that these circumstances can ensure today our self-expression in the international scene"53. Actually the Uzbek literature criticism with his fundamental research is confidently entering the international scene, presenting culture and literary heritage of the Uzbek people, developing relations at different levels with the Western countries, solving a number of issues which arc also important for the study of foreign literature.
There is a need to address the Romanticism and romantic works, the theoretical and philosophical views of Romantic authors who had a significant impact on the development of world literature in general. Romanticism is characterized by unsurpassed contradictory of literary space and time, by highly complex and multifaceted nature. The works of writers and poets glorifying the ideas of the Romanticism arc equally addressed to their admirers, and to modem creators seeking to comprehend their essence as well. The brightest representatives of the French romanticism - Chateaubriand and Hugo - confirmed their ideas by real events, paying attention to analysis of the inner world of characters, which gave the artistic originality of their works and distinguished from those of the representatives of German Romanticism which were creating their works, only inspired by a poetic imagination. The novelty of the subject is the linguo-poctic approach to the study of the principles of the French romantic novel by Chateaubriand and Hugo.
This thesis aims a partial solving of the tasks defined in the Republic of Uzbekistan President's Decree No 1875 adopted on December 10, 2012 "On measures aiming the improving of foreign language learning system" and No 2527 adopted on 11 May, 2016 "On establishing of Tashkent State University of Uzbek language and literature named after Alisher Navoi" and in a number of other directive documents concerning teaching of foreign languages and literature.
The aim of the research work is to reveal poetical features of French romantic prose, the Romanticism' principles, the use of allegories inherent in prose of French Romanticism with the mean of linguopoctic analyze of novels by Chateaubriand and Hugo.
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
on the example of novels by Chateaubriand and Hugo, Romanticism is presented as one of means of expression, in poetic form, of the subjective world and the expression of aesthetic ideals of bright and creative individuals.
study of the style of prosaic works by Chateaubriand and Hugo while discovering the bilateral character of the world, the dyad of subjective and objective reality;
reveal of abundance of metaphors in prosaic texts by Chateaubriand, which corresponds to the laws of romanticism;
analysis of the categories of time and place, as well as this of universality that define the poetic character of novels by Chateaubriand and Hugo;
analysis of the problem of rhythm which occupies an important place in the novels by Chateaubriand and Hugo, and its correspondence to the style of Romantic prose;
first developed linguo-poctical analysis of French Romantic prose in Uzbek by the example of the works of Chateaubriand and Hugo.
CONCLUSION
The object of this study is the Romanticism in Western Europe, in particular, the aesthetic principles and theoretical issues of French Romanticism. The paper discusses the issues of artistic and stylistic peculiarities of the most significant works of prominent representatives of French Romanticism: F.-R. de Chateaubriand, Victor Hugo, A. de Musset and others, in particular, individualism and alienation from society of the characters in works of F. Chateaubriand and A. de Musset, universalism inherent for the works of Victor Hugo, as well as issues chronotop (unity of time and space), of antithesis and imagery, taking into consideration the studies of German, English, French, Russian and Uzbek scientists who had conducted important research in this area.
1. We examined in details the process of forming of romanticism in literature of Western Europe and the sources that influenced it. We also systematized the basic criteria of forming of the French Romantic prose, justified the principles of the development of Romantic literature in Western Europe and the sources that influenced the formation of the French Romantic, the stages of its development, the tradition of romanticism on the example of works of German and English authors. The comparative study of French and German romanticism revealed the abundance of humanistic ideas and the proximity to the folklore in German romanticism, while in French romanticism were strong the ideas of struggle against oppression and evil.
2. Wc clarified the sources that influenced the formation of the French Romantic prose. In works of bright French romantics such as F. Chateaubriand, Germaine de Staci, Victor Hugo, Charles Nodicr, A. de Musset, A. de Vigny, Alexandre Dumas-fathcr, Eugene Sue, George Sand, arc displayed: unity of democratic and humanistic ideas, artistic greatness, expressive nature and spiritual world of man, fine transformation into a universal and individual traits, the disclosure of the characters in extreme situations, in the face of danger, and along with this the withdraw with the classicism law of the unity of place, time and action, the description of events in the light of several chronotopes - at different times and in different spaces, giving them both realistic and fantastic tones.
3. Poetic features of the prose of F.-R. Chateaubriand and the creative credo of the Romantic ideas have been disclosed by the example of his work "Atala" "Genius of Christianity" and "Rene". The interest of F. Chateaubriand to the theme of nature for understanding and interpretation of human nature has a rationale explanation - this is a continuation of the concept J.-J. Rousseau, but without the spirit of democracy. The character of Chateaubriand opposes himself to the nature and even to the society. That is why the image of nature is the prism through which the author penetrates not only into the inner poetic world of man, but also a way to describe his character.
4. The texts of "Rene" and "Atala" rich of instructions, advice, edification, high-sounding phrases and exciting words express the concept of a lonely man of that era.
5. Time for Chateaubriand's characters in the novel the story is subjective, it is discrete and continuous, that is, has a double nature.
6. The linguistic structure of prose by Chateaubriand is close to poetry due to its expressiveness and rhythm. It was noted by contemporaries of the writer, when "Atala" was first published. Roman was perceived as a real poem, which lacks rhyme, as a poetic novel, expanded the boundaries of high poetry.
7. The category universalism in the novels of Victor Hugo is reflected in the plot and structure of the characters and, of course, in the style of the work. It category is also reflected in the spirit world of characters. In the example of one person the author depicts the whole humankind. Without depriving his characters of artistic accuracy and life reality, the romantic writer displays in their image the spiritual, social or other idea. His desire to transform a single fact in general, equal for all phenomenon, it was the basis of use of metonymy in his proper manner.
8. Stylistic visual means perform an important role in the prose text by V. Hugo. Antithesis which performs two main functions - uniting and emphasizing -helps to create vivid characters and situations. In V. Hugo novels these two antagonistic concepts arc used not only for the opposition, but also for complementarities and unity creation.
9. In prosaic text by V. Hugo synonymic and antonymic pairs arc placed in context so that the synonymous pairs arc opposed, and antonymous ones complement each other. This complementarity can be seen at all stages of creation and is one of the originalities of the style of V. Hugo.
10. Victor Hugo sees time as an irreversible process that can change the world and people: he underlines that changes arc inevitability updating and regular. In the development of the plot in his novels seasons, months, days, hours and even minutes arc scrupulously remarked. In the novel "Les Miserables" can be observed the exact chronologic sequence: 1815, 1816, 1817 ... and so until 1833. By this way, for the characters acting in a literary space, the time has crucial importance. In Hugo's prose the time bears a certain meaning and is regularly referred in small sentences and in some paragraphs. Obviously, this feature is based on a certain time concept. The author percepts the time not as a stream, but as an obstacle, a change, a continuous process of development and it determines the wealth and the brightness of the life events and spiritual development of the characters.
11. The concept of the "Way" in V. Hugo's novels is on the first plan as a space, organizing and unifying phenomenon and events. Every character has to follow his proper way: Quasimodo pursuing Esmeralda; Gringoire looking for shelter, Jean Valjcan wandering all his life; Javert pursuing Jean Valjcan. Several paths lead to the Tourguc fortress. Every character - Gauvin, Cimourdain, Lantcnac - gets to it by his own way, for the Tourguc fortress is a sign clement: for the expression of ideas of these three individuals, for the revolution, for counterrevolutionary Vendee, and for three children representing the future of the people.
12. The "circle" appears as a basis clement in the organization of artistic space in the novels of V. Hugo. The "circle" is of great importance in the material space. In "Notre Dame de Paris" the bells of all the churches of Paris arc heard in "three areas (districts)" - in the Cite, within the University area, and in the city. Catacombs (underground rooms) in Vendee resemble narrow impassable round wells, most of the houses and buildings arc domed shape. In "The Man who laughs" the building the House of Lords has rounded shape, cellars and sinister pits of London prison arc illuminated by dim round lights; all rooms in the Tourguc from the basement to the towers have the same shape; the Amphitheater in the hall of meetings of the Convention, as well as cozy, small room, in which lives Esmeralda also have a rounded shape. Finally, the "circle" is not only the actual space required for the development of events, but the space which has incorporated the idea of infinity and a sense of destiny, impregnated with the spirit of Romanticism.
13. The rhythm and the intonation play important role in the narration in the style of romanticism. Victor Hugo paid special attention to the display of solidity and the relationship of prose and poetics. Victor Hugo proved that it is possible to gather: the feature of the rhythm and the imagery, generated by the rhythm and melody; the subtle, beautiful expressiveness and the attractive brightness and sensuality; the versatility and multiple meanings of phrases and the combine of ideas and feelings. In order to streamline the rhythm in the text, V. Hugo used the rhetorical means of image, typical for classicism: anaphora, epiphora, syntactic parallelism, exclamations, appeals etc. He also used means characteristic only for the poetry: rhyme, assonance, alliteration.
14. In the novels of Victor Hugo phrase and rhythm arc interrelated. As the result, the prosaic text turns into poetic one. But Hugo's prosaic text is not perceived as a poetic structure, as the rhythm cannot be determined in advance, it is determined by the content of the text. Described events, mental state of the characters and situation determine the melody proper to the prose style of Hugo, as well as the rhythm repetition, and the degree of narration difficulty. In this case, the poetic perception of the world of Victor Hugo comes on the fore line. This poetic vision of the world by the characters of the French romantic authors as F.-R. Chateaubriand, V. Hugo, A. de Musset, Ch. Nodier, A. de Vigny spiritualize and inspire the sound structure of the text. The prosaic text is filled with charm, suffused with the spirit of romanticism, and at the same time, with the boundless faith in the ideal Man and the ideal spirituality. We can claim that the works of French romanticism, containing complex searches on the path of spiritual development, emit the light.

In the modern world, characterized by instability, anxiety, non-linearity and incomprehensibility, language education is of particular importance. Language education promotes the development of competencies that are necessary to successfully live and work in a BANI world, including critical thinking, creativity, intercultural communication, adaptability and lifelong learning.

Annotation. This article reflects the role of personal proper names in a literary work in the creation of a “semantic composition” of a literary text and shows the connection of proper names, as a significant element, with other means of style. The work showed that personal proper names are the object of the complex science of onomastics, which includes methods of lexicology, semiotics, stylistics, poetics and text linguistics in the broad sense

In the textual studies of the peoples of the world, attention to the study of national literary heritage based on primary sources is growing stronger than ever. The study of manuscript sources makes it possible to restore the texts of the works of a poet or writer in accordance with the original (at least close to it), regardless of the period in which they lived. Without restoring a reliable text, the poet's work cannot be analyzed in terms of theoretical problems of literary studies. In world textology, research is being conducted on such scientific problems as comparative analysis of manuscript sources, creating a scientific biography of the creator, and studying the history of the text of an artistic work. Among them, a great deal of experience, knowledge and material has been collected within the framework of studying the sources of Eastern manuscripts spread throughout the world's libraries, including the works of Alisher Navoi and Babur, great figures of Turkish literature. Extensive research is the basis for the creation of the theoretical foundations of textual studies. Uzbek textology has progressed on the basis of existing scientific experiences and has achieved certain results in the study of classic literary sources. Researching the literary heritage of authors who have left a bright mark in the history of national literature, studying manuscript and lithographic sources based on the latest scientific achievements is one of the primary tasks of source studies and textual studies. After all, "...studying and promoting Uzbek classic and modern literature at the international level, analyzing this multifaceted topic in integral connection with the most important processes taking place in the world's literary space today, creating the necessary scientific - drawing practical conclusions is of great importance..." 1 . Accordingly, it becomes clear that it is urgent to carry out a scientific monographic study of the sources of the lyric divan of Khorezm literary environment representative Mutrib Khonakharob (1853-1923), study the textual history of the poet's works, and develop the principles of preparing a scientific and critical text. The study of Mutrib's work began during the poet's lifetime. Tabibiy recognizes the achievements of the poet in poetry and music in the collections "Majmuat ush-shuaroyi payravi Feruzshahi" and "Majmuat mukhammasot ush-shuaroyi Feruzshahi". "Biographies of poets and writers of Khiva" by Hasanmurad Laffasi, "Poets and singers of Khorezm" by Bobojon Tarroh, "Tazkirayi Qayyumiy" by Polatjon Qayyumiy also provide valuable information about the poet's work. O. Sharafiddinov, M. Yunusov, N.M. Mallayev, Yu. Yusupov, M. Pirnazarov, A. Abdugafurov published articles. These articles cover the biography of the poet, the ideological scope and artistry of his works, thematic and genre features of his literary heritage. But in most of them, the poet's works were interpreted under the influence of communist ideology. M. Pirnazarov studied manuscript and lithographic sources of Mutrib's lyrical heritage, subject scope, genre features, and artistic skills. Although this research provided valuable information for its time, problems such as creating a scientific biography of the poet, researching the author's works in the field of theoretical problems of textual studies, and creating a scientific-critical text are still waiting to be solved. In studying the poet's literary heritage, the book "Mutrib Khonaharobi (Ref. Collection)" is noteworthy. However, besides the fact that the text of these poems is not complete, there are also errors in the reading of words. In this tutorial, the manuscripts numbered 906/VII, 903/IV, 2679/II of the Department of Muhammad Hasan Mutrib kept in the main and H. Sulayman funds of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as Turkish manuscripts in bayoz, complex and tazkira poems, information about the poems in manuscript bayoz kept in Khiva Ichonqala Muhammad Rahimkhan Feruz II Museum.

Mazkur maqolada boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarini tarbiyalashda estetik tarbiyaning mazmun va mohiyati yoritildi, o‘quvchilarni tabiat bilan tanishtirishda sinfdan tashqari mashg‘ulotlarning tutgan o‘rni, shuningdek, estetik tarbiyani takomillashtirishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari aniqlandi, dars jarayonida o‘quvchilarning estetik tarbiyasini rivojlantirishda zamonaviy ta’lim texnologiyalaridan foydalanildi, o‘quvchilarning estetik tarbiyasini shakllantirishda tabiiy fanlarning o‘rni va samaradorligi aniqlandi, o‘quvchilarning tafakkuri, ularning dunyoqarashi, xatti-harakati, o‘quvchilarning estetik tafakkurini rivojlantirishda o‘qitishning barcha shakllari: dars, darsdan tashqari ishlar, ekskursiya va sinfdan tashqari mashg‘ulotlarda o‘quvchilarga estetik tarbiya berish orqali tafakkurni shakllantirish imkoniyatlari aniqlandi.

this article analyzes the image of the main character of the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Smoke" - Irina Ratmirova, as the embodiment of the typological variation of the "fatal woman". The similarity of the typological character traits of Irina Ratmirova and Anna Odintsova as women prone to the “fatal woman” variant, the peculiarity of which lies in selfish inclinations, is noted. It turns out that the heroine of the novel “Smoke” is trying to find harmony in her personal life, based on her own personal interests.

The article discusses the problem of organizing independent work in literature lessons at school. It identifies two types of individual forms of organizing tasks: individual and individualized. The author offers methodological recommendations for students to carry out independent work while working with a textbook and studying literary works at school. 

This article describes the process of organizing extracurricular work for students, where the pedagogical activity of the teacher is defined as coordinating, educational and ideological aesthetic.

В настоящее время почти в 50 странах мира ведут исследовательскую работу ученые-тимуроведы. Издается множество книг о времени Тимура и Тимуридов. В Узбекистане также были ученые, которые стремились реально, объективно осветить тот период. В Германии в музее города Потсдам в честь Амира Темура организован «Отдел Азии». Он называется отделом Амира Тимура.

In this paper, the question of the origin of some idioms is considered, their classification is given. Special attention is paid to idioms that go back to historical facts, folklore, mythology, as well as literary works. Specific examples are given for each of these types of idioms.

This article examines the historical, literary, theoretical and methodological aspects of comparative study of literature, taking into account modern ideas and trends in the Russian philological dialogue and interaction between the literatures of different countries.

Subject of research: to investigate development of modern Kuwait narrative as well as to study the creativity of prominent authoresses such as Laylo al-Usmon and Suraya al-Baksamiy’s narrations.
Aim of research: to investigate creativity of authoresses Laylo al-Usmon and Suraya al-Baksamiy, who made great contribution into formation and development of Kuwait narrativity, which is considerable part of Arabic narration as a whole.
Method of research: comparative-historical and comparative- typological analysis methods defined as a methodological complex widely.
The results achieved and their novelty: for the first time it has been studied the matters of artistic directions both stages of modern Kuwait narrative and inserted in scientific practice.
As a main source of research have been analyzed prominent authoresses Laylo al-Usmon and Suraya al-Baksamiy narrations. It brought up the matters such as the system of images ideological-esthetics efficiency, traditionalistic and specificity, development of hero’s personality, gradual development of woman’s image.
Practical value: The scientific-theoretical conclusions of the dissertation can be used for compilation of text-books and teaching appliances on Arabic literature, particularly, on Kuwait literature as well as to compose general courses on History of Literature and special courses.
Degree of embed and economic activity: The results of the investigation were seen in 16 scientific articles (5 of them are in foreign issues) and during the presentations at the scientific - theoretical conferences. On the base of the research materials reports were made in special courses on the themes «New stream in Arabic literature» (Master Degree), «Poetics of Arabic literature» (bachelor).
Field of application: literature studies and Arabic literature.

«Hibatul haqoyiq» dostonida qadimgi turkiy tilga doir qator so‘zlar qo‘llanishda bo‘lgan. Maqolada mana shu so‘zlarning semalari, etimologiyasi yoritilgan. «Hibatul-haqoyiq»dagi leksik birliklar qadimgi turkiy til, Oltun yorug‘, Turfon matnlari, O‘rxun-Yenisey manbalari, qoraxoniylar davri hamda XIV asr manbalarida qo‘llanilgan so‘zlar bilan qiyosiy tahlil qilingan.

Ushbu maqolada odam va odamning paydo bo‘lishi haqidagi diniy qarashlar evolutsiyasi, olam va odamning vujudga kelishi haqida olimlarning fekrlari, mifologik dunyoqarashga asoslangan dinlarning dastlabki unsurlari, olam va odamning vujudga kelishi haqida Qur’oni Karimda keltirilgan bir qator ma'lumotlar keltirilganligi to’g’risida ma’lumotlar berilgan.

This article analyzes the philosophical and aesthetic aspects of the work of the Uzbek writer and poet Askad Mukhtar. The essence of fiction, artistic creativity is revealed with the help of specific aphorisms of the writer. The connection between the philosophical views of Eastern and Western thinkers on artistic creativity is studied and the position of the writer is determined.

This article examines the factors that have a negative impact on architectural monuments. The conclusions show that factors such as environmental degradation, human activity and lack of technical maintenance cause the deterioration of these monuments.

Ushbu maqolada Nazar Eshonqul qissa va hikoyalarida badiiy makon va uning xususiyatlari, tanlangan adabiy makonning obraz va xarakterlar bilan uyg‘unligi tadqiq va tahlil etilgan.

An article deals with describing specific features of neighborhood named «mahalla» in Republic Uzbekistan. Its role of education of growing generation having regarded Uzbek national traditions and way of implementation of its inexhaustible potential arc shown.

Ushbu maqola O’zbekiston xalq shoiri Muxammad Yusufning Samarqand she’ri xaqida fikrlar xulosalar bilan yoritilib ketiladi. Samarqand she’ri kimga bag’ishlanganligi va ijodiy yondashuv bilan bayon etiladi.

Arabic and novice poets cite inconsistencies in rhyming movements and letters as rhyme faults. Usually, rhyming faults (defects) are associated with changes in rhyming movements. In rare cases, discrepancies in rhyming letters are cited as rhyming faults. Because poets considered the difference of rhyming letters as a very big drawback. Therefore, there is usually no variation in rhyming letters. The article compares scientific-theoretical views on rhyme errors in Arabic, Persian and Turkish treatises on poetics.

Mumtoz poetikaning asosi balog‘at ilmi bilan bog‘liq. Balog‘at ilmi  III (hijriy)/IX (milodiy) asrdan boshlab alohida ilm sifatida shakllana boshlagan. Johiliyat davri she’riyatida ham balog‘at ilmiga oid bir qancha asarlar yozilganini ko‘rish mumkin. Islomiyat davrida esa balog‘atli kalomlar yig‘indisi Qur’oni karim bo‘lgan. Balog‘at ilmining 3 tarkibiy qismi: ilmi bayon, ilmi ma’oni va ilmi bade’ keyinchalik mumtoz adabiyot namunalarini tahlil qilishda ham muhim ahamiyat kasb eta boshladi. Keyinchalik balog‘at ilmi ta’sirida mumtoz matnlarni poetik tahlil qilish nazariyasini belgilab beruvchi 3 qism: ilmi aruz, ilmi qofiya, ilmi bade’ shakllandi. Bu ilmlar mumtoz poetikaning tarkibiy qismi sifatida arab, fors  olimlarining diqqat markazida bo‘ldi, mumtoz poetikaning nazariy asoslariga bag‘ishlangan bir qancha risolalar yaratildi. Bu uch qism o‘zaro uzviy bog‘liq bo‘lib, ularning amaliy jihati she’riyat singari qadimiydir.